In the Western Zhou Dynasty, what word was used instead of death?

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Problem description:

As for the soul, is it still called the soul?

At that time, in the Western Zhou Dynasty ... the dead soul, what should I write?

Analysis:

One,

1, ancient. The Book of Songs calls the dead "the ancients".

I think of the ancients, but I really won my heart-the green Book of Songs.

2. collapse. In ancient times, people paid attention to the death of the son of heaven, and often used the metaphor of landslides and ground fissures. Thus, the death of the emperor was called "collapse" from the Zhou Dynasty.

3. hey

It is a shame to have a short rest at home. -Rites of Sacrifice Law

4. falling.

The emperor is going to fall. -Shushun Hall. Legend: When you fall, you die. "

5. hey

The right blade of the left leg was injured. -"Songs of the South, Nine Songs"

Wang Naida ordered Wen Wang to resign. -"Book Kang Patent"

This is a great event. -"Poetry, elegance and auspicious day". Pass: "Hey, die a dime."

6. hey

You will die. -"Erya"

According to the records in the Book of Changes and Zuo Zhuan, the soul of the deceased was called "soul" or "spirit" in the Western Zhou Dynasty.

Life begins to become a soul, both a soul and a soul. -"Zuo Zhuan Zhao Zhuan Gong Seven Years"

The essence is things, and wandering souls are changes. -"Easy Cohesion"

People who walk with God are called souls. -Lin Shu Jing.

Life began to change. -Seven Years of Zuo Zhuan Zhao Gong. Note: "Form also gives birth to God, and Yang says soul. Sparse: the spirit attached to the shape is awkward. "

Spirit also, ghosts are also prosperous. -Sacrifice for justice. Note: "The cleverness of eyes and ears is the soul."

Another example: soul knowledge (mind; Soul); Soul gas (soul); Soul skeleton (the soul and body of the deceased); Soul (soul and entity)

-the dividing line of the fox.

During the Western Zhou Dynasty, funeral ceremonies became more and more important. People die like life, and the funeral of the deceased is very complicated. When beginning of life died, there was a ritual of evocation, that is, the ritual of resurrection. People carried the clothes of the deceased to the roof and called the names of the deceased to the north (the main shade), the sky, the middle and the earth. If the evocation fails, there will be another funeral. Its steps are to bathe the deceased first, and plug the mouth of the deceased with rice and utensils, which is called "containing rice". The son of heaven and nobility can tolerate pearls and jade. Then dress the deceased, cover his clothes, cover his face, plug his ears, shake hands with towels and so on. This is called a small gathering; After a small discount, re-enter the coffin. Entering the coffin is called great convergence. After that, it's the funeral. The emperor's funeral time is July, the vassal's funeral time is May, and the scholar and Shu Ren's funeral time is March. After the funeral, the date of the funeral will be predicted and the cemetery will be buried.

It is also grand for Zhou people to offer sacrifices to the dead. The so-called "national affairs are advocating peace and glory." Sacrifice is an important event in Zhou people's life.

Sacrifices in the Zhou Dynasty can be divided into sacrifices to nature such as heaven and earth and sacrifices to ancestors.

Heaven and earth only sacrificed natural gods to Zhou Li, Guan Chun and Big Bo, saying, "Sacrifice heaven with firewood, sacrifice the sun, the moon and the stars with firewood, and sacrifice the wind and the rain with firewood." Zheng Xuan noted: "All three sacrifices were made with firewood, or jade and silk were burned, so they were reported to Yang." The main way of sacrifice is Liao sacrifice. Its way is to gather firewood together, sacrifice animals, and put jade, silk and other things on it to burn. In this way, the smell of animals can reach the sky and the gods can enjoy it. "The Book of Rites Sacrifices to Heaven" says: "The altar burns firewood to worship heaven." "Book of Rites, Suburb Sacrifice" says: "The son of heaven should be everywhere, and firewood should be the first." Zheng Xuan's note: "When we arrive, we must burn firewood first. This is God's business. " It is necessary to build an altar (high platform) to worship heaven or god, so that heaven can smell the smell of sacrifice and protect worshippers.

