In what year did Shun die in history?

Shun (before? Years-before 2037): The legendary leader of tribal alliance in the late patriarchal society has been listed as the "Five Emperors" and regarded as the most sacred in China.

Title, surname Yao, name Zhonghua, word, called "Shun". Because of its name "Yu", it is also called Yu Shun. Dongyi was born in Zhu Feng (now Zhucheng, Shandong). He is the sixth grandson of Emperor Zhuan Xu, and he has been a civilian since his fifth ancestor Qiong Chan. Shun Di was persecuted by his father Gu Sou, his stepmother and his stepmother's son elephant. After suffering again and again, he is still kind to each other, filial to his parents and caring for his half-brother, thus winning the praise of the people. Shun worked hard in Lishan, fishing and hunting in Heze (now Shandong), firing pottery on the banks of the Yellow River, making daily necessities in Shouqiu (now Qufu, Shandong), and doing business in Dunqiu (now Xunxian, Henan) and Fuxi (now Yanzhou, Shandong). Because of his noble character, he enjoys high prestige among the people.

He plowed the fields in Lishan, and the local people no longer fought for farmland boundaries, and they were very humble to each other. People are willing to live near him, and they will gather into a village in two or three years. At that time, the leader of the tribal alliance, Emperor Yao, was old and wanted to choose an heir. The four Yue unanimously recommended Shun, so Yao married his two daughters, He and invited nine people to serve Shun's left and right to see his virtue. Let Shun be in charge of the Five Codes, the officials and the welcome etiquette, and see what he can do. All governance is to ask Shun to undertake government affairs.

After Yao's death, Shun ascended the throne. He selected and appointed talents, managed civil affairs with "eight open" and "eight yuan", exiled "four murderers" and appointed Yu Zhishui, thus completing Yao's unfinished business. Legend has it that he traveled all over the world, rectified the etiquette system and reduced the punishment, unified measurement. The people are required to be "virtuous and far away from others", "straight and warm, broad and chestnut, just but not humiliating, simple but not arrogant", to honor their parents and live in harmony with their neighbors. Under his rule, politics and religion prevailed, entertaining guests in all directions, and the four seas praised and obeyed the public. Therefore, Historical Records of the Five Emperors says that "the virtue of the world begins in the ground". Confucius said in The Doctrine of the Mean: "The great knowledge of Shun is also related to it! Shun is good at asking questions and observing words, hiding evil and promoting good, holding both ends and using them for the people. His thoughts are fluent! " He died in the wilderness of Cangwu during his southern tour and was buried in Jiuyi Mountain in the south of the Yangtze River (now Yongzhou, Hunan).

Yu Shun is not a legend. "Since the summer, the lineage of the Xia Dynasty has been very clear, with a total of seventeen kings." [4] Li Xueqin, the head of the national "Zhou Dynasty Dating Project" and "Chinese Civilization Tracing Project", firmly said: "Xia is not the earliest dynasty, and the origin of Chinese civilization is far ahead. I have not changed this view so far. " [5]

Yu and Shun are inseparable. While some people are still questioning the history of China's ancient civilization with the "big bug" verified by Mr. Gu Jiegang, I am afraid that in 2000-3000 years before Yao Shunyu, a large-scale Yangshao cultural city (such as Zhengzhou Xishan Ancient City) appeared in China. During the period from 3000 BC to more than 2000 BC ("this period is about the Yao and Shun period according to historical legends"), there were many ancient cities. Some places can even be said to have many ancient cities; Some symbols on pottery and jade articles "if they have nothing to do with words, I'm afraid it's hard to say"; China also has a ceremonial tomb; There are copper-based alloys containing zinc and copper-based alloys containing lead, namely brass and bronzes. "By the Xia Dynasty, bronzes were widely used." [4] The above four items are universally recognized as "civilized" signs.

2 deeds editor

name

Double pupil said: Shun's eyes are all double pupils, hence the name Zhong Hua. "Shang Yan" records "Yao's feeling of China" Zheng Xuan's note: "Shun mother feels the essence of the pivot star, and she is born with Zhong Hua." Obviously, "Zhong Hua" or "Zong Hua" are only phonetic Chinese characters, and the theory of "double pupil" is purely a statement.

