Jurchen rising area

Nvzhen, also known as "Nvzhi", is a descendant of an ancient Su Shenren and Lou people in the Northeast during the Zhou and Qin Dynasties. In Liao Dynasty, Nuzhen was divided into two parts: "mature Nuzhen" (who had entered Liao country) and "born Nuzhen", and they were strictly ruled.

It's really brave to have a girl. Three people can win the tiger. At the end of the Liao Dynasty, troops were sent to fight against Liao under the leadership of the leader Akuta. A.D. 1 1 15 established the "Dajin Kingdom", then entered the northern grassland from the northeast to destroy Liao, and then entered the Yellow River valley to destroy the Northern Song Dynasty. Later, in A.D. 1234, it was destroyed by the Southern Song Dynasty and the Mongolian army. Later, Jurchen was still active in the northeast of China. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, apart from Jurchen, she called herself Manchuria and established the last feudal dynasty in China's history-the Qing Dynasty.

Different from the former nomadic people, Nuzhen not only raises cattle and horses, but also raises a large number of pigs, and is engaged in farming, iron smelting and gold mining, with strong economic strength. After the rise of Jurchen, she tried to absorb the developed Han and Liao cultures, and used and innovated them. Jurchen inherited the five capitals system of Liao Dynasty, and began to learn from scholars, eulogizing the written code, issuing paper money and revising the national history of the previous generation (Liao). At the same time, it also retained some of its own systems. For example, the Khitan and Northern Song Dynasties implemented the Meng 'an Moke system, with thousands of households as Meng 'an and 100 households as Moke, leading Nuzhen to reclaim wasteland.

Jurchen created Jurchen characters according to the radicals of Chinese characters and Khitan characters, which are similar to Chinese characters, but the strokes are increased or decreased, and the pronunciation is Jurchen. Jurchen translated classics and historical works such as Four Books and Five Classics, Historical Records, Hanshu, New Tang Book in Jurchen language, enabling her people to read and write in the national language.

With the gradual acceptance of Song and Liao culture, Jurchen paid more attention to Buddhism, Taoism, the sun god and Confucius. Carving the Tripitaka and collecting more than 6,900 volumes of Buddhism has become a major event in the history of Buddhism in China. Taoism is unprecedentedly prosperous, and there are three schools: Quanzhen, Taoism and Taiyi. Every day, officials gather outside the palace to worship the sun; Nuzhen Emperor also ordered all counties to build Confucius temples and maintain Confucius temples and tombs in Confucius' hometown.

Jurchen inherited the gunpowder manufacturing technology of Qidan and invented the iron cannon, which was called "thunderbolt" because of its great lethality. He also invented a flying musket, which used a thick paper tube tied to the spear gun to spray gunpowder and iron filings with a range of dozens of feet. These two great inventions occupy an important position in China's military history.

In addition, Nuzhen has made innovations on the basis of absorbing the culture of Song and Liao Dynasties in the aspects of farm tools transformation, silk weaving, porcelain firing, coal mining, ironmaking, printing, astronomy, medicine and mathematics, and reached a higher level. Jurchen's spirit of learning and creation is quite outstanding, which is also an important reason for the long-term prosperity of Jin State.

In order to maintain the tradition of martial arts and riding and shooting, Jurchen implemented the system of fierce protection and seeking forgiveness, and organized Jurchen, Qidan and Han nationality according to the number of 50, 10 and 1000. Hunting in peacetime, producing, practicing martial arts and going out in wartime. All the strong are soldiers. In order to ensure the supply of war horses, twelve "grazing houses" have been set up on the grassland to graze horses.

In order to defend the Mongolian ministries, the Jin Dynasty built a military trench in the north, namely Jinjie Trench, with a total length of about 7,000 kilometers. Jinjie Fire was built in 1 138, followed by 1 177 to118 and 1 192 to 6544.

Jinjie is divided into north and south lines. The northern line is more than 700 kilometers long, starting from the south bank of Humenggen River in the east, reaching Heishantou Village in the south bank of Ergon in the west, passing through Russia in the north of Manzhouli City in the west, entering Mongolia in the west and reaching the south foot of Kent Mountain. The southern line is 6,500 kilometers long, starting from nierji town, Molidawa Daur Autonomous Banner, Hohhot in the east and reaching the main peak of Daqingshan Mountain in Shangmiaogou, Wuchuan County, Hohhot in the west.

There are three Jinjie rivers in Xing 'an League. The border ditch ends in the northeast at the right bank of Nenjiang River in Molidawa Daur Autonomous Banner of Hulunbeier City, and enters Zalaite Banner of Xing 'an League in the southwest, crossing the Chu Er River, where it divides into two branches. The first border trench enters Youkeqian Banner from the north along the southwest of Tieliguole River, a tributary of Chuo 'er River, then crosses Taoer River in Mingshui Forest Farm to the southwest, then crosses Haila Tai Su River (Yuhe River) to Shentoutai River, turns back to the northwest, enters Xilin Gol League, crosses Wulagai River and goes all the way to the west.

The second border trench starts from the right bank of the Churchill River and extends southward to the north bank of the Gilligan River, a tributary of the Churchill River, and the third trench branches. The second border trench enters Keyou Qianqi from the southwest, crosses the Taoer River in the west of Soren, turns south, and branches off a fork in the north of Leder. Chahao southwest enters Xinglongtun (also known as Wu Jia Street), Baoshi Town, Tuquan County, and joins the third boundary ditch. The second ditch extends southwest along the Alide River, enters the territory of Keyouzhongqi, passes through Daxing 'anling along the north bank of Harinurahuolin River, passes through Huolinhe Coal Mine and enters Xilin Gol League to the west.

