Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Lucky day inquiry - What folk cultures are preserved in Hakka dwellings that make you feel the profound and long-standing traditional culture of China?
What folk cultures are preserved in Hakka dwellings that make you feel the profound and long-standing traditional culture of China?
1. Types of Hakka gatehouses and their influencing factors
The gatehouse is the main entrance of a large building, even the whole building, and the main passage for people and things to enter and exit. The gatehouses of Hakka houses usually include three types: gate, side door and bucket door. The gate is the center of the whole house, and its position, shape and decoration are very important. It has the functions of safety, transportation, separation, lighting and heat preservation, and also has the functions of geomantic omen and symbol. All Hakka dwellings, such as Wai Lung House, Wufeng Building and Tulou, must have gates. The shape and color of doors have a great influence on the overall decorative effect of Hakka dwellings, so they are generally included in the top priority of the overall architectural design. On both sides of Longjia gate, there are square stone seats and some stone lions. The entrance is the lower hall, and the patio is the upper hall.
The side door is a unique type of Hakka dwellings, such as Wai Lung House and Wufeng House. It is the outer door of the horizontal house on both sides of the hall, which is symmetrical on both sides of the gate. There are a pair of small houses and three pairs of big houses. Look at the number of houses on both sides.
Some Hakka houses have a Wo Ping in front of the main entrance, surrounded by high walls, and each end of the wall has a door, which is called "Doumen". The function of the peripheral gatehouse is like the exit and security room of modern residential quarters. Hakka dwellings enclose the whole house, doorway and pond into a relatively independent and compact area through the external wall and wall of the house. Generally speaking, the whole house is inhabited by close relatives such as uncles and miles, and the sense of close relatives in the traditional sense is relatively strong.
Due to different natural climate, geographical environment and other conditions, cultures of different regions and nationalities with distinct and strong national characteristics and local colors have been formed. The placement of Hakka residential gatehouses is closely related to Hakka life, production, specific production lifestyle and environment. It is also related to the unique aesthetic taste and psychology of Hakka people, which runs through unique concepts.
1 .100-year basic concept
In the eyes of Hakkas, the construction of Hakka dwellings will be the beginning of a century's foundation, and the placement of Hakka gatehouses is a key issue in the whole building, and even recognized as an important decisive factor affecting the future development and prosperity of the whole family. Therefore, its orientation, its placement time, its size and specifications, and even its subtle local decoration, such as color tone design, are strictly regulated.
Respecting ancestors is the core of China's traditional family system. Hakka's concept of ancestor worship is more obvious and strong, and their reverence for ancestors has been fully manifested in Hakka dwellings. Whether it is earth building, Wufeng building or dragon house, the ancestral hall is always located on the central axis and is the center of the whole residence. The ancestral hall is facing the population at the gate, and the width of the room is obviously wider than the surrounding area. As soon as you enter the door of your residence, you can see its conspicuous position at a glance.
2. The influence of family and clan concept.
Hakka people have a strong concept of family settlement. Hakka is located in a mountainous area with overlapping mountains, which are often divided into eight mountains, one water and one field. During this period, streams were densely covered, and basins of different sizes between mountains and rivers became a good place for Hakka ancestors to live in when they moved south. Guangxu's "Jiaying County Records" said: "There is no plain in eastern Guangdong, and its fields are mostly in the valley. The highest is always dry, and the lowest is always dry. " The harsh living environment often requires them to develop together and farm together. In order to adapt to the local environment at that time, Hakka residential buildings also formed a typical cluster living feature, and the gallery-style square building and round building highlighted the group nature of the family clan. The ancestral hall in the center shows the dignity of the clan, and various living facilities such as anti-theft, fire prevention, feeding, processing and storage are integrated, and blood relatives live together under one roof, thus achieving the goal of mutual assistance and cooperation in life and production. This architectural form is obviously conducive to the family clan to live and work in peace and contentment. And all these ideas make the whole building in a macro whole, making the gatehouse often become the core exit of the whole building, maintaining the great unity of the whole family.
3. Influence of working and living conditions
In addition to going out to make a living, most Hakkas stay in agriculture. Therefore, agricultural life also has a great influence on housing layout. In order to facilitate agricultural production and guard nearby crops, houses are often built on cultivated land, which leads to scattered layout and loose arrangement. In order to solve the needs of threshing, drying, feeding and other miscellaneous grains in agricultural affairs, there is a flat land outside the gate of ordinary houses. Then build fences, ponds and bucket doors to make them relatively independent and safe.