Family economic situation

Shun was born in a poor family, engaged in all kinds of manual labor and experienced ups and downs. During the Five Emperors, he cultivated in Lishan, fished in Leize and made pottery on the banks of the Yellow River. In the process of these works, because Shun's virtue constantly infects people around him, the place where Shun worked will soon develop into a rich place with a good people atmosphere.

famous

According to legend, Shun became famous at the age of 20. He is famous for his filial piety. Because he can stick to filial piety to his parents who abused and persecuted him, he was called Yang in his youth. 10 years later, Yao asked Siyue (the head of the four governors) for an heir, and Siyue recommended Shun. Yaojiang two women

Dishun

My son married Shun to test his character and ability. Shun not only makes the two daughters live in harmony with the whole family, but also shows outstanding talents and noble personality strength in all aspects. "Shun Li Gengshan, people who have experienced mountains give way; Fishing for Razer, Razer makes way for everyone. As long as he works, the wind of comity will rise; " Pottery riverside, riverside utensils are not bitter ",making pottery can also drive people around to engage in earnest, strive for perfection, and put an end to the phenomenon of shoddy. Wherever he goes, people are willing to follow him, so "one year, he lived together (together is a village), two years, he became a city, three years, Chengdu (with four counties as the capital)". Yao was very happy to learn these things, and gave Shunyi clothes (fine ge cloth clothes) and Qin cattle and sheep, and built a cowshed for him.

Put sb. Hold an important position

Shun got these rewards, and Xiang was very jealous. They want to kill Shun and seize the property. Gu Sou asked Shun to repair the roof of the barn, but set fire to the barn below. Shun made wings with two hats, jumped down from the house and survived. Later, Shun was asked to dig a well. The well was dug deep, but the joint was filled with soil. They want to plug the well and bury Shun alive. Fortunately, Shun was alert in advance, dug a passage next to the shaft and hid through the passage for a while. He Xiang thinks this plot is successful. Xiang said that the idea came from him, that is, to share things with a piano, that Yao's two daughters should be his wives, and that cows, sheep and sheds should be shared with their parents. The elephant lives in Shun's house and plays Shun's piano. Shun went to see him. The elephant was surprised, but the boss was unhappy. He just said, "I think Shun is boring!" " "Shun doesn't take it to heart, as always, he is filial to his parents and friendly to his brothers; And more sincere and cautious than before.

Later, Yao asked Shun to participate in politics, manage officials, receive guests and undergo various tempering. Shun not only handled political affairs in an orderly way, but also improved the employment situation. Yao's unused "eight yuan" and "eight opening" have a long reputation, and he ordered "eight yuan" to manage the land and make "eight opening" keep discipline; There are also "Four Fierces", namely, Di Hong's fatuous scholar Hundun, Shaoluo's fatuous scholar Qiong Qi, Zhuan Xu's fatuous scholar and Jinyun's fatuous scholar gluttony. Although notorious, Yao failed to deal with them, and Shun exiled the "Four Fierces" to remote and wild places. The implementation of these measures shows Shun's general plan of governing the country and his political talent.

connect

After many experiments, Shun finally got Yao's approval. Choose an auspicious day and hold a ceremony. Yao and Shun, located in Shun, are called "the last Wen Zu" in Shangshu. Because Emperor Yao is old, although De is the son of heaven, he has begun to gradually transfer power and power to Shun. In other words, Shun acted as the right person (not the right person, here refers to the leader of the tribal alliance). After years of power transfer and political tempering, Shun gradually took charge of the world, while Yao really let go of his heart. In the end, after Yao's death, Shun led the world in mourning and succeeded to the throne, and later people called him (in fact, he was neither an "emperor" nor a "king").

After Shun came to power, it is said that there were a series of major political actions and great efforts were made to govern the country. He revised the calendar and held a ceremony to worship the gods of the four seasons of heaven and earth and mountains and rivers. He also collected the imperial edicts of the governors, then set an auspicious day, called the governors from all over the country, held a grand ceremony and re-issued the imperial edicts. When he ascended the throne, he traveled around the world, offering sacrifices to famous mountains, calling governors and observing people's feelings; It also stipulates that a patrol will be conducted in the next five years to check the improvement of the political achievements of the ruling party and stipulate rewards and punishments. It can be seen that Shun attached importance to the connection with the local government and strengthened its rule over the local government.

Legend has it that Shun's general plan of governing the country is also to "take the punishment as an example and shed five punishments", and draw the shape of five punishments on the utensils to play a warning role; Use exile instead of corporal punishment to show leniency. But there are also punishments of flogging, beating and redemption, especially for criminals who refuse to repent. Shun exiled the workers to Youzhou, Huandou to Chongshan, Sanmiao to Sanwei, and Gun who failed in water control to Yushan. The bad guys were punished and everyone was convinced.