"Guoyuba" said: "In the past, the leader of the King was in Qiyang, and Chu Shuai was rude, and he kept guard with Xianbei and refused to join the alliance." Zhao Wei's Note: "If you are uncomfortable, you just stand, so you drink less." Looking at the table means offering sacrifices to mountains and rivers, and standing a tree means looking at the table, indicating the position. Xianbei, Dongyi country. Alas, the court is also embarrassed. "At this alliance meeting, the Truman was ordered by Zhou Chengwang to keep the meteor together with the Xianbei people, that is, keep the meteor sacrifice. Liaoji is of course an important part of the league. Therefore, the Chu people did not join the alliance for this reason. " The poem "Ya Prayer" says: "Humble it, reward it, help the king and make it interesting. "This is how the King of Zhou used trees as firewood to worship the gods." "The Foothills of Daya" says: "People are in dire straits. "Liaoji is mainly used to worship heaven and natural gods, and sometimes it is also used to worship ancestors in ancestral temples." "Yi Shi Fu" said: "This is the first time to enter the Zhou Temple. "During the Western Zhou Dynasty, when the war came back, the left ear of the prisoners of war who were cut down in the war was enshrined in the ancestral temple, and the left ear was put on the burnt wood to make a burnt offering, telling the ancestors.

Zhou people used burnt firewood to worship heaven, while land and mountains and rivers worshipped heaven in another form. Er Ya Shi Tian said, "Buried in the ground, suspended by mountains, floating by rivers, covered by stars and covered by wind." By burying the sacrifice in the ground. The land is buried in the northern suburbs, and sacrifices or jade articles are buried underground, which is called ground sacrifice. "Poetry, elegance, Han Yun" said, "Let's have a drink from the suburban palace." Zhou people worshipped heaven in the southern suburbs and ancestors in temples. The meaning of this poem is, from suburban sacrifice to ancestral temple sacrifice, while offering sacrifices to heaven and land.

Sacrificing the mountain means hanging sacrifices and auspicious jade articles on the mountain; Sacrificing Sichuan, jade sinks in water; Sacrifice the stars and spread the sacrifices on the ground; Sacrifice the wind and slaughter dogs on the avenue to stop the wind.

As can be seen from the above account, in the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, people believed in animism and worshipped many gods, and they might sacrifice everything they ate. Sacrifice activities are held every year, every month and every day. The ways and ceremonies of offering sacrifices are also varied, even reaching a very complicated situation.

Sacrificing ancestors Zhou people made a grand sacrifice to their ancestors. On the one hand, they think that the merits of their ancestors have brought them blessings, on the other hand, they pray for more blessings from their ancestors. People in the Zhou Dynasty sacrificed their ancestors on a large scale, usually in ancestral halls. For example, the poem "Zhou Song Harvest Year" said: "In the harvest year, there are abundant millet and grain, and there are also trillions of high grain and abundant grains. For the sake of wine, for the sake of ancestors, and for the sake of courtesy. " This is a musical song sung by Zhou during ancestor worship. In early winter, the grain has been put into storage, and the king of Zhou worships his ancestors with new rice and wine. This sacrifice is called sacrifice.

"Li Zhou Guan Chun Da Bo" said: "Enjoy the first king to offer nudity, eat the first king, enjoy the first king in spring, enjoy the first king in summer, enjoy the first king in autumn and enjoy the first king in winter." There are six main forms of ancestral temple sacrifice in the Zhou Dynasty:

Sacrifice, that is, joint sacrifice, is to sacrifice all ancestors in the ancestral temple, that is, joint sacrifice to the ancestors.

Sacrifice, sacrifice, sacrifice from the emperor. "No monarch, no sacrifice", only the king can make sacrifices. The main object of sacrifice is to sacrifice the things created by ancestors and match them with their ancestors. Therefore, sacrifice may be a sacrifice to one's ancestors, and it is worthy of God.

