The story of Songzan Gambu and Princess Wencheng

Tubo Zampa (6 17-650) was the founder of Tubo Dynasty. China's historical records call it abandoning Zongzan, abandoning Su Nong or advocating Zongzan. At the beginning of the 7th century, he was praised as Zanpu with his father Baori. After he ascended the throne, he first put down the internal aristocratic rebellion, then annexed the tribes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and completed the great cause of reunification initiated by generations, established the slavery regime, made Luodi his capital, and built a palace in potala hill. During his reign, he worked hard to establish a series of laws, official positions and military systems; Strive to develop the economy and unify the measurement system; Actively create cultural undertakings, create characters, introduce Buddhism, and begin to translate Buddhist scriptures. In addition to the internal construction of the dynasty, it also actively sought to establish and develop good-neighborly relations with neighboring tribes in order to consolidate and develop the new Tubo regime. One is to marry Princess Nipo Luo Yong and enter the country. Then he married Princess Tang Wencheng and built Jokhang Temple and Jokhang Temple successively. Songzan Gambu also attached great importance to absorbing the culture of the Han nationality in the mainland and advanced production technology, and sent aristocratic children to Chang 'an to study Chinese studies many times, and introduced knowledge of medicine, mathematics and technology from the Han nationality. During his reign, he made great contributions to the political, economic and cultural development of Tubo and strengthened ties with neighboring ethnic groups. In 649, the 23rd year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty, Emperor Taizong died, and Tang Gaozong ascended the throne, becoming the king of Xihai County. And carved his image on a stone and listed it in Zhaoling of Emperor Taizong. In the first year of Tang Yonghui (650), he died in Peng Yu (now Pengbu, Tibet). The Tang Dynasty sent envoys to Kuangji Benzi to pay homage to Tubo. Songzan Gambu was first introduced into Buddhism, and later Tibetan history books, together with Yong Songdezan and khri-gtsug-lde-btsan, were called the "three great French kings" in the Tubo period. There are different opinions about the year of birth and death.

Princess Wencheng (? - 680)