According to the legend of Historical Records, Yao died after 28 years of regency. After three years of mourning, Shun gave way to the son of Yao and retreated to the south of Nanhe River. However, all the governors in the world went to see Shun, but ignored Dani; People in the court also complained to Shun, and the people made up many songs to praise Shun and ignored them. Shun felt that the will of the people and providence could not be shirked, so he returned to the capital and ascended the throne of the son of heaven. However, the legendary capital of Shun and the capital of Yao are not in the same place.

Achievements in political career

After Yao's death, Shun had another great political revolution. Yu, Qi, Abandon, Boyi, Wei Xiao, Long, Cui, Yi, etc. Used in the past, I don't know. At this time, Shun ordered Yu to be Shu Ren, managing water and soil; Abandoned as Hou Ji, in charge of agriculture; Life contract as the implementation of Stuart Enlightenment; Hao Tao was appointed as a "scholar" in charge of criminal law; Life hangs as a "* * * worker" and is in charge of all kinds of work; Life benefits are "dangerous" and are in charge of the mountains; Boyi was appointed as "Rank Zong" and presided over the etiquette; He was appointed music officer, in charge of music and education; Long was appointed as "Yan Na", responsible for issuing orders and collecting opinions. It is also stipulated that political achievements should be inspected every three years, and promotion or dismissal should be decided by the results of three inspections. Through such rectification, all work has taken on a new look. These people have made brilliant achievements, among which the rest are the greatest.

Statue of Shun Di

He tried his best to control the flood, set an example, cut mountains and dredged rivers, and finally conquered the flood, making the people all over the world live and work in peace and contentment. At that time, "the merits of Emperor Shun were cherished in the four seas" and "the virtues of the world began with Emperor Shun", showing an unprecedented peace situation.

Shun was old and thought his son was corrupt, so he decided to let Yu, who had the highest prestige, be his successor, and Yu was in charge of administrative affairs. Therefore, Shun, like Yao, is the sage of Zen.

According to legend, after Yao's death, Shun was in office for thirty-nine years. During his southern tour, he died in the wild of Cangwu and was buried in Jiuyi Mountain in the south of the Yangtze River, known as Lingling in history.

filial piety/mourning

The first filial piety in Twenty-four Filial Pieties is the story of Shun.

Xiaogan Yu Shun, your son. Filial piety Father is stubborn, mother is arrogant and brother is proud. There are elephants and birds for farming in Mount Li. Its filial piety is like this. Hearing this, Emperor Yao married nine men and two women, so he gave way to the world.

Teams of elephants ploughing in spring are weeding the birds one after another. Inheriting Yao Deng's position, Xiaogan was moved.

Shun, the legendary ancient emperor, is one of the Five Emperors. His surname is Yao, and his name is Zhong Hua and posthumous title Yu. He is famous in history.

Shun Di Mausoleum Site

Yu Shun. According to legend, his father Gu Sou, stepmother and half-brother tried to kill him many times: Shun set fire to the barn while repairing the roof of the barn, and Shun jumped off with two hats to escape; Shun dug a well and Xiang Ke went down to fill it. Shun dug a tunnel to escape. Afterwards, Shun was not jealous, but still obeyed his father and loved his younger brother. His filial piety touched the Emperor of Heaven. Shun plowed the fields in Lishan Mountain, the elephants plowed the fields for him and the birds mowed the grass for him. Hearing that Shun was very filial and capable of handling political affairs, Emperor Yaodi married his two daughters. After years of observation and test, Shun was chosen as his successor. After Shun ascended the throne, he went to see his father, still respectfully, and made him a vassal.

3 influence editing

Shun, like Yao, was the ancient and modern holy king respected by Confucianism and Mohism in the pre-Qin period.

The name of the emperor

Shun is of special significance to Confucianism. Confucianism attaches importance to filial piety, and Shun's legend is also famous for filial piety, so his personality image is only a model of Confucian ethics. Mencius is a person who has made great contributions to the development of Confucianism after Confucius. He strongly praised Shun's filial piety and advocated people to strive to be as filial as Shun. Said: "Shun, people are also; Me too. Shun is the law of the world, but it can be passed on to future generations. I am (still) a countryman, but I can worry. What is there to worry about? It's just awkward. He even imagined that Shun was the son of heaven and was arrested for murder. Although Shun won't use his power to break the criminal law and pardon him, he must secretly escape from prison behind his father's back and live a carefree life together, forgetting the status of the son of heaven in order to enjoy family happiness. Due to the propaganda of Confucianism, Shun's legendary deeds have had a far-reaching impact on China's cultural traditions.

