Characteristics of Hakka Folk Houses

Hakka dwellings in southern Jiangxi can be roughly divided into two types, namely "hall-house combination" dwellings and "enclosure-style" dwellings. "Modular" houses are distributed in all counties and cities in the whole region, which is the mainstream form of houses in southern Jiangxi. "Wai House" is mainly distributed in Dingnan, Longnan, Quannan, Xunwu, Anyuan and Xinfeng counties in Hexi, and is a special form of Hakka houses in southern Jiangxi. (1) Hakka people in southern Jiangxi generally call the hall "Tang" or "Tang Fu", and "Tang" refers to the ancestral hall. Call the house "house" and the house "house". The hall is the center of the house, and many "main houses" and "horizontal houses" are connected together to form a "big house field", which is essentially born out of the ancient quadrangles in the Central Plains. Hakka dwellings in southern Jiangxi are the mainstream, widely distributed in counties and cities, among which "nine halls and eighteen wells" are the most typical. 1, structural features "hall-style combination" The simplest combination unit of residential building is "four fans and three rooms", also known as "three rooms crossing", that is, three rooms with one bright and two dark. The main room is the hall, and the second room is the room. The kitchen, animal house and toilet are generally built next to the room or separately. This is the most common residential building in Gannan. Generally speaking, a slightly richer person has two buildings, each with three or five rooms, separated by a horizontal patio, and the two buildings are connected by an axillary gallery. The Ming rooms of the two houses become the front hall (hall) and the back hall (upper hall), which are also collectively called the "main hall". The second room in the front hall is the wing, and the second room in the back hall is the main room. In this way, a closed "main room" composed of two units is formed, commonly known as "two-hall style", commonly known as "three-three-three" and "five-five-five". On this basis, if the scale needs to be expanded in the future, the "horizontal houses" will be expanded on both sides of the main house. The horizontal house is flush with the main house or two rooms protrude from the front, and the plane is inverted "concave". There is a thoroughfare between the main house and the horizontal house, which is called "lane" or "jam", and Fujian and Guangdong are called "horizontal flat". There are small doors before and after the thoroughfare, and a vertical patio is left in the lane for lighting and drainage. The door of every room in a horizontal house is open to the road. The main room leads from the armpit corridor to the alley. In this way, taking the main hall of the main house as the central axis, plus the alleys and horizontal houses on both sides, a house commonly known as "two halls and two horizontal houses" was formed. If this kind of residential building needs to be expanded, similar alleys and horizontal houses can be symmetrically added on the outer side of the horizontal house, which can be called two halls, four horizontals and six horizontals ... You can also build a three-room or five-room main house in front of the main house with patio and axillary corridor as the boundary, so that the original front building and vestibule can be turned into middle building and middle hall, and the back building can be called front building and vestibule, and the alleys and horizontal houses on both sides can be pushed forward at the same time. This kind of house consisting of three main rooms and two rows of horizontal rooms is called "three halls and two horizontal rooms". This is the most representative form of this kind of residence. With the development of clans and the growth of population, the three halls and two horizontal buildings can be expanded to "three halls and four horizontal buildings" and "three halls and six horizontal buildings" until they develop into big houses called "nine wells and eighteen halls" or "nine halls and eighteen wells" by the people. Although there are different opinions on "Nine Wells and Eighteen Halls" or "Nine Halls and Eighteen Halls", in terms of scale, they are all extensions of depth and breadth, and they are the highest realm pursued by Hakka people in southern Jiangxi. Because Gannan is located in the hilly area, it has a vast territory, a vast territory and a sparsely populated area, and its commerce is underdeveloped. "Although there is no pain of freezing to death, it is also a home with a huge room." Therefore, residential buildings generally adopt civil structures. Civil structures can be divided into adobe civil structures and rammed earth-wood structures, among which rammed earth structures are more in the south and less in the north. Brick-and-wood houses generally appear in houses of wealthy families or temple buildings. Traditional brick-and-wood houses are generally blue brick and gray tile drywall (in the past, red bricks were not burned