Hakka style?

Lunar new year [the first of 100 festivals] Like most parts of the province, Hakkas regard Chinese New Year as the most grand and joyful festival of the year. People began to prepare for the Chinese New Year very early. 9./kloc-Start drying sweet potato slices and rice cake slices in October, and use them for frying and frying during the Chinese New Year. As soon as the winter solstice arrived, they began to steam wine. Nearly 30 days later, every household will steam sugar cakes, make rice fruits, kill pigs, make tofu and kill chickens.

1February 23rd. Brush the kitchen stove clean after the evening of the 23rd. Take down the old stove in the kitchen and burn it. On the morning of the 30th, a new portrait was posted. Buy one and get one free. Place wine, meat, candy, sugar cane, rice fruit, etc. Burn incense in front of the stove, light candles and set off paper cannons. Enter the New Year's Eve. Enter the "New Year's Eve". Step up preparations for the new year. Everyone who goes out.

New Year's Eve is the warmest and happiest day of the New Year in China. On this morning, every household should worship the Buddha and the gods. Every hall should be hung with portraits of ancestors, and red Spring Festival couplets should be posted at the gate, and red notes should be posted on furniture, beds and water tanks. My Lord, this is called "sealing the year" or "wearing red". Table. Set the incense table. Set chicken, fish, meat, fruit, etc. Pay tribute to our ancestors. Have a reunion dinner on New Year's Eve. There should be many dishes. Put more bowls and chopsticks on the table to invite our ancestors back for the New Year. Before meals, sift wine to worship ancestors. Spill wine on the floor. Then start eating. During the dinner, the old people and children eat chicken legs to show respect for the old people and young people.

Have a reunion dinner. Cooking utensils should be cleaned, and you should be vegetarian on the morning of the first day of the first month or all day. In the evening, keep old and welcome new. Every room should be brightly lit all night. It's called ignition. In some places, cowshed and pigsty should also be lighted. Parents should give their children lucky money. In some places, they should also give old people lucky money.

Open the door on the first day of the first month at the appointed auspicious time. Suddenly firecrackers resounded through the sky. On the first morning of the first month of the new year, people are vegetarian. After dinner, people celebrate each other's New Year with auspicious words. The children are wearing new clothes. They are happy and playful. Some are vying to pay New Year greetings to the elderly: [Grandpa and Uncle's family get rich. Sugar cake and fruit are for you (me). "

Visiting relatives on the second day of the first month, especially the newly-married son-in-law (the Yue family will post a book invitation) to visit her parents' home for the New Year. Usually young couples go together. There is also a son-in-law going alone. Some came back the same day, and some stayed for five or six days. When you go, you should bring little hens, rice fruits, candy, incense sticks and firecrackers. At that time, they would burn incense, light candles and set off firecrackers in front of the ancestors of the Yue family. At noon, the Yue family will treat you. The son-in-law should be drunk. He is not enthusiastic. He wants to eat "annual meal" on the morning of the third day of the lunar new year (some steamed on the night of the twenty-ninth of the previous year, and some steamed on the second night of the first month). Chopsticks should be inserted into rice. Several people in the family should insert several pairs and a branch with leaves. Some fruits such as oranges and grapefruit should be placed. Before eating the New Year's Eve, rice should be placed in the sacred position of "heaven" to worship the gods and ancestors. There are many dishes to prepare for the New Year's Eve dinner. There is chicken and meat. It's similar to having a reunion dinner on New Year's Eve. No killing on the third day. These chickens should be killed on the second day of the Lunar New Year or left behind during the New Year.

On the fifth day of the first month, the portraits of ancestors in the hall should be put away, the paper curtains should be taken down and burned, and those who go out on business can start.