4 dispute editor

unploughed land

Argument 1: Yao site-according to legend, it is the birthplace of Shun. According to the location recorded in Kuodizhi of the Tang Dynasty, it is located in Puyang, Henan Province, on the north bank of the Wanli Mother River. Another way of saying it is in Yuyao, one is in Heze, Shandong, and the other is in Shangyu, Zhejiang.

According to Historical Records, Shun's father's surname is Gui, and his wife said his surname is Deng. See Dahong, born in the ruins of Yao, so his surname is Yao [6]. " Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty said in Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "Yao and Yu Shun lived in Yao Ruins because they thought their surnames were [7]." Jin Huangfu Mi's "Imperial Century" also contains: "Born in Yao Ruins [8]." "Bamboo Chronology" also said, "Born in Yao site. [9] "The above three documents all say that Yao site was born in Shun.

Archaeologists believe that the Yao site should be located in today's Heze, Shandong, because Shun mainly lives in Heze.

Argument 2: Zhu Feng-one is Zhucheng, Shandong Province, according to Textual Research on Yanhuang Clan Culture, Mencius Li Lou, Ming Zhang Tu, Textual Research on Historic Sites in Zhucheng County of Qingganlong, Outline of General History of China (Fan Wenlan), Historical Draft of China (Guo Moruo) and Records of Chinese Emperors (Qingganlong), and the other is Linfen, Shanxi Province. According to A Qing Gu Zuyu's Reading Historical Records of Pingyang Mansion in Sanjin: "There are also many peaks, 40 miles northeast of the county, and Mencius said: Shun gave birth to various peaks, which is also covered." [ 10]

Du Zhi

Argument 1: Puban, the capital of Shundu-Pingyang, Shanxi,

Zhou Pu Hedong County in the Tang Dynasty: Pubancheng in the south of Hedong County is the capital of Shun. There is a Shun Temple in the city and an altar outside the city.

Song Yongchu's "Li Shanji" also said: There are Shun Temple in Puban City, Shun House and Fei 'er Altar outside the city. "

Gu's History of Jingfang said: "Puban, the capital of Shun, is now Pingyang County, Shanxi Province (now Zhou Pu, yongji city, Shanxi Province)."

According to Shi Mao Justice written by Confucius in the Tang Dynasty, Huangfu Mi said; "Shunying Capital, or Yunpu Sakamoto." Puban was Hedong County in the Tang Dynasty, which is now Yongji County, Shanxi Province.

Argument 2: Shundu Pancheng-Hebei Zhuolu.

"Water Classic Note" says: "Luoshui passes through the ancient city of Panxian or the capital of Yunshun." According to the "Geographical Expansion", "Shun is in the county, Shun Temple is in the north, and Jing Shun is in the outer city." "Historical Records" also said: "Shun was born in Jizhou and lived in Jizhou." [ 1 1]

Lishan

Argument 1: Qianfo Mountain, Jinan City

Jinan was called Lixia in ancient times, named after Lishan [12], and its earliest source was found in Spring and Autumn Annals. In addition, the cultivation of Shungeng in Lishan, Jinan, has been widely rumored and recorded in past dynasties. Wei Shou, a historian of the Northern Wei Dynasty, once served as the satrap of qi zhou, and wrote a poem "Climbing Zhou Qishun Mountain", which has been passed down to this day. Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Mirrors and Waters in the Northern Wei Dynasty records: "There is a mountain in the south of Licheng, and there is a temple on the mountain ... The book should be cultivated on the mountain, and the cloud is here ..." Ceng Gong, a famous scholar in the Northern Song Dynasty, was appointed as the ruler of qi zhou in the fifth year of Xining (1072) and wrote two chapters of qi zhou. Ceng Gong thinks this is credible. However, some people think that although Lishan is in Jinan, it is not the Qianfo Mountain in the south of the city. There are eight notes in the performance of Feng Shiwen Ji Jian in the Tang Dynasty: "There are solitary stones in the east of qi zhou, which are commonly known as Mount Li; There is spring in the north, but there is no Jing Shun; There is a small street in the east, and there are endless stone wells. Cloud is the well of Shun Dongjia. " Jing Shun was originally in the East Hall of a residential courtyard. There is a well under the wide table at the door, and a hill less than one meter is exposed on the water. 1976 During the dormitory construction of Jinan Metallurgical Bureau, this historic site was annihilated. 1976, there are still many place names and shop names in Jinan named after Shun. Shungeng Primary School, Shungeng Middle School, Shungeng Road and Street can all be studied, which shows the deep influence of Shun [13].

