Powerful foreign mercenaries in Ming Dynasty

Powerful foreign mercenaries in Ming Dynasty

/kloc-In the first half of the 7th century, China was in the moment when the mountains and rivers changed color in Ming and Qing Dynasties. In order to strengthen their military strength, the Ming and Qing dynasties did not hesitate to recruit soldiers and hire foreign troops, which made this civil war have a certain international color.

1592, Toyotomi Hideyoshi invaded Korea, and korean king begged Ming Chengzu to send troops to help. Under the heavy blow of Ming Dynasty reinforcements and Korean soldiers and civilians, the Japanese army went home and returned the captured Korean prince. At this time, Hanwang has chosen to be located in Guangshui, and he has repeatedly indicated that he is in the DPRK. However, the Ming dynasty insisted on the orderly development of the young and the old and should not be exceeded. It was not until 1608 that he agreed with Guang Hai Jun and complained about the Ming Dynasty. 16 16, Nurhachi established the post-Jin regime. Two years later, it officially broke with the Ming Dynasty and sent troops to attack Fushun, a major town in Liaodong. Facing the challenge of Nurhachi, the Ming Dynasty sent 100,000 troops to attack Jin. Before the war, the Ming dynasty ordered North Korea to send troops to help suppress it. Guang Navy thinks that Nurhachi is cunning and fierce, and may not be able to destroy him. At the same time, he was afraid of Nurhachi's revenge, so he adopted a perfunctory policy. Later, under the severe reprimand of Levin, commander-in-chief of Liaodong Ming Army, Guangshui Division reluctantly sent thirteen thousand troops to help. In March, the Ming army was defeated by Nurhachi in Salhu. North Korea is grateful for the kindness of the Ming Dynasty, but I can't tolerate disloyalty to China. /kloc-in the spring of 0/623, Li Jian, nephew of Guang Navy, staged a palace coup, deposed Guang Navy and became king on his own. North Korea once again stood on the side of the Ming Dynasty. Catholics hired soldiers to buy guns to defend Beijing. After 16 19, the Ming dynasty fought several wars with the latter Jin dynasty, and the Ming army was defeated repeatedly. Xu Guangqi, an official of the Ming Dynasty who had become a Catholic, realized that it was necessary to use advanced European weapons to transform the Ming army. /kloc-bought Hony Gun from Portuguese businessman in Macau in 0/620. 162 1 year, Nurhachi occupied Liaoyang, Shenyang and other northeast towns, which directly threatened Beijing's security. Xu Guangqi suggested building more western cannons and organizing European mercenaries to participate in the war. His proposal was approved, and then the Ming Dynasty sent people to Macao to conquer the gunmen and buy guns. The Macao authorities handed over 22 British cannons and 23 Portuguese cannons seized not long ago to the imperial envoys of the Ming Dynasty. These Portuguese artillery units also became the first batch of European soldiers officially hired by the China government in the history of China War. The Ming government bought many times more cannons, which enhanced its combat effectiveness. Later, 1 1 western artillery was transferred to Shanhaiguan, and 18 artillery remained in Beijing. In 629, Xu Guangqi was ordered to go to Macau, hired Portuguese gunmen with high salaries, and set up mixed mercenaries between China and Portugal. In165438+1October, the 3 1 artillery team led by Portuguese officer Gonzalo de Serra, Jesuit Lu Ruohan, arrived in Zhuozhou near Beijing with the 10 cannon, and suddenly met the 8 Jin Army. Shela Lu Rehan put gunpowder and explosive bombs into the cannon, blocked the city gate, and then released them into the wild. The sound of guns was like muffled thunder, and 8 jin j immediately retreated. In view of the changing trend of the fighting mode in the late Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi and others were determined to build the Ming army into an army fully armed with western firearms. Dengse, Shandong, was used as a base for training new troops in the Ming Dynasty. At that time, Governor Sun Dengse, who was proficient in artillery, and Portuguese artillery gathered here. More than 40 Portuguese gunmen once set up an artillery demonstration team in Sun's Ministry of Education as instructors of the Ming army. The pay of these Portuguese soldiers is several times higher than that of the Ming army officers and soldiers, and every soldier is attended by China's attendants. Only a month after the Portuguese mercenaries arrived in Denglai, they went to war directly. 163 1 may, the late king, Huang taiji, attempted to seize pidao, the counter-offensive base of the Ming army, through Korea, and Sun Department was ordered to help. During the battle, De Serra and other Portuguese artillery set up cannons on the sailboats of the Ming navy, ordered the Ming soldiers to shoot the approaching Houjin people and horses with shotguns, and the cannons shot the Houjin people's camp and earth walls. Later, Kim lost four times in succession, and Huang Taiji almost died. The rebel teacher died, and the North Korean gunner didn't know. Sun and others are actively training.