Lantern Festival, also known as Shangyuan Festival, is on the 15th day of the first month. Every household should prepare dishes, drink for the New Year and celebrate the Lantern Festival. The entertainment activities of the Spring Festival reached a climax. From the beginning of the New Year to the fifteenth day of the first month, there are many recreational activities in various places, mainly Youlong lanterns and lion dances. Some activities begin on the first day of the first month. Before the arrival of Dragon Lantern and Lions, it will be posted in advance. When they arrive, they will be given red envelopes, snacks and dragons. And ancestral temples to pay New Year greetings to gods and ancestors. During the first market after the Spring Festival, all kinds of dragon lanterns, boat lanterns and lion lanterns will be performed at the party, which is called "open market". During the Spring Festival to the Lantern Festival, there are also some recreational activities in various places:

The vernal equinox began to sweep graves to worship ancestors. It is also called "Spring Festival". Before sweeping the grave, a grand ancestor worship ceremony should be held in the ancestral hall. Pigs and sheep should be slaughtered. Drummers should be invited to play. Students should read the ceremony. Three salutations should be made. At the beginning of sweeping graves at the vernal equinox, we should first sweep the graves of our ancestors and distant ancestors. The whole family and village will be out. Teams often reach hundreds or even thousands. In most Hakka areas, ancestor worship and grave sweeping begin at the vernal equinox or earlier, and grave sweeping must be the latest. There is a saying everywhere that after Tomb-Sweeping Day, the tomb door will be closed, and the ancestral spirits will not be needed. Tomb-Sweeping Day in March, ancestor worship. In addition to the vernal equinox, there are also some places in Hakka area that visit graves in Tomb-Sweeping Day. On this day in Tomb-Sweeping Day, some places will also offer sacrifices to the roadside land, such as Bogong Shrine.

Dragon Boat Festival is the Dragon Boat Festival on the fifth day of May. Every household buys meat, kills ducks, makes zongzi and makes rice fruit for the holidays. Dragon Boat Festival is a big festival. Many people who work outside will go home for the New Year.

On the Mid-Yuan Festival, July 15 is regarded as "Ghost Festival" in most Hakka areas. In some places, the festival is celebrated one day in advance, which means "Fourteen people celebrate on July, and ghosts celebrate on July 15th". In some places, Hakkas also worship their ancestors in July and a half.

Mid-Autumn Festival, commonly known as "August Festival", is also a big festival. Eat moon cakes, enjoy the moon and celebrate the reunion. Every household should buy wine and food, buy pork, kill chickens and ducks, make rice and fruit festivals, celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival in the evening, have family reunions and enjoy the moon after meals.

The ninth day of September is the Double Ninth Festival. It is also called the Double Ninth Festival. Commonly known as "September Festival". This is a big festival at the end of the year. It is said that many people who go out will go home for the New Year. On this day, people in many places will take their children to climb mountains. Some people fly kites on high mountains, which is said to avoid evil spirits and plagues. Many old people say that this custom was brought by their ancestors from the northern Central Plains.

The solstice of winter is in November of the lunar calendar. This year is also called "winter". On the solstice of winter, you should eat pork, beef, rice and soup balls. Rich people should eat velvet antler and ginseng for the winter.

Hakka

China is mainly divided into five language families: Sino-Tibetan, Altai, Austronesian, South Asian and Indo-European. Among them, the Sino-Tibetan language family contains the main language of China: Chinese. As for which language family Hakka belongs to, there are different opinions. Some people think that it belongs to one of the eleven branches (dialects) of Chinese, because it has the linguistic characteristics of Chinese. Zhang Taiyan is here; From the linguistic point of view, it is proved that Hakka dialect originated from the Central Plains. Preserved the phonology of Zhongzhou, Henan Province. It is the official dialect of Henan Province and also the local dialect. However, some people think that it originated from primitive Altai [Tungusic]. But no matter which language family it belongs to, one thing is certain: it originated from the earliest Central Plains, because many ancient sounds can still be found in today's Hakka dialect.