Controversy 2: Lishan, Juancheng County, Heze City, Shandong Province

Juancheng County has a long history and is one of the areas where the Chinese nation developed earlier. It is called "the ancient cave". The recorded history can be traced back to the Five Emperors. "Taiping Yuhuan Ji" contains: "Zhou Pu now governs Juancheng County. Ancient Kunwu is old-fashioned, and Zhuan Xu is a relic. " "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" contains: "Yao buried the ancient forest, plowed in Lishan, pottery in the river, and fished. Gulin, Binjiang, Leize and Lishan are all in Heze. " "Zuo Zhuan" contains: a vast remnant, painted as Kyushu. Xia and Shang dynasties, the world was divided into Kyushu. Juancheng belongs to the territory of ancient Yanzhou.

Argument 3: Zhongtiaoshan, yongji city, Shanxi.

Lishan, south of Puban, the capital of Shun, is located at the western end of Nanzhongtiao Mountain in yongji city (Gupuzhou), Shanxi Province, where Shun cultivated, and now Lishan Village is located (now under Ruicheng County). Yongji Mount Li is the earliest recorded mount Li in ancient books, and there is a "two-concubine altar" in the north of the mountain, also known as Empress, E Huang and Nv Ying.

"Records of the Five Emperors" said: "Shun Li Gengshan, Lishan people all give way." Zheng Xuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty said that Lishan was in the east of the river. This Hedong is Shanxi Yongji (Gupuzhou), which was ruled by Hedong County in Han Dynasty, and Zheng Xuan was from the Eastern Han Dynasty. Historians believe that this is the Hedong described by Zheng Xuan. Yongji Lishan was first seen in historical records. "Shan Hai Jing Zhongshan Jing" records: "The head of the thin mountain is called Xiang jujube hill. ..... and twenty miles east, called Li Ershan. Bi Yuan said: "This thin mountain is the Zhou Pu of Shaanxi." . "Li Ershan is Li Ershan in southern Zhou Pu today. People who pass through the clouds speak slowly. Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics simply states that there is a Lishan Mountain in the south of the county seat, which is called the calendar view. Shun Geng Chu also. Li Daoyuan commented on Li Shanyun in other places: "In other cases, this ambition is unreasonable, and it is ok to spread doubts and prove mistakes. Anke has a different name, attached to the mountain, which strongly attracts Dashun, that is, winning Ningrang. "

Argument 4: Lishan, Qinshui County, Shanxi Province

According to historical records, "Shun was born in Puban (now yongji city), fished in Huoze (now Yangcheng County) and cultivated in Lishan." With a total area of 4000 mu, it is extremely flat and natural green grass is like a carpet. On the top of the mountain are the relics of Shungeng Lishan, ancient temple inscriptions, Nantianmen, Zhanlongtai and other scenic spots. Standing in Nantianmen, the highest peak of Shunwangping, you can watch the sunrise, the sunset and the Yellow River. Climbing the plateau at night, you can see the stars, like hundreds of millions of pearls covering the earth. In the mountain road, birds are stirring, flowers are intoxicating and fun is endless. In spring, summer, autumn and winter, there are scenery in all seasons, and scenic spots such as savage villas and yurts have been built, which makes tourists linger on the top of the mountain. The Qing county annals once recorded: "The ancient emperor devoted himself to farming, and the trace of a hundred years has been lost. Looking up at the mountain, the peak is low. Flowers bloom and smell the secluded path, and spring water flows over the far stream. The Yellow River is far away, and the sky is red and neon. "

