About the costumes of the Qing Dynasty

The main variety of official uniforms in Qing dynasty is robes and mandarin jackets. Official hats are completely different from those of previous dynasties. All military and political personnel, such as non-commissioned officers and officers, wear small weft hats similar to hats, which are divided into warm hats and cool hats in winter and summer. According to different grades, they are fitted with "coats" of different colors and materials, and a bunch of peacock feathers are dragged behind the hat. Ling is called Hualing. There are "eyes" (round spots on feathers) on the senior ling, which can be divided into one eye, two eyes and three eyes. More eyes are more expensive, and only princes or ministers with outstanding achievements are rewarded. The emperor sometimes wears a yellow jacket to show his special affection. As far as the influence is concerned, mandarin jackets of other colors have gradually become popular among officials and gentry, and become ordinary costumes. Officials above grade four or five still hang beads of Buddha around their necks, which are made of all kinds of precious stones and fragrant wood, which constitutes another feature of official uniforms in the Qing Dynasty. The progress of silk weaving, embroidery, printing and dyeing and various manual occupations created conditions for the richness of clothing varieties in the Qing Dynasty.

[Edit this paragraph] The royal clothes of the Qing emperor

The costumes of the emperors in the Qing Dynasty included court clothes, auspicious clothes, regular clothes and travelling clothes. The imperial robes and crowns worn by the emperor are divided into winter clothes and summer clothes. The difference between winter clothes and summer clothes is mainly in the edge of clothes. Satin is used in spring and summer, and expensive fur is used in autumn and winter. The color of court clothes is mainly yellow, and bright yellow is the most expensive. It is only used on sacrificial days, red in the morning and white at night. The patterns of court costumes are mainly dragon patterns and twelve chapter patterns. Generally, the front, back and arms are embroidered with one dragon; The waist curtain embroidery line has nine embroidered dragons (folds) before and after the dragon five strip; There are two embroidered dragons and four embroidered dragons; There are two dragons embroidered on the shawl; Embroider a dragon at the end of the sleeve. Chapter 12 is about the sun, moon, stars, mountains, dragons, China insects, squid and squid. The other four kinds of seaweed, fire, Zong Yi and rice flour are on the dress with five-color moire.

[Edit this paragraph] The dragon robe of the Qing emperor

The costumes of the emperors in the Qing Dynasty included court clothes, auspicious clothes, regular clothes and travelling clothes. The emperor's robes belong to the category of auspicious clothes, which are slightly inferior to those of court clothes and clothes, and usually wear more. When wearing a dragon robe, you must wear an auspicious dress crown, tie an auspicious dress belt and hang beads. Dragon robe is mainly bright yellow, and it can also be used in golden apricot and other colors. In ancient times, it was called the position of emperor, which was the honor of the ninth five-year plan. The number of the Ninth Five-Year Plan is usually a symbol of nobility, which is embodied in royal buildings, household appliances and so on. According to the literature, nine dragons were embroidered on the robes of the Qing emperor. From the physical point of view, there are only eight dragons before and after, which is inconsistent with the written records and lacks a dragon. Some people think that there is a dragon that is the emperor himself. In fact, this dragon exists objectively, but it is embroidered in a skirt, which is generally not easy to see. In this way, each dragon robe is actually Kowloon. From the front or back, you can see five dragons, which coincides with the figures in the Ninth Five-Year Plan. In addition, the hem of the dragon robe is obliquely arranged with many curves, which are called water feet. Below the foot of the water, the waves are rolling, and above the waves, it is a treasure house of rocks, commonly known as "all rivers run into the sea", which not only means endless auspiciousness, but also means "unification of mountains and rivers" and "eternal peace"

[Edit this paragraph] The phoenix robe of the queen of the Qing Dynasty

The style of the queen's uniform is basically similar to that of Manchu ladies. Round neck, big skirt, collar, sleeves and skirt are decorated with wide lace, but the patterns are different. The clothing pattern shown in this picture is a phoenix wearing peony. The whole dress is embroidered with eight Cai Feng and Cai Feng on the bright blue satin floor, with several peony flowers in the middle. The color of peony is quiet and elegant, and the color changes vividly, which has the characteristics of traditional landscape painting. On the contrary, the color of Phoenix is relatively strong, and the contrast between red and green is extremely strong, which has typical national style and characteristics of the times.