Eating habits of Hakkas: Hakkas attach great importance to ancient customs. There are many traditional customs. They drink soup on the first day of the New Year, cook rice fructose food on the 20th of the first month, throw tea at the flower show on February 15th, fry beans and dye green rice in Tomb-Sweeping Day, cook tofu and rice flour in the long summer, cook jiaozi and duck eggs on the Dragon Boat Festival, cook wine and dog meat on June 6th, make a new appearance in Xingu, eat melons and fruits on July 7th, and kill ducks on the Mid-Autumn Festival. Laba porridge on the eighth day of the eighth lunar month. Send the kitchen god on the 24th Lunar New Year. Fry rice cakes on New Year's Eve. Without these, there would be no festive atmosphere. These customs are also very interesting. They are full of knowledge and expectations: they drink soup on the first day of the first month. Onions mean being smart and well informed. Garlic means careful and reasonable consumption. Celery needs hard work every year.

Some customs left over from ancient times are gradually out of date and need to be improved. For example, the pace of life in today's society is accelerating, and the festive banquets of Hakka people are often complicated, and the hospitality is often tired [bombed]. Some meals will last for hours. Tea first, then cold dishes. Finally, hot dishes are boring between tea and noodles. Politeness has been repeated. Everyone who meets for the first time has become a frequent visitor.

Don't eat on the wedding day: There is a custom among the Hakka people in Jinggangshan: girls bring home-cooked food, such as eggs and pork, and hide in their husbands' new house when they get married. She didn't eat her husband's family's meal that day. No matter how sincerely the family invites her, even if the food is sent to her new home, she will not eat it once, but will eat the food she brought, so as to save the delicious food of her parents-in-law. Mother-in-law's love has made the whole family live in harmony for many years. This custom has persisted to this day, eating food brought by the bride.

Before and after the Spring Festival, local and Hakka residents in Jinggangshan had a series of activities:

1On February 24th, people sent Kitchen God a New Year greeting. 1February 30th, waiting for the kitchen god at home. Send him to the kitchen god, you have to cook, burn incense, burn paper money and set off firecrackers.

1February 30th is China New Year. Those who work, study and work outside all the year round should return to their hometown and reunite with their families. New Year's Eve, also known as "reunion dinner", is the most abundant meal for the whole family. In recent years, the family has been sitting around the TV after dinner to watch the annual Spring Festival gala, which seems to be very emotional.

On the 30th, folk residents will go to the vegetable garden to pick some vegetables and go home. They will put them by the gate, and some of them will be placed on the incense table in the hall to show their wealth in the coming year.

Also, on the first day of the first month, all residents are vegetarian. Every breakfast on the first day of the first month, folk residents not only don't eat big fish and meat, but also don't see any meat stars of birds and animals on the table. They all eat vegetarian food. Even when they wash their faces early on the first day of the first month of the first month, they don't throw away the water they rinsed back. They should put it in a bucket. The firecrackers set off on the first day of the first month were a complete success. They can't sweep the floor that day. They also show good luck and collect money.

the Hakka earth buildings of Fujian

Hakka earth buildings are mainly distributed in Yongding County, Fujian Province, China. They are mountain village residential buildings with oriental colors. They stand proudly in the world of residential architecture art with their long history, unique style, huge scale and exquisite structure.

Hakka earth buildings are mostly square or round. Among them, the strange round earth building is the most traditional Hakka color and the most shocking. These circular buildings are all composed of two or three circles, nested from the inside out. The outer ring is more than ten meters high and has four floors. There are 1200 rooms. It is the wedding, funeral, happiness and celebration of hundreds of people living in the building. Place. There are wells, bathrooms, mills and other facilities in the building. Earth buildings are rammed with local raw soil. No need for reinforced concrete. The foundation of this wall is three meters wide. The thickness of the bottom wall is1.5m.. Gradually decrease upward. The thickness of the top wall is not less than 0.9 meters. Then partition it into many rooms with wooden boards along the circular outer wall. There is a corridor inside.

Earth buildings not only have the function of defending the enemy, but also have the characteristics of earthquake prevention, fire prevention, theft prevention, good ventilation and lighting. Because of the thick earth wall, thermal insulation, warm in winter and cool in summer, the magnificent earth building pattern not only shows the wisdom of Hakka, but also reflects the simple folk customs of Hakka.

