Fukuzawa Yukichi's family background.

1835 1 February 12 (18351month 10) was born in Osaka official residence. His father, Fukuzawa Shiraishi, was a gentry of Aopingfan, a minister of Toyotomi (now Oita Prefecture, Kyushu). My mother is the eldest daughter of Binzhimen in Hashimoto, and her name is Shun. His parents gave birth to two boys and three girls, and Yuji was the last son. But misfortune finally came to this happy family. When Yuji was eighteen months old, his father, who was only forty-five years old, died of illness. The 33-year-old mother returned to her hometown of Admiralty, where she left for more than ten years, with five children. The language and customs in this place are somewhat different from those in Osaka. The children are virtually separated from the children in their hometown, so they have to become a small world and live in it. Although they live a lonely and poor life, their family style is pure and peaceful.

Young Yu Ji suffers from the humiliation of different identities and family poverty. But all this does not detract from his naturally open-minded personality. For example, when Yusuke wants to buy wine, oil and soy sauce, he won't cover his face with a towel and go out to buy it at night like other gentry's children. Not only is he not masked, but he also has two knives and a hip flask slung around his waist, so he is not ashamed to go shopping in broad daylight. He thinks there is nothing wrong or shameful about a person buying things with his own money aboveboard. From this small place, we can see his stubborn spirit in the future. Yusuke lived at home when he was young. He often made handicrafts in exchange for the capital of life and supplemented his family. He had no time to read books and newspapers. It was not until I was fourteen or fifteen that I began to learn Chinese books. Since then, talents have gradually emerged and made rapid progress.

He is bold and uninhibited, loves free life and observes things in detail. He grew up in a social environment with a strong concept of door and valve, and he hated this kind of life very much. He hopes to leave Admiralty as soon as possible, get rid of the shackles of the gate valve system and seek another development. At the age of 21, he got his wish and went to Nagasaki to study Lan Xue (Dutch and academic). The year he went to Nagasaki (1854, the first year of Anzheng), Japan concluded a peace treaty with the United States. The year before (the sixth year of Yongjia), M.C. Perry, an American naval officer, led a fleet and sailed into Urawa Port, Japan, which not only awakened the Tokugawa shogunate's dream of closing the country for more than 200 years, but also opened a clue to the restoration of the Meiji Restoration. In the era of Japan's closed door, only Nagasaki could trade with the Netherlands. At that time, when studying medicine or academics, it was necessary to study Lan Xue's original works. Lan Xue can be said to be the beginning of Japanese contact with western learning and absorption of western culture.

During his study in Nagasaki, Yusuke lived in the home of painter Jiro Yamamoto as a diner, worked part-time, worked hard, learned a lot about Lan Xue, and won Yamamoto's esteem. Yamamoto even wants to accept him as his adopted son. This is the beginning of Yuji's lifelong career activities.

But in this way, it aroused the jealousy of the son of the "old home" who studied there and forced Yusi to leave Nagasaki. However, Yuji was not impulsive. After careful consideration, he is determined to go to Edo to break the world. During the trip, he went through hardships to reach Osaka. At that time, Yuji's eldest brother, Misuke, inherited the post of my late father and worked in the "hiding place" of Nakatsu-San in Osaka. Although Yuji expressed his wish to study in Edo to his eldest brother, he finally listened to Sanjie's persuasion and decided to stay in Osaka, taking Kouan Ogata as his teacher and studying orchidology. At that time, Kouan Ogata (18 10 ~ 1863) was a master in Lan Xue and was also considered as an expert in Dutch medicine. His family school was called Yi Shi Zhai Shu (Yi Shi Shu for short), which was the leading Lan Xue Shu in Japan at that time. There are often about 100 students in the school, and more than 1000 students have studied in the school before and after. Many talented students have made great achievements.

Yu Ji entered an appropriate school in March of his second year in Anzheng (1855). This is the first time that he formally studied Lan Xue step by step under the guidance of his teacher. Before that, there was never a fixed teacher, most of them relied on their own efforts and occasionally got guidance from others. Since then, it is self-evident that Ahn was employed as a teacher in Edo for five years, and he continued to burn incense and devote himself to research. Before long, he was promoted to headmaster. The year after Yuji returned from America (186 1 year, the first year of Wen Jiu), he married a vassal's daughter, Ms. Jin.