Emperor Taizong adopted a daughter. During the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty (627-649), Tubo Zanpu Songzan Gambu sent Galdon Zan as an envoy to get married in Chang 'an, and Emperor Taizong promised Songzan Gambu to marry his adopted daughter Wen and become a princess. He also ordered Li Daozong, a minister of does, to be the main wedding envoy and escort Princess Wencheng into Tibet. When Princess Wencheng passed Tuguhun, she was warmly received by Wang Nuoju and Princess Honghua of Tuguhun Heyuan County. Songzan Gambu led the minister to meet Princess Wencheng and her party in Baihai (now maduo county, Qinghai Province) near Heyuan. As a son-in-law, he met Li Daozong, the king of Fujiang, and then returned to Luoluo with the princess, and built a palace in Marbury Zhan (now potala hill, Lhasa) to house the princess. Up to now, the site of their wedding bridal chamber is still preserved in Potala Palace. After Princess Wencheng arrived in Lhasa, she presided over the construction of Jokhang Temple and placed siddhattha gotama brought from Chang 'an (later moved to Jokhang Temple). The princess willow in front of Jokhang Temple today is said to have been planted by her own hands. The princess knows books and rituals, reads widely, believes in Buddhism and is proficient in divination. When he entered Tibet, he brought a statue of Sakyamuni, aged 12, and a large number of other items. At the same time, medicine, calendar, textile, paper-making, wine-making, pottery-making and grinding in the Central Plains were also introduced to Tubo. Legend has it that she also brought 5500 craftsmen and various grains and livestock. It greatly promoted the economic and cultural development of Tubo and strengthened the relationship between Tang and Tibet. After his death in the first year of Yonghui (650), Songzan Gambu continued to live in Tibet for 30 years, teaching Tibetan women to spin and embroider, which was deeply loved by the Tibetan people. After his death, his deeds were widely spread in Tibetan areas in the form of plays, murals, folk songs and legends, with far-reaching influence.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, that is, at the beginning of the 7th century A.D., an outstanding leader of the Tubo nationality appeared. His name was Abandoned Zong Nong Zan, which was called Songzan Gambu in the history of Tibetan Buddhism, and later historical documents used this name. He became Zampa when he was very young. He is brave, resourceful, brave and good at fighting. He led his men to conquer many tribes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau by force. Even the sheep with equal strength (big and small sheep in the same country) bowed to him, and other smaller tribes followed suit and established a powerful slavery regime, becoming the overlord of the tribes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with its capital in Logue (now Lhasa). At that time, the mainland was in the Zhenguan period of Emperor Taizong, and its voice was far-reaching. Songzan Gambu admired the culture and civilization of the Tang Dynasty. In the eighth year of Zhenguan (A.D. 634), the first envoys were sent to Chang 'an, and Feng Dexia was also sent to pay a return visit to Tubo in the Tang Dynasty, which became the beginning of friendly relations between the Han and Tibetan nationalities. Since then, Songzan Gambu has sent envoys to Chang 'an many times to pay tribute, hoping to follow the precedent of Tuguhun and Turkic and marry the princess of the Tang Dynasty, but Emperor Taizong did not allow it. The messenger returned to Tubo and lied: "When I first arrived in Chang 'an, the Tang Dynasty was very favorable and allowed to get married. It happened that King Tuyuhun entered the DPRK and alienated our relationship in front of Taizong, and then he stopped the discussion of intermarriage. "Songzan Gambu was furious and joined forces with the sheep tribe to attack Tuguhun. Tuguhun couldn't resist and fled to Qinghai. After the Tubo captured the Tangut and the Bailan tribe, they stationed 200,000 troops to the west of Songzhou (now Songpan County, Sichuan Province) and sent envoys to Chang 'an, claiming that this was a dowry to marry the princess. The messenger sent a message threatening: "The big country will attack the mainland immediately if it doesn't marry the princess." This rude demand for forced marriage was naturally opposed by Emperor Taizong. Soon, Songzan Gambu led the troops to attack Songzhou. Emperor Taizong immediately sent Hou, a senior official of the official department, to lead a four-way attack with 50,000 soldiers, beheaded the public, defeated Songzan Gambu, led the troops to flee, sent envoys to apologize, and proposed again. Only this time did Emperor Taizong agree to the request of intermarriage. In the 14th year of Zhenguan (AD 640), Songzan Gambu sent his minister Lu Dongzan to send 5000 taels of gold and hundreds of pieces of jewelry to Chang 'an to get married. Emperor Taizong promised to marry Princess Wencheng, the daughter of the imperial clan. According to legend, Emperor Taizong had "five difficult marriages" before his promise. One of the five difficulties is to ask the messenger to recognize the mother-child relationship between a hundred mares and a hundred foals. This profound problem means that marriage makes us understand that the Han and Tibetan people should establish permanent mother-child affection through the marriage of the princess. It is said that Lu Dongzan used Tubo people's rich experience in animal husbandry to circle the mare and foal respectively and temporarily cut off the foal's drinking water and forage. After a day or two, he released the mare and the foal at the same time, and suddenly there was a touching scene in which the mother looked for her son, the son looked for her mother, and the mother and son depended on each other. In this way, Lu Dongzan solved five difficult problems one by one. Emperor Taizong was very happy and allowed him to marry Princess Wencheng immediately and enter Tibet. Emperor Taizong attached great importance to Princess Wencheng's marriage to Tibet. He not only prepared many brides for her, including poems, history, farming, medicine, astronomy, calendars and other books, but also grains, vegetables, fruit seeds and various exquisite handicrafts. In addition, he brought all kinds of craftsmen and a court band. At that time, Buddhism prevailed in the Tang Dynasty, and Princess Wencheng was a devout Buddhist believer, so she also brought a Buddha statue. Reference: /f? kz=2 16882779

In the history of China, there are many cases in which princesses or imperial daughters married the kings and relatives of the country, which is nothing more than their situation.

There are two situations: one is that the national strength is weak, and it is necessary to settle grievances with relatives in order to make a fortune; The other is a strong national strength.

Zhao Zhen shocked the world, appeasing remote countries with relatives, which means giving marriage. The former takes advantage of women's beauty with humility.

Gentle and lovely, easing conflicts on the battlefield; The latter is arrogant, proclaiming the posture of a big country and using relatives to win over.

Affect foreigners outside Xinjiang. During the period of Emperor Taizong, Princess Wencheng married Tubo far away, which was a model of the latter blood relationship.

Tubo is now Tibet, and there was no contact with China before the Tang Dynasty. It is said that Tubo was the Southern Liang King in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty.