[Edit this paragraph] The court clothes in Qing Dynasty were in mourning.

Easy clothes are women's clothes in the Qing Dynasty, and the style of easy clothes is similar to that of shirts. The shirt is a long skirt with round neck, right slit, twisted lapel, straight body, flat sleeves and no slit. Clothes are slit from left to right to armpits, and there must be clouds on the slit, so that the patterns of clothes are more gorgeous and the edges are more exquisite. There are many kinds of patterns, each with its own meaning. During the reign of Xianfeng and Tongzhi, there were more and more ways for aristocratic women in Beijing to roll lace on their clothes, which was called "Eighteen Embedding". This decorative fashion was popular until the Republic of China.

[Edit this paragraph] Eight Banners Armor in Qing Dynasty

In the Qing dynasty, the general helmets, whether iron products or leather products, were painted on the surface. There are two beams at the front, back, left and right of the helmet, and a cover eyebrow protrudes from the middle of the forehead, on which there is a dancing engine and a bowl. There is a helmet plate shaped like a small handleless wine cup on the bowl, and there is an iron pipe or copper pipe for cutting the tassel gun, carving feathers or otter tail in the middle of the helmet plate. There are lapis lazuli and other colors of silk collar, neck and ear protectors, embroidered with patterns and decorated with copper or iron foam nails. Armor is divided into armor and apron. Shoulder pad is installed on the shoulder of armor, and shoulder pad provides underarm protection; In addition, wear a metal heart protector on the chest and back, and a trapezoidal abdomen protector on the front seam under the mirror, which is called "front guard". Wearing a "left block" on the left side of the waist and not wearing a block on the right side is reserved for wearing a bow and arrow bag. The apron is divided into left and right pieces and tied around the waist with a belt when worn. In the middle of the two skirts, a tiger head made of the same material covered her knees. The armor of the Eight Banners soldiers in Qing Dynasty was made of leather. This suit is for military parade and is usually collected. In the Qing Dynasty, in addition to the Eight Banners of Manchu Dynasty, Mongolia also set up the Eight Banners of Mongolia, and the Han nationality also set up the Eight Banners of Han Dynasty. In fact, 24 flags took part in the military parade.

[Edit this paragraph] Qing Dynasty samurai armor

In the Qing dynasty, the general helmets, whether iron products or leather products, were painted on the surface. There are two beams at the front, back, left and right of the helmet, and a cover eyebrow protrudes from the middle of the forehead, on which there is a dancing engine and a bowl. There is a helmet plate shaped like a small handleless wine cup on the bowl, and there is an iron pipe or copper pipe for cutting the tassel gun, carving feathers or otter tail in the middle of the helmet plate. There are lapis lazuli and other colors of silk collar, neck and ear protectors, embroidered with patterns and decorated with copper or iron foam nails. Armor is divided into armor and apron. Shoulder pad is installed on the shoulder of armor, and shoulder pad provides underarm protection; In addition, wear a metal heart protector on the chest and back, and a trapezoidal abdomen protector on the front seam under the mirror, which is called "front guard". Wearing a "left block" on the left side of the waist and not wearing a block on the right side is reserved for wearing a bow and arrow bag. The apron is divided into left and right pieces and tied around the waist with a belt when worn. In the middle of the two skirts, a tiger head made of the same material covered her knees.