In 633, Kong Youde came to Houjin with 100 cannons and 100 officers and men who were proficient in artillery technology. The result was intercepted by the water army sent by Renzu of South Korea. Under the war, Kong Youde narrowly escaped and was taken in by Huang Taiji. 1636, Huang taiji changed his country name to Daqing, made Kong Youde King of Shun, and ordered him to go to North Korea. After a bloody battle, Renzu of North Korea was forced to form a fraternal alliance with the Qing Dynasty. 164 1 year, the Song-Jin War, which decided life and death, broke out during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The crown prince desperately ordered North Korea to recruit gunners. Renzu of South Korea tried every means to delay. In a rage, Huang Taiji escorted North Korea's American pro-Ming minister to Shenyang for house arrest, and finally forced North Korea to submit. However, before joining the army, many North Korean gunners felt that the Ming Dynasty helped North Korea resist Toyotomi Hideyoshi's kindness and American aggression, and wrote a suicide note to their families, insisting not to aim their guns at the Ming army during the war. At the critical moment of Jin Song War, the Qing army found that North Korean gunners deliberately fired shells into the sea and mixed water with gunpowder, thus killing many North Koreans. Later, Huang Taiji designed and ordered the Han army commanded by Kong Youde to put on Korean costumes and carry guns in conspicuous places, so that the Ming army thought that the Koreans were fighting their own camp. This move really came true, and the unknown Ming army violently attacked the North Korean gunner on the battlefield. Portuguese mercenaries who converted to Christianity in Yong royal family finally joined the Ming Dynasty like a ruined temple whose foundation was continuously stripped, and finally collapsed in 1644. The small court in Nanming was undoubtedly the most desperate regime in the history of China. 1646, was proclaimed emperor by Lang, and established the Li Yong regime. Most of the dignitaries in this regime are Catholics, even Pang Tianshou, the eunuch of Emperor Li Yong, is no exception. Pang Tianshou introduced the Italian missionary Bi Francis to Emperor Li Yong. 1647 65438+ 10, Francis Bi was ordered to go to Macau to borrow soldiers to buy guns. The Portuguese in Macao quickly formed a musket team with six cannons, with Nicola Ferreira as the commander and Jesuit Qu Jiawei as the translator. In February of that year, Portuguese mercenaries arrived in Guilin, just in time for the Li Chengdong Department of the Qing army to raid Guangxi. As usual, the small court in Li Yong escaped, leaving only civil servants such as Qu Shizhen trapped in Guilin. On March 1 1, hundreds of Qing troops marched straight into the north gate of Guilin. Fortunately, the vigilant Portuguese mercenaries wiped them out with matchsticks and cannons at the head of the city. On May 25th, the main force of the Qing army stormed Guilin from Hunan again, and Qu Shizhen commanded Ferreira and other Ming generals to guard the city gate. The arrogant cavalry of the Qing army never imagined that the morale of the Portuguese artillery was greatly reduced after playing so far. Portuguese musketeers took the opportunity to kill outside the city. They put on the popular European Morris infantry phalanx and beat the Qing cavalry out of the water This war made Portuguese mercenaries famous, and Jesuit Qu Javert became a royal priest. He turned everyone from the queen to the eunuch maid into a Christian in one breath. Such as the Christian name of the queen in the palace, the Christian name of Prince Zhu Ciheng, Constantine, etc. Emperor Li Yong didn't accept the baptism of Qu Jiawei because he didn't. I don't want teyana taylor to give up his happy life in Sangong Sixth Hospital. 1648 10 June 17, eunuch Pang Tianshou entered Australia, and the castles fired their guns to pay tribute. The local American church in Sao Paulo held a grand mass for the Nanming royal family, and the Governor of Macau also presented 65,438+000 muskets to the Li Yong government. Chinese and foreign historical materials do not clearly record the end of this Portuguese mercenary, except that this army under the banner of the West was controlled by the company of the Ming Dynasty. 1650, Jiao Lian was trapped and killed by Chen Bangfu of Jiao Lian's department, and the Ming army was overthrown. Qusha, a missionary, followed Li Yong westbound and fled to Guizhou, but he was chased by Qing soldiers because of the slow boat. All the figures related to Portuguese mercenaries died, and this army disappeared into the dust of history. Statistics are in progress.