The descendants of Xianbei bald deer orphans lost their country and wandered to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In memory of their ancestors, they called it "baldness"

It is a country name, and later it was changed to "Tubo" according to its similar pronunciation. Tubo people live a nomadic life, raising yaks and horses.

Pigs and single-mountain camels, and some also grow highland barley and buckwheat. In the 7th century AD, he abandoned Zongnong Zan and succeeded Tubo Zanpu (Tu

Fanwang, also known as Songzan Gambu, was a brave and good-fighting leader who led the army to unify the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Many tribes in the primitive world established a powerful kingdom centered on Luomou city, which is today's Lhasa.

In the twelfth year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign, Songzan Gambu led the Tibetan army to attack Songzhou, a major town in the Tang Dynasty, which is now Songpan County, Sichuan Province.

Under the rule of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, the country was rich and powerful, and the army was strong. Hou was sent to lead an army to crusade. Defeat Tubo in Song Dynasty

Under the city. Songzan Gambu had to bow down and admire the power of Datang. While he wrote the letter of apology, he also

Pat proposed to Tang Ting.

After some consideration, Emperor Taizong decided to grant his request, so he set up an imperial clan familiar with poetry and calligraphy in the palace.

Daughter, named her Princess Wencheng; Princess Wencheng was originally the daughter of Li, a distant relative of Emperor Taizong. She was dignified and plump.

Mann, who has read many poetry books since childhood, is full of yearning for novels, although she has doubts about the distant Tubo, so

Agreed. After more than two months of preparation, in the fifteenth year of Zhenguan, Lu, a large-scale farewell party, arrived at the Ministry of Rites.

She escorted Princess Wencheng to see Tubo and his relatives under the guidance of Li Daozong, the king of Jiangxia County.

The reason why I set out in Luji is that it takes more than a month to get to Tibet from Chang 'an via Longnan and Qinghai.

Along the way, there are several fast-flowing rivers, which are gentle in Lu season and convenient for the farewell party. This team,

In addition to carrying a generous dowry, there are a large number of books, musical instruments, silk and grain; Composite members other than text

In addition to the princess's maids, there are a group of scholars, musicians and agricultural technicians, which is almost like a "cultural visiting group"

There is also the "agricultural technology team". What are these people doing? Because at that time, Tu Shan had already defeated Tu Gu Hun, and Yi Ran became a success.

A powerful country that plays an important role in southwest China; Emperor Taizong was far-sighted and thought that only by strengthening the netting of Tubo could the southwest of Datang be guaranteed.

The border is stable, so we do everything possible to help them economically and culturally, so that Tubo can unconsciously.

Appreciate and follow the Tang Dynasty. Princess Wencheng is actually shouldering the political task of harmonious diplomacy and distant marriage. This is a gift.

Pro-team also went to help her finish this task.

After more than a month's trek, facing the snow, Princess Wencheng and her party arrived at the Yellow River in the warm spring of bloom.

The birthplace is Heyuan, where lush water plants and flocks of cattle and sheep change the desolate scene of sandstorms along the way, which makes people relaxed and happy.

A pillar. Princess Wencheng, who was worried about the bad terrain all the way, breathed a sigh of relief at this moment, so she sent a farewell party.

I had a short rest here for a few days.

At this time, Songzan Gambu personally led a team to greet the wedding procession to Heyuan, and Songzan Gambu and his party met with Ambassador Tang.

Li Daozong, king of Jiangxia County, bowed his head and gave his son a wedding present. He has decided to take Datang as the Tubo Kingdom. Li Dao

Zong invited Princess Wencheng to meet Songzan Gambu. When the king of Tubo galloping on the plateau saw the golden branches and jade leaves in middle earth, he immediately

Dumped for her, I saw Princess Wencheng dressed in gorgeous costumes, dignified and elegant, simple and simple Tubo.

Women are completely different. The Songzan Gambu seen by Princess Wencheng was shaped by the scorching sun and strong wind on the plateau.

Dark and rough, but with his tall and strong figure and bold spirit revealed from his brow, he looks very heroic;

Princess Wencheng is very happy that she married a good husband.

Teams sending affinity wedding teams swarmed into some cities with dignity and prestige. Under the auspices of Li Daozong, Sonzan was praised.

Princess Gambu and Princess Wencheng held a grand wedding according to the etiquette of the Han nationality, which was praised by people in all cities.