4. The outstanding protective function of the gatehouse.
The outer wall of Hakka houses is very thick, and there are few other doors except the middle door and the small door at the front of the horizontal house. There is only one gate in and out of Tuwei Building. The windows of the whole house are small and narrow, which are particularly defensive. On the one hand, all the "property" of Hakka people are concentrated in the building and must be well protected, on the other hand, it is to guard against "enemies" or "outsiders". Hakka houses are mostly built at the junction of flat land and hillside, with front lying flat, back hall, left and right horizontal houses, "dragon enclosure", turrets and gun holes, which can protect themselves and repel the enemies in the highlands. In order to avoid the enemy's invasion, all the doors and windows in the house are wide open and can be unimpeded. This makes it difficult for the enemy to attack, but he can deploy his troops quickly. In addition, there are spring houses, mills, chicken houses, pigsty, cowshed, wooden shed, barn, well and so on. They are all located in the house and can be used as shelters for the elderly, women, children and valuables when necessary.
5. Geographical environment and the concept of geomantic omen
Hakka houses attach great importance to the geographical environment, including the geomantic omen in Long Mai, especially the concept of geomantic omen, in which the gatehouse is the decisive factor. Hakka ancestors are keen to pray for the safety of their houses and their people. Han people have the custom of trusting Mr. Feng Shui, and Hakkas are particularly enthusiastic. The so-called feng shui is a superstition that judges good or bad luck by looking at the defense and shape of cemeteries and houses; The so-called Mr. Feng Shui is the person who appraises Feng Shui. Superstition in geomantic omen has a great relationship with the construction of Hakka dwellings. Because you pay attention to Feng Shui, you must carefully observe and study its ins and outs and choose a good location. Therefore, the location often found is not necessarily on their own land, and they must be purchased at a high price, so it is quite difficult for Hakkas to build houses. Not only choose the terrain to pay attention to feng shui, but also choose auspicious days to start work, and the height and size of the house must match the birth time of the whole family. In addition to financial factors, the orientation and architectural structure of high and low houses in the base are determined by the requirements of "geographical feng shui". So although they are in the same place, some are round buildings and some are square buildings, which are mainly built according to the appraisal results of Mr. Feng Shui. According to the old legend, people can flourish when facing south, so most buildings face south. However, in Hakka mountainous areas, the direction of folk houses depends on the mountain shape, and the ideal seats facing south are rare. Therefore, in some places where the geographical environment cannot face south, try to make the gate face south alone, which makes the gate of some houses inconsistent with the direction of the house itself. In addition, influenced by the concept that there is water in front of the door to "gather wealth" and "have wealth and power", if there is a river near the building, the gates are all facing the upper reaches of the river to show that wealth is coming. If there is no river, build a fish pond as a symbol before peace, hoping to get a good omen. Of course, the construction of rammed earth wall needs a lot of soil, and the soil dug in the pond plays an important role.
Secondly, the social, cultural and aesthetic characteristics of the decoration of Hakka residential gatehouses.
Architectural decoration is an artistic treatment attached to building components, such as column beam carving, roof decoration, eaves decoration, gate entrance decoration and so on. Its artistic feature is to make full use of the texture and technological characteristics of materials for artistic processing, properly select various traditional artistic features of China, such as painting, sculpture, calligraphy, color, pattern, etc., and combine and flexibly use them to achieve the coordination and unity of architectural style and aesthetic feeling. In traditional Hakka residential buildings, all these decorations not only beautify the building, but also have serious psychological and cultural significance, although they do not necessarily affect the practical value of the building itself in life.
1. The general social significance of the decoration of Hakka residential gatehouses
In China's traditional feudal hierarchical society, the decoration of residential buildings is a sign showing the status and wealth of the head of household. According to historical records, the system of using decoration in residential buildings is extremely strict. The Song Dynasty stipulated that "non-official temples should not be painted in color, nor should they be carved with red and black lacquer beams and columns." According to the Ming system, "Shu Ren's house has only three rooms and five frames, and no fighting arches are allowed." It was not until the Qing Dynasty that the institutional restrictions on residential decoration were relaxed, and the northern and southern residential decoration developed greatly. Not only carved wood, but also made full use of excellent techniques such as traditional stone carving and brick carving. All ethnic groups in various places combine and give full play to the traditional skills and characteristics of various regions to create decorations with strong national style and local characteristics.