Controversy 5: Lishan, Chizhou City, Anhui Province

The mountain is not high, but the fairy is famous. It is said that in ancient times, Shun Di first cultivated here, and his reputation spread far and wide. Emperor Yao came to visit and asked Shun to go down the mountain to help the court. Shun refused at first, but then he got angry and left. Later, Emperor Yao pleaded repeatedly, and Shun felt sincere and went out to govern. Later generations commemorated the two emperors Yao and Shun's pursuit of talents. This mountain was named "Shungeng Mountain", and the place where Yao Di crossed the river was named "Du Yao" (Duyao Town). "Lishan Yize" has been one of the eight scenic spots in the county since Dongjiang County was established. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, Taoists and Buddhists came here to build temples and shrines, and countless literati came here to visit, compose poems and express their feelings. Among thousands of poems, the poem Shun Temple written by Fan Zhongyan, a politician and literary farmer in the Northern Song Dynasty, is well written: "The ages are like the sun, majestic and good; Settle the water at last, and treat fumigation smoothly; Outside the river and the sea, Gan Kun gave in; The villagers don't know about this, and Xiao Gu is grateful for the New Year. " Later generations named the stone pool that dried up all the year round after the heavy rain before Daozhen View as "Shunchi; With the change of the stars in the first thousand years, the concept of seeking truth, the temple of grass rules and the temple of shun have long been abandoned, but Yaochi and Shunchi are still the features recorded in historical materials.

Controversy 6: Lishan, Yongkang City, Zhejiang Province

There are related landscapes such as Shunchi in the mountains, and no historical materials have been found yet.

Argument 7: Lishan, Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province

Yuyao and Shangyu are the areas with the most historical sites in Shun Di.

Reze

Controversy 1: Northeast Heze, Shandong Province

In the northeast of Heze City, Shandong Province, it is also called Lei. [14] In the Northern Wei Dynasty, it was "more than twenty miles from east to west and fifteen miles from north to south". Because the Yellow River often burst in Cao and Pu areas in Song Dynasty, it was silted by the Yellow River under thunder. Lei Ze: In the 16th year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (596). According to the Records of Jinshi Geography, in the second year of Zhenyuan (1 154), Leize was reduced to a town. From then on, Leize County will no longer be established. Also known as Lei, it was first seen in Shangshu Gong Yu: "Lei Xia is a Ze, and harmony will be the same." Geographically, "in the northwest of Chengyang County, Yin Ji." "Broad ambition" said: "Leixiaze is in the northwest of Guowai, Leize County, Zhou Pu, and the water of harmony and ju is in the northwest of Leize." Records of the Five Emperors says: "Shun Li Gengshan, Lei Yuze." Chengyang County was established in Han Dynasty, renamed Chengyang in Jin Dynasty and Leize County in Sui Dynasty. "Leize County is in Juancheng County, Shandong Province today, and its land is in the old urban and rural areas today. Leize County belongs to Zhou Pu in ancient times, and the former site of Puxian County is in Pucheng Town, Fanxian County, Henan Province. The ancient Leize County lies between the old urban and rural areas and Zhou Pu. It is now located in Ji Hu, Mudan District, Heze City, and is now a prefecture-level city in Shandong Province. " Heze was originally a natural ancient ze, which is the abbreviation of Heshan and Leize, hence the name Heze.

According to research, this statement is the most correct. Shun mainly lives in Heze area.

Controversy 2: South of yongji city.

Razer said that in today's Jinyong, Shaanxi, it originated in Lei Shou. Puze is in Lishan, that is, east of Wu Shan, not west. There is a mountain, but there is no river under it. As a result, Lei She's Shanxi theory has lost the support of factual basis.

Controversy 3: Pingliang District, Gansu Province

Razer is Guanshan Tianchi. Longshan mountain range. Liupanshan, also known as Liupanshan, is the source of backwater, which flows into Weihe River. So the ancients also called Longshan "Yishan" or "Yishan". He also wrote about mountains, mistaking them for mountains. Guanshan was called Wu Shan and wuyue in ancient times. In Wild East longitude, it is said that Razer is in Wuxi, which should be to the west of wuyue. According to this, the archaeologist Mr. Fan Sanwei verified that the western foot of Taomu Mountain in Zhuanglang, Pingliang, Gansu Province is now facing Na Ba, that is, Razer. In addition, Zhuanglang County is adjacent to Fuxi, Nuwa Activity Area (Qin 'an County, Tianshui City) and Dadiwan Site (Qin 'an County) of Paleogene. There are many mysteries in Chaona Lake, for example, there are many boulders scattered around, artificial water diversion causes the water level to drop, there are no birds in the sky, and technicians infer that there is no depth. During the Qin Dynasty, among the seven famous mountains and four famous rivers west of Huashan Mountain, wuyue was a famous mountain and Chaona was a famous river. Chaona is the representative of Zhuo Yuan, and its position is tied with the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, which shows the importance of Chaona.