In the same year1February, Yuji got another chance to visit Europe. At that time, the domestic situation in Japan was unclear; Therefore, according to the provisions of the five-nation treaty on opening port cities, some parts cannot be implemented. In order to negotiate directly with other countries, the shogunate decided to send envoys to Europe. Yuji was appointed as an interpreter to participate in this trip.

This trip to Europe is of great significance to Yuji's ideological life. His insight into the relationship between civilization and national society stems from his daily study, but more depends on his experience during this trip. The patriotic spirit of carrying out his thoughts seems to have originated from this. During this trip to Europe, he was able to learn more about various social and economic issues, such as hospital management, banking, postal services, conscription laws, political parties, public opinion or elections. During my one-year trip, everything I saw and heard was novel. Unlike the last spectacular observation in the United States, Uji has been able to pay attention to the internal observations of European countries and make detailed records. This time, the shogunate sent envoys to visit Europe, but there was no gain, but Yusuke occasionally participated in the trip, which had a great influence on Japan's later development. After returning home, according to these notes and referring to the original works, I wrote a Preliminary Compilation of Western Affairs (1866, the second year of Keio). This book is like a wake-up call, awakening people's ignorance, enlightening ignorant society's understanding of advanced civilized countries, and even profoundly affecting the policies of the reform government. This book, Western Affairs, consists of ten volumes (1866 ~ 1870) with a circulation of about 250,000 copies. Almost everyone cares about the country and loves the people and regards it as the golden rule. But its value is not only to introduce the cultural relics of Ouxi. This book is the first masterpiece of Yu Ji's Nausea, which is full of wisdom and shows the initial establishment of Yu Ji's ideological system. In the third year of Keio (1867), Yusuke went to the United States again with the Shogunate Warship Procurement Committee to inspect the cities in the eastern United States. These three trips abroad made Yusuke deeply aware of Japan's position in the international community, and denounced the repressive policies of the shogunate and the outdated gate valve system at that time. This experience determined his role in the stage of Japanese culture and education from the end of the shogunate to the turning point of Meiji Restoration. After returning to China, he devoted himself to teaching and book translation, actively advocated western learning and trained talents.

Yusuke's family school used to be on Tiepao Island. In April of the fourth year of Keio (1868), he moved into the new Qianlou, and at the same time took the year number at that time and named it Keio Yishu. This is the beginning of Yuji's greatest career.

He followed the example of private schools in Europe and the West, formulated school rules, stipulated tuition fees, established course content, established a consortium legal person, and was determined to innovate school affairs. Yu Ji advocated that the educational policy of Yi-ology should have two aspects: tangible aspect, based on "number" and "reason"; Invisible, to cultivate "independent heart" for the purpose. In other words, rationality is the criterion for discussing things, and independence and self-esteem are the basis for morality. For example, compared with eastern Confucianism and western civilization, both of them are lacking in Japan; Japan has no choice but to advocate the spirit of independence and practical learning in order to catch up with the powerful countries in Europe and America.

Most of the textbooks used in the school are western-language books and periodicals bought by Yusi from the United States. In addition to various dictionaries, geography, history and other books, there are also books on law, economics and mathematics, which are distributed to students for study. This is an incomparable measure for other schools in Japan.

Yuji's teaching spirit is admirable. In May of the first year of Meiji, there was a war in Ueno, and Edo immediately fell into chaos. All public places of entertainment in the city were closed, and residents also took refuge. The new front left where Yixue is located is about eight kilometers away from Ueno, and there is no danger of shells flying. When Yu Ji heard the gunfire and looked at the smoke in the distance, he still calmly taught Webster's economics in the United States, which became a story for a while. In the chaos, Keio University is the only one that can stand alone and support Taixi's new learning. Yu Ji's indomitable spirit of running a school can be seen here. Yuji also attaches great importance to the cultivation of students' character. After the pacification of the war, the number of students in the school increased sharply, but most of them were young people who had just abandoned their guns and retired after the war. They are short-tempered, fierce and arrogant, and sometimes they draw swords at each other. In order to rectify the school's discipline and change their temperament, Yuji has formulated simple school rules, requiring them to strictly abide by them, and at the same time, he must set an example himself to admit that his life is on the right track. After some painstaking efforts, I returned to an orderly and academically rich academy.

In the fourth year of Meiji (187 1 year), the school moved to the scenic Tami (now Tami, the port area of Tokyo), and the foundation of the school has been expanded to 30 times that of the new money building. The various undertakings of the school are also advancing by leaps and bounds. Keio University, which enjoys a world-renowned reputation today, is a brilliant achievement created by Yusuke in those years after years of bleak operation.