[Edit this paragraph] Women's Wear in Qing Dynasty

The development of women's wear in Qing dynasty, Han nationality and Manchu nationality was different. During Kang Yong period, Han women kept Ming style, while clothes and long skirts were popular in small sleeve. After finishing, the clothes are getting fatter and shorter, the cuffs are getting wider and wider, and with the cloud shoulders, the pattern renovation is endless; By the end of the Qing Dynasty, urban women had put on skirts and trousers, which were inlaid with lace and rolled teeth, and most expensive clothes were spent on them. Manchu women wear "flag clothes", comb the flag bun (commonly known as two ends) and wear "flowerpot bottom" flag shoes. As for the so-called cheongsam circulated in later generations, it has long been mainly used in the court and the royal family. In the late Qing dynasty, cheongsam was also imitated by the ladies of the Han nationality.

There are several different forms of cheongsam or shorts, such as pipa lapels, large lapels and double lapels. Matching skirts or trousers are decorated with printing, embroidery and sewing all over the floor. The front, collar and sleeves are decorated with inlays, piping and embroidery. According to historical records, "... the cost of mosaic is even worse." There are so-called white flags, golden and white devils' railings, peony belts, a plate of gold embroidered all over, and so on ... The inlaid flowers are doubled, and the clothes account for six tenths, the inlaid flowers account for four tenths, and the clothes are only six tenths of silk. It is strange to change the color when it is new. "There are sheepskins for coats, with rollers on the skin, and even rows of beards and cloud shoulders, which can be processed in winter and summer. In the early Qing Dynasty, Manchu women were similar to men in dress, the only difference was wearing ears and combing their hair, while unmarried women hung braids. A plump woman can't wear a skirt without pricking her feet. The vest and blouse outside are flush, and there is a underpant inside the gown, which is equivalent to a Chinese-style chest covering for a woman in China. The coat is also called "Oolong". The flag clothes in Qing Dynasty not only have the same characteristics as mentioned above, but also have distinct combination characteristics in different periods.

During the reign of Kangxi, a brown robe with black collar and gold pattern was popular among aristocratic women, plus a light green gown with black border and gold embroidery pattern. There are ornaments in front of lapels, a big bun on the head and a headscarf style. The maid wore a black collar, a green robe, golden buttons, a Cui Hua on her head and beads on her shoulders.

During the Qianlong period: women wore pale yellow shirts with pink trimmings and big black yuntou vests. The skirt or trouser legs are inlaid with black embroidered railings and full of red bow shoes. There are also red embroidered shoes, white satin sleeves and wide columns. Some people wear turtleneck blue clothes with black trim. A string of Shankar is hung in front of their lapels, and small items such as clocks, toothpicks and incense sticks are hung on their buttons. Some still tie orange ribbons on the outside of their clothes, hanging them on both sides of the waist and buttocks flush with the shirts, and embroidery is at the end of the ribbons. Some still wear white gauze undershirts, black trousers, red belts, red Chinese-style chest covering and tongues at the heels.

During Jiaqing and Daoguang years, many women wore blue-purple skirts with low collars. The mirror and bottom of the skirt are inlaid with black embroidered railings, and the cuffs are inlaid with full-color embroidered peony wide edges on a white background. There are also cuffs and skirts with wide railings, and the skirts hang down to the knees, and the clouds on the shoulders are comfortable. There are also some light red skirts, green flowers, a few broken branches embroidered on the mirror of the skirt, and tassels hanging on the clouds.

Tongzhi period: blue satin wide-brimmed silk trousers were popular, with a bandwidth of one foot or several feet and embroidered lines at both ends. Whether you wear a skirt or trousers, there is a custom of tying. It's best to hang down to your knees after you fasten your belt.

In the middle of Guangxu, women's dresses became shorter, sleeves widened and shoulder straps were more than one foot above their knees. When walking, it flutters with the wind, and some still sew tassels on both ends of the straps, showing different effects when swinging. The main colors are lake blue and pink, as well as sapphire and scarlet.