Controversy 4: Taihu Lake

5 Mausoleum Editor

Statue of Shun Di [15]

1. Shundi Mausoleum, Shunyongzhou City, Hunan Province

It is a sacred place for Chinese people to worship their ancestors and shun. The Xia Dynasty began with the construction of the temple at Jiukui Mausoleum, moved to Guanyan in Qin and Han Dynasties, and moved to Shunyuan Peak in the early Ming Dynasty. It's in disrepair and almost deserted. In 1990s, Yongzhou City and ningyuan county City of Hunan Province invested huge sums of money in restoration and restoration of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. However, with the increase of tourists, the area of the mausoleum is getting narrower and narrower, and the voice of expansion is getting higher and higher. On April 14, 2004, the Hunan Provincial People's Government decided to hold a provincial-level public sacrifice ceremony with the theme of respecting ancestors' patriotism, inheriting civilization, rallying people's hearts and promoting development in the following year. On September 17 of the same year, in order to strengthen the construction and protection of Shun Di Mausoleum, Shun Di Mausoleum Foundation of Jiuyi Mountain in Hunan Province was established. In order to meet the needs of the ceremony of offering sacrifices to Shun in the whole province and tourists visiting the mausoleum, it was decided to expand the mausoleum of Shun Emperor. The foundation, the relevant provincial departments and the people's governments of cities and counties immediately set about planning and design. The planned total land area is more than 430 mu, with a total investment of more than 45 million. The expansion project will be carried out in two stages. The first phase of the project invested 26 million yuan to transform the mountain gate into a sacrificial hall, adding cloisters, turrets, stone tablets, wings and so on. , the new construction area of 4000 square meters; Three bridges of the original Yudai Bridge outside the memorial hall were merged into one bridge, and an arch bridge was built on each side. The square outside the memorial hall is 38,000 square meters, including Mashi Square15,500 square meters and Caozhuan Square of 500 square meters. A new parking lot of thirteen thousand square meters; Build a new instrument door. On April 25, 2005, the first phase of the project was officially started. In order to ensure that the first phase of the project was completed before the ceremony of sacrificing Shun in the whole province, the project headquarters spared no effort to scientifically schedule and the project builders fought day and night. In order to solve the construction funds, fundraising was carried out throughout the province, and various cities and States generously donated money, and people from all walks of life enthusiastically donated money. On August 20th of the same year, the first phase of the project was completed. On September 15 of the same year, the ceremony of offering sacrifices to Shun in Hunan Province was successfully held in Shun Mausoleum.

Shundi Mausoleum is located in Shunling Scenic Area, which is the target cultural landscape of Jiuyi Mountain Scenic Area and Jiuyi Mountain Scenic Area. This is the oldest mausoleum in China. The mausoleum area of Shundi Mausoleum consists of Lingshan (Shunyuanfeng), Shunling Temple, Shinto and Cemetery, covering an area of more than 600 mu. The peak of Lingshan Shunyuan Mountain is small on the top and big on the bottom, showing a bucket shape, with an altitude of more than 600 mu, which is magnificent. There is a mausoleum temple at the northern foot, which sits from south to north, with a large scale, covering an area of 24,644 square meters. It is divided into two courtyards and five buildings. There are solemn mountain gates, noon gates, worship halls, main halls, sleeping halls and wing rooms in the mausoleum temple. There is a 200-meter-long Shinto outside the Mausoleum Temple.

Shunling is one of the five ancient tombs in China and the only Shundi Mausoleum in China. Shun Di's southern tour collapsed in the wilderness of Cangwu and was buried in Jiuyi Mountain. There are 36 memorial tablets in the past dynasties on the side of Lingsi memorial tablet, which is a precious historical relic and historical witness. In the mausoleum area with towering ancient trees, the stone carvings, couplets and murals on the mausoleum temple buildings are vivid and unforgettable. There are nearby Mount Ehuang, Nv Ying, Meida, Jiguan, shun feng (three-point stone), Xiaoshao, Banzhuyan, Shunchi, Shunxi, etc., all of which are related to the legend that Shun Di played Jiu Shao and the second concubine cried Banzhus.

2. Shundi Mausoleum in Yuncheng, Shanxi Province

From Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province to the north 15km, there is a nationally famous Shundi Mausoleum Temple at the western end of Mingtiaogang, which winds for hundreds of miles. In this regard, many literati have written articles to praise. Amin writer Xiang Zeng once wrote: "This temple has a beautiful shape, with a solitary peak in the north and waves on its back to the south of the mountain, and the salt flowers of the sea are in front of us." Right around the Yellow River jade belt, the wind of falling oil still exists; Left arch Xiangshan Yaotai, Lishan plowing remains. "Its geographical environment can be described as magnificent.