The concept of showing the rich and the poor is also deeply embodied in the decoration of the gatehouse of Hakka dwellings. All kinds of wood carvings and stone carvings in the decoration of the gatehouse are designed to show the decorative part for people to appreciate, and are also an important part of showing the wealth of the family. Therefore, the householder did not hesitate to spend money, from materials, styles, themes to colors and decorations, to the extreme. Some overseas Hakka overseas Chinese spend a lot of money to transport materials from overseas, and it will take many years to build a Hakka residence.
The main entrance of Hakka folk houses is an important place and a necessary place for Hakka etiquette and customs, which plays a decisive role. Generally speaking, Hakka etiquette activities, such as ancestor worship, marriage, birthday, housewarming and returning home, must be advanced. There is no side door at ordinary times, as long as it is convenient. Therefore, most doors are decorated with wood carvings and stone carvings as far as possible, and walls are decorated with pictures. This is enough to explain the status of the gate and the characteristics of the customs.
2. The cultural characteristics and the expression of desire psychology of Hakka residential gatehouse decoration.
The existing relatively complete traditional Hakka dwellings are mainly buildings in the middle and late Qing Dynasty, such as Guangludi, the former residence of Tanghuang Township in dapu county, Guangdong Province, Baihuitong II in Tai Po, Jinshi in Huangsha Township, and Xie Rong Lu in Tongpa Village, Songkou, Meixian County. These buildings are magnificent and beautiful in appearance and rigorous in layout. They mostly adopt the most advanced mixed structure of "lifting beam" and "crossing bucket" in China's traditional building technology, with exquisite materials, concrete or blue bricks as walls, carved beams and painted buildings, and exquisite craftsmanship. In the late Qing Dynasty, Hakka overseas Chinese combined the traditional Hakka residential structure with western architectural art, and built some Chinese-western residential buildings in their hometown, such as Lian Fang Building in Baijia, Meixian County, Wanqiu Building in Chengjiang Township, etc. They absorbed the western artistic decoration in appearance, but still retained the authentic traditional Hakka residential structure inside.
Judging from the existing complete Hakka dwellings, an obvious feature of the decoration of the gatehouse is the characteristics of craftsmen. Its performance makes full use of China's traditional symbolic meaning and praying way, and integrates Hakka's philosophy, ethics and aesthetic consciousness. The symbolic meaning of gatehouse decoration is usually expressed by sound or image. If lions and unicorns are used to represent auspiciousness, jubilation and power, peonies have the meaning of wealth, and lotus flowers are used to support a big bucket (the bucket is isomorphic with ascending), and three layers are placed in the bucket, which means that it is continuously promoted to three levels. Most of these patterns reflect Hakka people's auspicious wishes, pursuit of happiness, appreciation of interest, aesthetic concepts and customs.
In the traditional architecture of China, the couplets and plaques of the gatehouse are very distinctive architectural decoration, and also reflect the national spirit and culture in the building. With the southward migration of Hakkas, this tradition has also been brought into the houses in remote mountainous areas, and has taken root and developed. Above the gatehouse is the name of the building first. In Hakka dwellings, almost every building has to take a building name. The names of buildings are mostly composed of auspicious words, which imply auspiciousness and auspiciousness, such as Chengde Building with Liang surname in Meizhou, Jishan Building in the west of Meixian Bridge, and the second brother of Baihou Tong in Tai Po. Secondly, couplets, many of which are inscribed in the names of buildings, are used as gate couplets to further clarify the meaning and inspire people to form the core of traditional national training. For example, Tai 'an Building, a square stone building in Tai 'an, is flat in Tai 'an, Tai Po. Huai Yongdi: Huai Yu Juande, always enjoying its long prestige building: keeping Xun Liang Shize's family style, and teaching friends with new ropes; Wait a minute. There are couplets on the doors of Hakka houses, so every household must have couplets. The couplets of Hakka gatehouses are often silent teachings, which play a continuous role in inculcating, admonishing and warning to abide by feudal ethics and family norms and educate future generations on how to be a man, how to live, how to struggle and how to become a man, thus forming a unique cultural atmosphere in Hakka dwellings, embodying Hakka values and aesthetic ideals, and is a very clear embodiment of the re-education thought of Hakka dwellings.