At the end of Guangxu, women's clothes were knee-length and decorated with large inlaid rollers. Sometimes 16 to 20 streamers were added to the skirts, and each end was tied with a silver bell, which made a noise when walking, which was very interesting. Hang gold or silver ornaments in front of the skirt, such as ear spoons, toothpicks, tweezers, etc. Some are small sachets full of spices, such as Mei Tan. Some people also carry a small mirror bag made of satin or silk, which contains balsam powder. At the same time, a new kind of clothing is popular in Shanghai. This new dress is decorated with inlaid rollers not only on the sleeves but also on the elbows. Clothes are narrower and longer than before, and pants are correspondingly narrower. With three or four pairs of bracelets. Such new clothes really make the image of women more exquisite and dignified. This new form, which was slightly modified on the original basis, was fashionable at that time.

In the late Qing dynasty, fake cuffs were popular in sleeves, sometimes one or two, sometimes two or three. This kind of clothing, one is to show identity and wealth; The second is to strengthen the style and characteristics of the closed form of flag dress. Fake cuffs not only use exquisite materials, but also pursue the same decorative layout as cheongsam, adding gorgeous effect to the overall dress and strengthening the layering of decoration. The fake cuffs are connected layer by layer, showing the slender feeling of narrow sleeves.

Xuantong to the early Republic of China: During this period, women's shirts and trousers were narrower than those in the late Guangxu period, but their collars were higher, even covering their cheeks, like saddle shapes. The mosaic decoration in this period is much simpler than before, but the decoration is still hung on the front of the front.

Women's wear in Qing Dynasty includes official clothes, dresses and uniforms. Public service is a service system stipulated from the queen to the seven-product maid; Clothing refers to folk auspicious clothes or mourning clothes. Wedding, funeral and birthday clothes are stipulated by the court according to the rank of married women; There are many forms of regular service, and it is much more free to change one.

[Edit this paragraph] Women's uniform

According to the records in The Book of Rites of the Qing Dynasty and The Book of Rites of the Qing Dynasty, women's daily clothes are strictly regulated and restricted by law. Of course, there are more kinds of clothes because they are not bound by grades. It's also a lot more casual to hold. Only for slaves, actresses and soap, silk, silk, yarn, silk, satin and silk are not allowed. And Luo and other high-grade raw materials, there are no fine leather, fine wool, turquoise raw materials, and there are no precious decorations such as pearls, jade, gold and silver, precious stones, but only kudzu vine, woven cloth, brown leather and cocoon? Low-grade raw materials with rough texture such as raccoon skin and sheepskin. At that time, if "fashionable clothes" appeared, they were first adopted among the nobles. During the imperial rule, people's clothes and makeup were not easy to change, and "strange clothes" were not allowed to exist.

Buttons were widely used in the Ming Dynasty, mainly used in dresses, but rarely used in uniforms, and became popular in the late Ming Dynasty. After the Qing dynasty entered the customs, buttons were widely used and became a necessity for clothing. Influenced by the armor of the Eight Banners and the import of foreign goods, folk buttons are gradually widely used in the collars and lapels of clothes. Before the Ming Dynasty, collars were mostly horizontal collars, horizontal collars and round necks. Since the buttons were used to raise the national flag in Qing dynasty, the shape of the collar began to change obviously. Before the Qing Dynasty, there was never a stand-up collar, the lapel was not exposed, the undershirt was different from before, and the wrapping decoration with large volumes was even more unusual, so there was a higher requirement for cutting and sewing technology.

Ancient clothing highly advocated "official clothing style" and "oral clothing style", and generally new styles were first produced from these styles. After Qianlong, as the trading ports began to exchange goods, new materials and new patterns appeared slowly, and Guangdong, Guangzhou and Suzhou and Hangzhou became the birthplace of "fashionable new clothes"; After Daoguang, the patterns became more and more new, but although there are many fashionable clothing styles, they can only be popular among nobles, and civilians can't imitate them at will.