The third boundary ditch starts from the south of Jirigen River, then turns southwest into Keyouqianqi, crosses Taoer River in the east of Ren Hao Township, passes through Dashizhai, Baomen and historic sites, turns southwest into Tuquan County, joins the second boundary ditch in Wu Jiajie, enters Keyouzhongqi from the southwest, crosses Huolin River in Dongbaiyinwulan, 7 kilometers west of Tuliemaodu, and then enters Zhalute Banner southwest along Kunduleng River.

The construction method of Jinjiegou is to dig a deep ditch, pile up soil beside the ditch and tamp it into a long dike, then build a horse face on the dike and build a border fort at a certain distance along the boundary ditch. Some Jinjie trenches have attached trenches, that is, two trenches and two dikes, and the main dike is higher than the attached dike, which is an early form. And there is only one ditch and one dike, which is in the late shape.

Jinjie fire is a huge project, and there are still many well-preserved sites, which are called "Genghis Khan's side wall" by herders.

After the founding of New China, Nuzhen attached great importance to the grassland area, listed the native land of Liao as "inland", changed Liaozhongjing into Jinjing, transferred a lot of Meng 'an from its prosperous place, engaged in garrison and agricultural production on the grassland, and built a series of castles along the border trench. After years of operation, the war-torn grassland areas have gradually recovered.

Jin and Xing 'an League are relatively prosperous areas. Ruins, city sites, tombs, inscriptions, etc. This is confirmed from different aspects.

There are a large number of Jin Dynasty city sites in Huolin River Basin, Chuo 'er River Basin and Jinjie Huonei. Many city sites are close to the moat, ranging from 20 meters to several kilometers. For example, the wall of Dongseyinhuacheng Site in Keyou Zhongqi relies on Jinjie Fire. The city sites of No.1 and No.2 in Liemaodu, Keyou Zhongqitou, were the headquarters of the unified military department of Gu Wu in the Jin Dynasty. The ruins of the first city are 700 meters long and 500 meters wide. It is the largest city site discovered in Xing 'an League and occupies an important position in China's historical geography and archaeology. It is a military center of Northeast Road in Jin Dynasty. The sites No.1 and No.2 of the original Princess Mausoleum in Wulanhaote City of Jin Dynasty are Jinshan County Administrative Office. The land originally belonged to Jingzhou in Liao Dynasty and later to Jinshan County, which was abandoned in Yuan Dynasty. According to research, Jinshan County was destroyed by a fire. Of the 65 city sites discovered in Xing 'an League, 5 1 were identified as the city sites of Jin Dynasty. Such a concentrated ancient city can prove that this area was a military stronghold when it entered Jinshi.

The beautiful scenery and steep peaks attracted a large number of dignitaries and literati in the golden age, and they were in a good mood, splashing ink on stones and leaving a large number of inscriptions on Jurchen. In Soren Udun and other places, there are more than 100 characters of Nuzhen, and the Chinese inscription has the words "live in Jinshan County"; There is an inscription "Nv (Nuzhen) of Guo Dajin is seventy miles north of Chunzhou" in Dadong, Ba Laha. Chunzhou in Liao Dynasty is located in Shuangchengzi, Baoshi Township, Tuquan County. Biqi Gehada, the son of Maoduyingzi, Barentuji, You Ke Zhongqi, has nearly 200 words of Nvzhen inscription, among which the word "Tai" translated by Nvzhen (now Sijiazi Ancient City, taonan city, Jilin) is precious and has no historical value. In addition, Nuzhen inscriptions were also found in Baoligenhua and other places in Zhalaite Banner. Due to the short-term popularity of Jurchen script, it is only popular in the upper class of Jurchen nationality, so the inscriptions of Jurchen script that have been handed down to this day are more precious.

At present, Jin tombs are rarely found in our League, but the unearthed cultural relics are very rich and have outstanding cultural connotations. The handle mirror of landscape figures has stories and legends, and the theme is distinct; The silver collar is square and waist-shaped, engraved with inscriptions such as "pedestrian" and "envoy", which reflects the monetary system of Jin Dynasty. There is a Tiantai year on the bronze seal of Tiger Land, which proves that the western territory of the Kingdom of Eastern Xia reached the eastern boundary of Fu Huang Road in the Jin Dynasty. Pottery in the Jin Dynasty has many shapes, such as pots, pots, cans and so on. , manifested as big curly hair; Agricultural tools such as iron plows and plows show that agricultural production in the Jin Dynasty has made great progress.

Copper coins, copper coins and silver collars used for printing money in the Jin Dynasty have been discovered in our League one after another, which are precious objects for studying paper money and metal currency. The bronze mirrors of the Jin Dynasty were cast by the government, and the patterns were mostly Pisces, Shuanglong and Shuangfeng, which were related to the living environment of jurchen on both sides of Heilongjiang in Northeast China. They are precious cultural relics with jurchen characteristics.

Jurchen created and improved on the basis of learning and inheriting the culture of Song and Liao Dynasties, and made contributions to the development and construction of grasslands. Although there are not many remnants of the Jurchen nationality on the grassland, we can still see the prosperity and development of civilization in the grassland area of the Jin Dynasty.