in Gannan). Among them, there are more brick houses in the north than in the south. Masonry walls and adobe walls are load-bearing. Columns are not used much, mainly for halls. Because the halls of this kind of houses are all open halls (there is no front rafter wall in the back hall and no back rafter wall in the front hall), and generally there is no floor, so some main halls with large space or halls with porches have two rafters to support the rafters and ceilings. Generally, there are ponds and rice fields in front of houses with more than two horizontal houses, which are often made of clay bricks. This pond and Woping are not only places for residents to wash clothes and dry things, but also naturally become their sphere of influence for further development. Taking two or three horizontal houses as the basic unit combination, it has been expanding to the front, back, left and right, reaching hundreds, and even forming a big house with one village and one surname. Up to now, there are still many ancient villages in Gannan, which are typical representatives of this kind of folk houses. 2. In the past, the concept of geomantic omen prevailed in Gannan. Every time you build a house, please ask Mr. Geography to choose the location of the base, and also choose the auspicious day to break ground, lay the foundation, Anmen and Shangliang. Most houses and homesteads face north and south, as the saying goes: "North faces south, and there is food and leisure (Yin Han); Sitting south facing north, the gods live in it. " The geomantic omen taught by Mr. Geography pays attention to the so-called dragon, bureau and water, and thinks that "the dragon dominates the ding, the bureau dominates the fame, and the water dominates the wealth". Therefore, every feng shui, the first sight is the dragon's life and death; Shuikou is on a certain word, giving birth to mountains and water. Looking at Long Mai, it seems that Longzu Mountain is the first, and then look at the context, and there are points of dragons, crossing dragons and so on. He also said that dragons should have a strong pulse and strength. In order to match the background, Houlongshan must be a lush forest. There must be many things around the local branch peak that branches from the main vein, like the imperial court pattern, with flags and drums, printed records, sitting on the homestead, like a marshal raising accounts. Water refers to the water potential ahead, so you can't go straight and wash away the financial resources. In order to circulate the nozzles, dams are built and trees are planted. Therefore, Hakka villages generally have densely wooded Shuikou and Houlongshan. 3. "Door list" culture In addition, Hakka people in southern Jiangxi are also popular with the custom of "door list", that is, in the vast rural areas and even some towns, there is a custom of drawing plaques above the halls, which is called "door list". This phenomenon is particularly obvious in Shangyou and other counties. The contents of the surname list vary widely and can be roughly divided into the following categories. The first is to explain the origin of this surname family. For example, Huang's "The Origin of Jiangxia" shows that the birthplace of Huang's surname was Jiangxia County in ancient times. Chen, Zhong, Lai, Wu, Yu and other surnames "Yingchuan's land" mean that all the above surnames are from Yingchuan County; Luo's "Legacy" shows Luo's watch. Second, explain the aristocratic family style or family background of this surname. For example, Confucius' Mud Mountain tells the story of a great thinker of Confucius who was born in Nishan, Qufu, Shandong Province in the Spring and Autumn Period. His deeds and thoughts shine in history. Zhong's "Victory over the State" refers to the historical fact that Zhong Shaojing was made King of Yue for helping to quell the rebellion. Zhang's Qujiang Style and Legacy both tell the story of Zhang's ancestor Zhang Jiuling. Zhang Jiuling was born in Qujiang (now Shaoguan), Shaozhou, Tang Dynasty, and moved to Zhongshuling when Xuanzong was in the Tang Dynasty. In addition, some surnames, such as "Dafudi" and "Sima Di", show their noble family status. The third is to reflect the deeds of celebrities and sages in this surname pedigree. For example, Zhong's bosom friend has a high wind and Feihong dances with cranes. The former records the story of the Spring and Autumn Period and "high mountains and flowing water", while the latter records the story of Wei Taifu Zhong's unique calligraphy in the Three Kingdoms period, including the book "Feihong plays in the sea and flying cranes swim in the sky". Liu's "School the World" and "Glory of Luge" refer to the orders made by Liu Xiangfeng in the Western Han Dynasty to correct the similarities and differences between the Five Classics and Tianluge. Zhang's Jin Jian refers to the historical fact that Zhang Jiuling, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, presented the gold to Xuanzong. Wang Xing's "Three Stones Huaide" tells the story