Since Qianlong and Jiaqing, many flag girls have followed Hanfu's example, adding wide-sleeved mandarin jackets to the original narrow and long clothes, or widening the sleeves of shirts and gowns, and learning bad habits such as foot binding, which aroused the anger of Renzong and Xuanzong, and successively ordered the ban, and declared that the overseers and deputy overseers of the Eight Banners of Manchu, Mongolia and Han armies should check at any time. Offender hell to pay.

[Edit this paragraph] Women's wear

There are two kinds: auspicious clothes and mourning clothes. There are the following rules in the court: the crown of the empress dowager, empress, imperial concubine and imperial concubine is smoked with mink and decorated with Zhu Wei (a pattern); The color of the dragon robe is azurite with embroidery; The robe is bright yellow, and the lucky clothes of Prince Fujin and Prince Fujin are crowned with smoked minks and rubies on the top. Prince Fujin's auspicious clothes are embroidered with azurite; Prince Fujin embroidered robes, which are fragrant in color and embroidered with nine pythons and five claws; From the first grade to the ninth grade, the wives of civil and military officials wear complementary clothes, all of which follow their husbands' grades, and the shape of the complementary clothes is square. In the late Qing dynasty, the official wife used round compensation. Yipin civil servants embroidered cranes; Second-class embroidered golden pheasant; Three embroidered peacocks; Four kinds of embroidered geese; Five-needle embroidered silver pheasant; Six embroidered egrets; Seven products embroidered chicken? ; Eight products embroidered quail; Nine-level uncultured embroidered magpie. The military attache embroidered Kirin; Second-class embroidered lion; Sanpin embroidered leopard; Four products embroidered tiger; Five embroidered bears; Six or seven embroidery marks; Eight products embroidered rhinoceros; Nine stitches embroidered seahorse. Ladies with no taste wear sky-blue dresses. No need for patches, red skirts and embroidered sleeves are free. And I can only use pink and light blue. In the Qing Dynasty, there were no regulations on Ming Dynasty rockhopper (also known as "pearl crown" because the crown was mainly decorated with pearls), Bi Xia and python fur coat. In short, all kinds of Ming clothes in Qing Dynasty were decorated with embroidered pythons. This is somewhat different from that of the Ming Dynasty. The gown of the Ming Dynasty embroidered not pythons, but only pheasants, peacocks, mandarin ducks and practicing magpies.

[Edit this paragraph] Women's funeral

Since ancient times, mourning clothes have also been classified into dresses and the like. Funeral can be divided into two parts: one part is the "shroud" prefabricated by the younger generation for the elderly; One is what people wear at funerals. Officials wear "shroud" according to rank, while civilian women wear blue or blue robes.

Participants should wear raw hemp, cooked hemp, coarse white cloth, fine white cloth, hemp crown, Ma Xie, straw sandals, flat shoes and other mourning clothes on a monthly basis. During mourning, women are not allowed to wear colorful flowers, pink, silk clothes or bright colors. Only white, gray, black and blue are allowed. This is the general rule of funeral, which varies according to local customs. In the south, people observe ancient rituals. For example, women wear coarse clothes, the edges are not sewn, and a linen skirt is tied under the waist. One side of her head is sewn with a piece of linen, which is hood-shaped. After wearing a hat, one side of the cloth is long and the other side is slightly shorter. In the north, the head is wrapped in a white cloth knot, and the shoes are wrapped in white cloth under unbounded coarse cloth, with heels, black heels of parents and red heels of grandparents.

[Edit this paragraph] Women's wear

It is the official official dress of the court from the empress dowager to the imperial concubine. The specific provisions of his robes and all kinds of matching jewelry are recorded in Qing Hui Dian and Qing thomas lee. Here is a brief introduction.

The winter crown of the Empress Dowager and Empress is smoked mink. Zhu Wei is on the top, the top three floors. Decorated with pearls, golden phoenix, precious stones, fir and other ornaments, with a collar behind the crown and a yellow belt hanging down; The crown of Xia Dynasty is blue velvet.