In addition, Hakka people are also required to "exorcise evil spirits" before moving into their new houses, which is a ritual to exorcise evil spirits in order to clean the houses. On the first day of the new recruit, in the early morning of that day, there was an enlarged table in the main hall, including a bucket of white rice, two buckets of dry food, a mud knife, a dipstick, Amodou, a big red envelope and so on. There are several square tables in the center of the hall, which are placed in front of the gate. The tables were counted with white cotton cloth and spread to the door. Wearing a red scarf and plain clothes, Mr. Feng Shui grabbed the chicken in his left hand and held a seven-star sword in his right hand. He chanted curses and killed the chicken, sprinkled chicken blood on the white cloth, and went straight out of the door, throwing the chicken out. The plasterer and carpenter struck the cloth with a red wooden stick and then went out of the door. After the exorcism, they entered the new house at the auspicious time in the morning. When they entered the room, they asked the famous old couple with their children and grandchildren to "open the door". Men are left, women are right, standing at the gate, waiting outside to worship the door god. The old couple opened the door and said auspicious words: "Open the door left, money will come" and "Open the door right, money will come". Together, they said, "Wealth meets wealth." . The main house is the entrance of the lantern, and the furniture goes in with the lantern. This custom is still popular in Hakka villages. When you moved in, the gate was decorated very grandly. Generally, housewarming couplets should be posted, and a large piece of red cloth should be hung above the gate to ward off evil spirits.
3. Aesthetic taste of Hakka residential gate house decoration
The purpose of the decoration of Hakka residential gatehouse is to make the gatehouse architecture beautiful and pleasing to the eye, which cannot be expressed by decoration at will. Therefore, it is also the most important part of the exterior decoration of Hakka dwellings, which is the most prominent and grand in terms of decoration theme, material technology, color and even scale treatment. The appearance of Hakka residential gatehouse is solemn and simple eaves style. Wealthy residents often decorate the walls on both sides of the gate, and the dado, wall base and lintel are carved with hemp stone. The beams under the eaves are decorated with wood carvings, and the wood carvings are combined with practical functions to decorate the building components, which increases the exquisiteness and beauty of the building. Wood carvings of beams and columns above the gate are generally carved through or hollowed out, with simple and rough appearance, which is suitable for farsightedness. Doors and screens are carved with bas-reliefs, which are exquisite in workmanship and suitable for close viewing. In the decoration of the gatehouse, the closing part is generally carved, which is both obscure and beautiful. Such as the peach-pointed head of the door beam, and some places are called Chu tail or upside-down lotus.
Because Hakka dwellings rarely use bright and dazzling colors in a large area, most of them are white, gray or primary colors of materials, so in the color treatment of gatehouse decoration, bright colors are used for key decoration. Such as red, black, gold and green. Dazzling, bright colors increase the change of the facade and break the simple and simple color feeling of Hakka dwellings.
In a word, Hakka gatehouse is very important in Hakka architecture, and even becomes the most basic factor to determine Hakka dwellings. It entrusts the Hakka people's longing for the future and becomes the source of their confidence in the future. For example, the life of the whole family seems to be guided by the orientation of the gatehouse. Therefore, when building a new house, Hakkas always go to Mr. Feng Shui for the best direction. When I feel that my family is not going well, I often blame the orientation of the gatehouse. Until today, Hakka villages, even in high-end apartments in the middle of very modern cities, can often see the specially "corrected" portal facing the Hakka gatehouse with special architectural techniques, special composition and some decorations, which have special cultural connotations. For example, the lion outside the door has a special function of suppressing evil spirits, and some paintings on the door have the same meaning. Obviously, the Hakka gatehouse embodies Hakka cultural characteristics and profoundly reflects Hakka's outlook on life and world. Perhaps, these can be called the "gatehouse mentality" of Hakkas, which occupies a very important position in their lives.
- Related articles
- The relationship between the wedding date and the zodiac, is the wedding date the same as the zodiac?
- 20 19 80 sentences about educational ideas
- About an auspicious day for marriage
- Ask the expert to work out the wedding date of 20 1 1, which is 5: 00 am on July 22nd, 20986 (June 16 of the lunar calendar) for men and noon on April 4th 12 of the lunar calendar for women.
- Is the 16th day of the first month suitable for marriage? Is 202 1 16th day of the first month suitable for marriage?
- It's a good day to check the roof of the building.
- March 20 15 is suitable for the auspicious day of the zodiac?
- Finally gave birth to a poem.
- What does Chinese rose mean?
- Is it auspicious to have a baby when you are scared?