Singing and dancing with my wife. Songzan Gambule said to his men, "Neither my family nor my father married in China. I am really lucky to marry Princess Datang today. I want to build a gorgeous palace for her as a legacy. "

Generation. "

Soon, a beautiful palace was built with gorgeous houses inside. The pavilion is exquisite and elegant, and it is also excavated.

In the rippling pond, there are all kinds of beautiful flowers and trees, and all the organizational systems are modeled after the Datang Palace for safety.

Dunwen became a princess to comfort her homesickness. In order to have more languages with Princess Wencheng, Songzan Gambuto.

He put on the leather clothes he used to wear and the silk Tang suit sewn by Princess Wencheng, and tried to learn from Princess Wencheng.

China people, an alien couple, have a harmonious relationship, love and respect each other, and started their new life.

According to the traditional custom, the Tubo people paint their cheeks with ochre clay every day, saying that it can ward off evil spirits, although it looks like ten.

It's ugly and uncomfortable, but because it's a traditional custom, no one raises any objection. Most Tubo people just follow the rules.

After Princess Wencheng arrived in Tubo, she carefully understood and pondered this habit and thought it was unreasonable and harmful to health.

It was really a bad habit, so she gently put forward her views to Songzan Gambu. Songzan Gambu fell asleep.

What she said was very reasonable and immediately ordered the abolition of this custom. At first, some Tibetans who are nostalgic for the past are not used to it, and slowly.

Slowly, I think it is convenient and beautiful to keep my true colors, and everyone is willing to accept it. They even ...

I am very grateful to Princess Wencheng for breaking the rules for them.

After the life settled down, the Han musicians brought by Princess Wencheng began to perform their duties, and they worked very hard for it.

Songzan Gambo and Princess Wencheng played the most popular music in the Tang Palace. The music is soothing and beautiful, making Songzan Ganbu as big as smelling fairy sounds.

He praised musicians and music, and selected a group of boys and girls with smart qualifications to follow Han musicians.

Learning, so that the music of the Han nationality gradually spread throughout Tubo and flowed into the hearts of Tubo people.

Then the scribes began to work. They helped to sort out the relevant documents of Tubo and recorded Songzan's announcement to the ministers.

The important talk made Tubo politics go out of the primitive and move towards normalization. Songzan Gambu was very happy and ordered the minister.

Sincerely worship the scribes as teachers, take noble children, learn Chinese culture, and study the poetry books they bring; Then he also

Sent a batch after batch of aristocratic children, not far away to Chang' an, into the Tang Dynasty, learned poetry and released Han.

The culture of this tribe has returned to Tubo.

Agricultural technicians don't say anything, but first sow the grain seeds brought from the Central Plains on the fertile soil of the plateau.

Then carefully irrigation, fertilization, weeding, etc., in the harvest season, crops thrive, surprisingly high yield, making people vomit.

FanRen stare big eyes; Because the Tubo people also planted some crops such as highland barley and buckwheat at that time, but they didn't manage them well.

Management, often only planting, so the output is extremely low, they have to admire the superb planting technology of Han agricultural technicians.

At the behest of Songzan Gambu and Princess Wencheng, agricultural technicians began to teach agricultural technology to Tubo people in a planned way, making him

Besides nomadism, children can also harvest a lot of food. Especially after the technology of planting mulberry and sericulture was passed on to them, Tubo also

Gradually, a homemade silk fabric with soft luster and rich colors greatly beautified the life of the Tubo people and made them happy.

Thank you very much for the benefits Princess Wencheng brought to them after she entered Tubo.

Princess Wencheng treated Songzan Gambu with tenderness, which made the Tubo king who grew up in a wild land have a deep understanding.

Realizing the accomplishment and enthusiasm of Han women, he not only cherished Princess Wencheng, but also tried to adopt some of her suggestions.

With her knowledge and insight, Princess Wencheng carefully observed the Tibetan people's feelings, and then put forward various reasonable constructions.

Discuss and help her husband to govern this vast and quaint country. Besides, Princess Wencheng is not the kind of person with great power.

A woman with latent desire, she participated in governing the country, but never asked Songzan Gambu to give her an official position, which is heavy for the Tubo country.

She only puts forward her own views on major political decisions and does not interfere forcibly, so Songtsan Gambu and ministers are very kind to her.

Yue Yan often asks her about the political system of the Tang Palace as a reference for their administration, and the majority of Tubo people value her more.

Like a god.