The gold Covenant between Empress Dowager Cixi and Empress Dowager Cixi (ornaments made of gold) is decorated with lapis lazuli, turquoise, pearls and fir. The Empress Dowager and the Empress each have three earrings, and the golden dragon holds the first-class pearls: the earrings of the imperial concubine and the imperial concubine. The nobles in the palace have three holes in their ears and wear three pairs of earrings. The gowns of Empress Dowager Cixi, Empress Dowager Cixi and Imperial concubine are embroidered with azurite, Phnom Penh, Li Long, Zheng Long and Wan Fu Wan Shou. Yellow ribbons hung on the collar, decorated with jewels; There are also embroideries embroidered with Zheng Long, Walking Dragon or Standing Dragon and Babao Pingshui patterns.

The winter clothes of the Empress Dowager, Empress and Imperial concubine are bright yellow, lapels and sleeves are all azurite, and the upper and lower shoulders are covered with embroidery patterns such as Jinlong, Walking Dragon, Zheng Long and Babao Pingshui.

The contract between Empress Dowager Cixi and the Empress Dowager Cixi is made of wisps of gold, decorated with pearls, turquoise and fir. When Empress Dowager Cixi and Empress Dowager Cixi wore royal robes, three plates of beads were hung on their chests. Wearing auspicious clothes and hanging a plate of beads, all of which are high-grade ornaments such as pearls and fir; The beads of the imperial concubine, the imperial concubine and the princess are all decorated with Mipo. There are 108 such beads, divided into four parts, separated by three big beads, each part has 27.

The empress dowager, empress and imperial concubine are decorated with green flowers, and the tapestries are bright yellow and embroidered with grains.

The winter clothes of the Empress Dowager, Empress, Royal Highness and Royal Highness are all decorated with golden silk sea dragon's edge, red woven gold satin and azurite satin. Satin yarn is used for Xia skirt, and the pattern is the same as that of winter skirt.

[Edit this paragraph] Men's wear in Qing Dynasty

Men's wear in the Qing Dynasty was dominated by robes and jackets, and the sleeves were horseshoe-shaped, which was unprecedented in previous dynasties. The robe is simple in shape, with an upright collar and a large lapel. There are seams in the front and back of the robe, and there are two slits at the hem (called "lack of pants" in ancient times) and four slits, but no slits. In order to facilitate riding and shooting, the royal nobles wore robes with slits on all sides, that is, the front and back seams and the left and right sides of the clothes had slits, while the civilians wore robes with slits on the left and right sides or "a kind of round wrap". In the ninety-fourth chapter of China's literary masterpiece A Dream of Red Mansions, it is described that "Baoyu was resting at home wearing a round fur coat that day". Suddenly, when he heard that Jia Mu was coming, he changed into a fox's armpit and arrow sleeve and covered a mysterious fox's leg coat. Explain here that "wrapped in a circle" is a casual dress and cannot be elegant. Therefore, when grandma comes, she must put on casual clothes and wear them formally. In the Qing Dynasty, the outer coat of the robe did not have long knees, and the sleeves were wide and short. Accessories on clothes are complicated, such as ear spoons, tweezers and toothpicks, and some small models of ancient weapons, such as halberds and guns, are all hung on a gold and silver medal. Wearing accessories has become a fashion in Qing Dynasty.