Sacrifice and sacrifice are all sacrifices above four o'clock. Zheng Kangcheng believes that once every three years, once every five years, there are big and small. Wang Su, Zhang Rong and others think that small size is big. Kong thought, "If it is broken, it will be broken. Take the order that Zhao Mu refers to and take his gregarious ancestors as it. "

In addition to hairpin and hairpin, there are four festivals in the Zhou Dynasty.

Spring Festival is called temple fair. Temple, get ready for dinner. In spring, everything grows, filial sons miss their relatives and feed on increasing their heirs, so they are called temples.

Xia Jie said fishing. It can mean new food.

Autumn festival says taste. Taste is to taste the new valley.

The winter festival is called "Ying". It means to enter an object.

The scale of ancestor worship in the Zhou Dynasty was large, but it was small in spring, summer, autumn and winter. Its sacrificial methods include nudity, feeding and so on.

Naked sacrifice, "Poetry, Elegance and King of Literature" said: "Naked will be in Beijing." Naked, that is, before the Lord of God, you spread imperata and sprinkle wine, just as God drinks wine. "Da Zong Bo" called the sacrifice naked, probably during the sacrifice.

Feeding refers to providing food to gods or ancestors.

There are many records of ancestor worship in the Book of Songs in the Spring and Autumn Period of the Western Zhou Dynasty. For example, Xiaoya Chutz said, "I am in a mess, cleaning up my cattle and sheep. I used to taste them, or peel them or enjoy them, or I will." In other words, all the people who participated in the sacrifice were very solemn. Sacrifices such as cattle and sheep are clean. Jujube, chestnut and other items, or peeled, or peeled for ancestors to enjoy, some naked sacrifices, or meat into the tripod. In the sacrifice, there was a "corpse" as a victim. The corpse made a farewell speech on behalf of the ancestors, wishing future generations many blessings. It is recorded in "Rites" that the corpse driver said to the filial son: "The emperor ordered the public to wish his daughter (you) much happiness, be filial to her grandson, and make her accept the promise of heaven, be suitable for farming, and live a long life. Don't quote for her. " It shows the nobility's psychology of seeking more blessings and more rewards.

The person who acts as a "corpse" in a sacrifice is usually the grandson of the victim. "Book of Rites Sacrifice" says: "A son cannot be the father's corpse, but a grandson can be the father's corpse." Sun can act as the body of his grandfather, which is consistent with the Zhao and Mu systems at that time. The content of Zhao Mu system is that if the ancestor is Zhao Dynasty and the father is Mu Dai, then the grandchildren and ancestors are also Zhao Dynasty, and the great-grandchildren and fathers are also Mu Dai. In primitive society, under exogamy, grandparents and grandchildren should belong to the same clan group. Similarly, parents and great-grandchildren also belong to the same clan group. Zhao Mu's system in the Zhou Dynasty and the corpse donation system of "Sun Wei's father's corpse" may reflect the remains of primitive society.

There are many poems about Zhou people's ancestor worship in The Book of Songs, such as The Songs of Chu New Nanshan, Drunkenness, Qing Palace, Life, Zhou Song Wei Qing, etc. At the time of sacrifice, in order to reward the hard work of the corpse, the dutiful son put down the dining tables and invited the corpse to eat, which is called "guest corpse". They believe that "if a man swallows a corpse, money will come" and "if a man swallows a corpse, it is not difficult." "New Nanshan" said: "The great-grandson's wife thought that wine and food only made me die, and I could live forever." Zhou people sacrificed a corpse to represent their ancestors and let the corpse enjoy wine and agricultural products. In this way, they can be blessed with no difficulties, many blessings, prime of life and long life.

The "corpse sacrifice" lasted for a long time in China, and the situation in the Western Zhou Dynasty was seen in the Book of Songs. The same is true in the Spring and Autumn Period. In the twenty-eighth year of Zuo Zhuan's "xianggong", when Qi offered sacrifices to the Grand Duke, it was said that Ma Ying was the corpse and Qing pheasant was the guest of honor. The Book of Rites in Historical Records says: "There is no corpse in the Great Temple, and there is no small collection at the beginning." It shows that the custom of corpse sacrifice continued until the Han Dynasty.