of Wang You planting three locust trees in the courtyard in the Song Dynasty, and predicts that future generations will be nobles. Later, his second son, Wang, was a scholar during the Taiping period and later became prime minister. Tian's "The Spread of Bauhinia" said that there was a Tian Zhen in Lintong. After the separation of the three brothers, the property was divided equally, and there was a bauhinia tree in front of the house. The next day, the tree was divided into three parts, and everyone got one. Who knows the next morning, the tree has withered, waiting to die. Tian Zhen said to his two brothers, "The tree is the same, it can be divided, so it is withered. People are not as good as wood. " After that, I was devastated. Brothers feel the same way, no longer separated, and the bauhinia in front of the house is flourishing. The fourth is to show the noble character of the sages of this surname pedigree. For example, Huang's uncle has a high wind, which embodies the high wind and bright festival of Huangshu capital in the Eastern Han Dynasty. His personality: "If Wang Yang is a thousand hectares of waves, it is unknown and confusing." Yang's Innocent Family heirloom tells the story of an honest official in the Eastern Han Dynasty, who was innocent all his life. Someone once bribed him with ten gold coins that night, but Yang Zhen didn't accept it. The briber said, "twilight is ignorant." Yang Zhen replied: "Heaven knows, earth knows, son knows, I know, what is ignorance?" Never take bribes. Zeng's "heirloom of the three provinces" is taken from a sentence in the Analects of Confucius: "I save myself three times a day-is it unfaithful to people?" Don't believe in making friends? Can't you learn? "Warning future generations to be as strict with themselves as Ceng Zi. The fifth is to show that the door style is simple, auspicious and rich. For example, I wrote Loyalty and Forgiveness, Farming and Reading, Diligence and Housekeeping, Hard Struggle, Purple Gas Coming from the East, Harmony is Precious, Living in My Home, Spring and Autumn Prosperity, Your House Lan Xin, Zhu Bosong Mao and Harmony. In short, although the "door list" is only three or four words, it is rich in content and profound in meaning. First of all, each house number is a "miniature family tree", which contains a lot of historical information. It is an important symbol of Hakka's respect for ancestors and prosperity, and it is also a precious historical material for us to study family history, Hakka migration history and national history. Secondly, "Mendan" is the product of Hakka ancestors' worship consciousness. After leaving their relatives and ancestral homes, Hakkas living in different branches can't help feeling empty and lonely. At this time, the doorplate also played a role in arousing the awareness of ancestor worship, making the Hakkas living in different branches feel that their relatives are around, and this new home at their feet is their ancestral home, thus greatly strengthening their determination and confidence in doing business in their new home. Third, through the door list, we can gain a sense of belonging to the same clan and improve the social status of the branch residents. In the past, the "door list" used to be like a red line, connecting the thoughts and feelings of people of the same clan and spectrum. No matter how far apart, they will always be soul mates; Whether you know each other or not, as long as you see the "family history table" and can tell the origin of your family, you will be warmly received by your host, which is better than going home for a long time. The host is also honored by the visit of distant relatives. The more relatives come, the more powerful his family is. In the feudal society of China, this is very important for people living in branches, because it is an era in which contradictions among natives, clan surnames and class contradictions are intertwined. Strong family power means strong backing and will not be bullied by indigenous people or other surnames. Of course, in that kind of contradictory struggle, it is always the poor of all clans who become victims. Up to now, the contradiction between natives and tourists, clan names and class contradictions in the old society has been eliminated, but the function of "Mendan" as a link between people of the same clan and pedigree still exists. Fourth, the "door list" has the function of educating future generations. As mentioned earlier, some "door lists" show their noble character, simple manners and hard work, which are used to cultivate future generations. All clansmen attach great importance to the positive significance of house numbers, which really plays an important role in cultivating outstanding moral character from generation to generation. Today, we can take advantage of this positive role of house numbers, bring them into the socialist moral norms, and let them serve socialism. Therefore, the "single door" culture is also a major feature of Hakka dwellings in southern Jiangxi.