Unique Hakka culture

History clearly shows that the migration of Hakkas is mostly from the densely populated and developed Central Plains to the sparsely populated and economically backward remote and wild areas. These Hakka ancestors from the Central Plains have been cooperating with Baiyue people in the south (mainly She, Li and Yao) in the process of creating new homes through hard work. Integration not only forms a stable social group, but also creates a unique Hakka culture. On the one hand, they kept the mainstream characteristics of the Central Plains culture, and always advocated China orthodox culture, poetry and etiquette, and attached great importance to the complete preservation of traditions, cultures, languages and customs, and closely United themselves with the same lifestyle, customs, beliefs and concepts. On the other hand, they are good at learning from local minorities.

Advocating China orthodox culture. If you have the opportunity to open the genealogy of Hakka, or read the couplets of Hakka houses, you will find that every household has the hope of the Central Plains. For example, Chen is from Yingchuan, Li from Longxi, Taiyuan or Langxie, Xie from Chenjun, Lujiang, Huang from Jiangxia, Yang from Hongnong and so on. Although some of these genealogical records can't stand scrutiny, they are. In the process of migration and development, generations of Hakkas have overcome all kinds of difficulties and built their own new homes with the spirit of "respecting the truth". Take the new Hakka immigrants in Taiwan Province Province as an example. On the one hand, they rely on and carry forward Hakka local culture such as "selling ancestral fields rather than ancestral words". They stubbornly follow dialects and local accents. They reorganized their families and clans in the form of their hometown. Residential buildings also imitate the form of their hometown. On the other hand, they insisted on the education of rites and music in China culture and carried forward the fine tradition of patriotism and love for the nation. When the Netherlands, France and Japan invaded Taiwan Province Province, they adhered to the national justice, held high the banner of patriotism and species protection, and launched a life-and-death struggle with the invaders. A number of outstanding young people such as Liu Yongfu, Qiu, Wu Tangxing and Xu Xiang have emerged. Nowadays, many overseas Chinese who have successfully started their own businesses feel that they have benefited from the Hakka spirit of believing in honesty when summing up their success. In order to make future generations accept and carry forward the Hakka spirit of believing in honesty forever, they took their descendants back to Chinese mainland and even the hometown of the Central Plains again and again to seek their roots and recognize their ancestors, and launched a series of public offerings to the Hakka mother river.

Chongwen attaches importance to education, plowing and studying. Hakka people attach great importance to scholars. There is a saying that wool is the best scholar. In the eyes of Hakkas, the only way to change the status quo is to practice and study in the rain. Be the top scholar and take the road of official career. Only by studying can he realize his dream of "being a Tian Shelang and an emperor at dusk", rank among officials, cultivate one's morality, keep the family in order, govern the country and level the world. My family is a tenant farmer. My ancestral home is Shaozhou, Guangdong. Hakkas-who had no money to study-borrowed tuition from the east and the west. I spent more than 200 yuan altogether. It was not paid off until later when he became the head of the national defense force. "In order to make my children successful, Hakkas often concentrate the power of the whole family and clan to train their children to study. People who have been to Hakka areas will surely find that there are many stone flagpoles in front of family ancestral temple, which proves that Hakka people respect and respect education. Those flagpoles are symbols of raising people among children and getting scholarships. How many flagpoles are there?

Help each other. Advocate thrift. Hakka people pay attention to the word "righteousness", that is, sharing weal and woe. They think that if they want to stand in a new place, they must face many difficulties. Solidarity and mutual assistance are particularly important. Therefore, they advocate [a Hakka family in the world] and demand the sincere unity of similar people living in different places. Moreover, they think that a hero has three gangs. One person is worth ten people. Today, the ancient style of using the word "bang" is still preserved in Hakka wedding and funeral red and white posts. Hakka people can bear hardships. "Walking on the pole is a true portrayal of their tenacious spirit. Hakka people also advocate the virtue of thrift. There is a proverb: "the corner of the mountain is under the new shirt." It is said that Hakka people put old clothes on new clothes and protect new clothes with old clothes. This shows that.