Shun Di Mausoleum was built in the 26th year of Kaiyuan in Tang Dynasty (738) and was destroyed by the war at the end of Yuan Dynasty. Villagers rebuilt in the early Ming Dynasty (1506). However, it was destroyed in the earthquake in the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1555). In the thirty-first year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1603), Anyi County ordered Wu Yu to rebuild. Twenty years after Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (18 15), it was a piece of rubble again, leaving only the main hall. The following year, Shun Temple was rebuilt under the advocacy of fellow villager Wang Buzhou.

Shunling faces south, covering an area of 70 mu, with Shinto 13 mu and incense 17 mu. Along the slope of the site of Shunling Outer City, there is a Shinto, with couples standing on both sides. After more than a hundred steps, I saw a square brick tomb, 3 meters high and 5 1 meter in circumference. There is a stone tablet inscribed by Xing Qiren in front of the tomb, and there is a 1 stone tablet beside the tomb. On the tomb, the trees are interlaced and lush. About 30 meters north of the mausoleum is the imperial city, also known as Lecheng. Entering the gate of the archway, the central axis is the theater, the rolling shed, the sacrificial hall, the main hall and the bedroom, and the porch room and the second floor of the bell and drum are arranged on both sides. The structural layout is rigorous and symmetrical. The main building, namely the main hall, is built on the platform, with double eaves and five arches, five rooms wide and five rafters deep. The clay statue of Shun Di in the temple, wearing a crown and clothes, is solemn and lifelike. Behind the main hall, the original three-bedroom building with statues of E Huang and Nv Ying was destroyed by the war. In the southeast of Mausoleum Temple, Dayun Temple was built in the old days, where monks guarding Mausoleum lived. Also known as "Huling Temple", it was demolished at the beginning of liberation.

In 2006, Shundi Mausoleum Temple was listed as the sixth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

3. Shun Di Temple in Shangyu, Zhejiang

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"Notes on Water Classics" quoted "Three Years of Jin Taikang": "Shun avoided Dan Zhu here, so it was named as a famous county. Guan Bai followed it, and the white bridge was related to the north of the county. " Yi Yun said: "Shun and the princes will finish their work and enjoy each other, so they are called Shangyu." "Ci Yuan" also records: "Shangyu is the name of this county, and the place name is Yubin, so I avoid Dani here." There is also a saying that the descendants of Shun were sealed in Shangyu. "History of Taoism" says: "Shu or Shang Yang." "Yue Miscellaneous Knowledge" records: "I was sealed in Yuyao and Shangyu, and I was called the country, so I called Shangyu." ("Records of Wanli County in Ming Dynasty") said: There are many relics of the residents in Shangyu, which means that when visiting the south or staying in the hometown, they are involved in Zishu fief, and the people feel their gratitude and their descendants think about their virtues. Before the Tang Dynasty, the descendants of Shun built a temple in Shangyu to worship Shun.

In the first year of Tang Changqing (AD 82 1), the people of Guanbai raised funds to build the Shun Di Temple near the weir head of Guanbai Street. In the 23rd year of Qing Daoguang (AD 1843) and the Republic of China (AD 192 1), it was rebuilt many times. Make Shun Di Temple a famous temple with magnificent momentum and exquisite architecture. once

Known as one of the two major sacrifices in Zhejiang. There are two major sacrifices in Zhejiang: First, Yu Temple is in Shaoxing; One day, Shun Temple was in Shangyu.

Shun Di Temple is about 23 meters wide. There are five bays, a lotus pond and a stone arch bridge in front of the mountain. The temple road is about 100 meters deep. The first entrance is the Shun Di Temple; There is a full-length portrait of Yu Shun. Yu Shun surnamed Yao, whose name is Zhong Hua, is also called Zhong Hua because of his heavy eyes. Long face, big mouth, black, six feet and one inch long. Yao once told Shun to go to the big forest, but the tiger didn't bite him, the poisonous snake didn't avoid him, and he didn't get lost when he walked in the wind and rain. The second entrance is the Taizu Hall. Shun's great-grandfather, also called, began to sow crops with awns, so he was worshipped as the god of spring by quilts from generation to generation, and people expected a bumper harvest every year. The third is April Hall (Minister appointed by Shun). Each entrance has a stage, flanked by verandahs. There are stone carvings, brick carvings, wood carvings and reliefs in the temple. Unique works by skilled craftsmen such as cornices and dragon tops. There is a heavy China stone in front of the temple, with a loud knock. There is Jing Shun in the north, one in the east, one in the west, and springs.