In men's wear, mandarin jacket is the most popular, and mandarin jacket is one of the four uniforms of Manchu men. These four uniforms are dresses, uniforms, raincoats and travel clothes, while mandarin jackets are travel clothes. Since the mandarin jacket entered the rich family in Kangxi period, the military uniform has also followed this system. The historical data "Yu Cong Kao Ma Gua" records that "all retinues and envoys take short robes, and if they are short of robes, they will be given them immediately." As a kind of coat for external use, there are several different methods: single, clip and cotton. Generally, it is plain colors such as azurite, black and black, and it is customary not to use bright yarn raw materials. During the Qianlong period, there was a jacket with fur lapels, which was taken by nobles. Officials wear mandarin jackets and have a suffix on their chests, which is called "mending mandarin jackets". The jacket is also called "Desheng coat". The jacket in the early Qing Dynasty was sky blue. Rose purple was the best in Qianlong period, deep red (red and scarlet) was the most popular in the late Qing Dynasty, and light gray and camel color were popular in the Republic of China.

In the Qing dynasty, the top jacket was the "yellow jacket", which belonged to the highest reward of the emperor and could be enjoyed by four talents:

(1) When the emperor goes out for a patrol, all the retinue ministers, that is, the minister in command, the minister in imperial court, the bodyguard, the servant chief and other confidants of the emperor, can also wear peacock feathers at the back end of the crown. This yellow jacket has no pattern and is made of light yellow (bright yellow) yarn or satin. It is also called "work jacket", so people who leave their jobs are not allowed to wear it. (2) Winners of competitions in the arena and ministers who have contributed precious animals can enjoy them every year. When picking up the yellow coat, the civilian uses the black button and the military commander uses the yellow button.

(3) Active combat can be enjoyed by outstanding senior military commanders or civilian soldiers.

(4) The special envoy of the imperial court told Chinese and foreign officials that they could be given special gifts, and if they were given gifts, they would ride horses around the Forbidden City. This ceremony was particularly popular during Wei Feng's time.

Mandarin jackets are divided into long sleeves and short sleeves, but the sleeves of mandarin jackets are wide regardless of length. There are several styles of mandarin jackets, such as double lapels, large lapels and pipa lapels. Use skirts to distinguish the scope of use. The jacket with double-breasted jacket is a formal suit, the jacket with black trim on the right is a regular suit, and the jacket in front of the pipa (also known as "Oolong") is an outfit.

In Qing Dynasty, the service system changed from public service to regular service. When Manchu entered the customs, men were forced to change clothes, and women's clothes were gradually realized.

From the records of imperial edicts on folk costumes issued by the imperial court during Shunzhi period, we can learn some specific situations of costume changes. In October of the first year of Shunzhi, it was ordered that civilian clothes should be made like lighting, and there was no provision for civilian clothes. It was stipulated in June of the second year of Shunzhi? Within ten days (within ten days), the system of "shaving off" will be implemented, and offenders will be killed without forgiveness. It is said that there was an old Han Chinese man at that time who was unwilling? Hair, had to dress up as a woman. In ancient times, it was easier to dress up as a woman because of the obvious difference between men and women in skirts and buns. Due to refusal? Countless people were forced to die, and many people were forced to dress up as men. In November of the fourth year of Shunzhi, the system of official clothes and civilian clothes was determined, but only colors and materials were used, and the clothing style was still unclear. Until the Qianlong period, it was stipulated that the national flag was generally worn in cities and densely populated areas, and civilians in closed areas still did not wear mandarin jackets or red tassels. Even some men with braids wrap their braids around their heads and wear a felt hat, which is difficult to identify from the outside. Especially in the early Qing dynasty, the braid was very short, which was even more difficult to distinguish.

At that time, women had great resistance to modification, and plain clothes were difficult to change. On the contrary, it greatly attracted Manchu people. Many banners also deliberately imitate Hanfu. Although Manchu foot-binding was banned again and again during the Qianlong period, the attraction of foreign women's clothing made many Manchu people disobey the law from time to time.

Mang cannon in Qing dynasty

There are many kinds of headscarves, and the dragon robe worn by the emperor is only one of them The emperor's robes are five-claw dragons, and the headscarves of generals, princes or heroes are generally four-claw dragons. In the Qing Dynasty, there were strict restrictions on the number of dragons on mang robes, including nine emperors and eight grades. This picture should be the headscarf of a general, prince or hero.