What was the land system in Sui and Tang Dynasties?

In terms of land system, it developed during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. During the period of primitive clan commune in China, the system of common land within the clan was implemented. After entering the slave society, the land ownership of clan commune was replaced by the land state ownership of slave owners and nobles. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, productivity required further changes in the relations of production, and slave owners had to distribute land to individual farmers and collect land rent and labor. As a result, many slave owners turned into emerging feudal landlords, and the Jingtian system based on the state-owned land system began to collapse. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the emperor was the highest and largest landlord in the country. Land ownership and political power are unified on him, and his highest ownership of land is recognized. Qin Shihuang carved stone and praised himself: "Within Liuhe, the land of the son of heaven", "Where people go, there is no minister". "History of Food in Han Dynasty": "On the other hand, the provincial law is forbidden, and the land rent is five and the tax is one, and the official is used to give the people; People who rent taxes in Shanyuan market, from the emperor to Tang Muyi in Feng Jun, are privately raised and do not receive funds from the emperor. " After Wei and Jin Dynasties, the system of equal land was gradually implemented. According to the regulations of the Western Jin Dynasty, both male and female farmers can divide their fields, one is to occupy the fields without paying the land rent, and the other is to pay the land rent to teach the fields. In 485, the Northern Wei Dynasty promulgated the land equalization system, which stipulated that land could be divided into open field and mulberry field.

During the reign of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, the system of land equalization continued, with 80 mu of open fields, 20 mu of mulberry fields or hemp fields and 40 mu of open fields for women. Open fields should be returned to the country after the death of the recipient. Mulberry fields or hemp fields are permanent fields, which can be passed on to future generations and can be bought and sold in limited quantities. Handmaids receive the same land as civilians, but the number of people receiving land is limited. The number of princes' families is limited to 300, and the number of civilians' families is limited to 60. One Niu Ding receives 60 mu of land, and one family is limited to 4 cows. All the princes to Doutong were given to Yongyetian, which was reduced from one hundred hectares in turn. Beijing officials were given posts and fields, which were reduced from one crystal to five hectares according to the level of the grade. In addition to their duties, foreign officials also have a certain number of public fields. The income of the field is part of the official's salary, and the income of the public domain is the office expenses of the official department. This system was basically followed in the early Tang Dynasty, which played a certain restrictive role in land merger. The increase in the number of yeomen was conducive to the recovery and development of agricultural production. Therefore, during the Kaiyuan period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty reached its peak. Du Fu's poem "Remembering the Time Past" said: "Recalling the prosperity of Kaiyuan in that year, there were still thousands of families in the small town. Rice is fat and white, and public and private warehouses are rich. There are no wolves and tigers on the road in Kyushu, which is a good day to travel. Wan Qi and Lu Mao are driving school classes, and men and women do not lose. "

However, after the middle Tang Dynasty, the equal field system was completely destroyed. This is because, although the land equalization system is becoming more and more complete, there are no restrictions on land sales, which provides opportunities for land merger. Land equalization system not only did not fundamentally inhibit land annexation, but also objectively promoted the development of private ownership of feudal landlords' large land. With the prosperity of social economy in the early Tang Dynasty, the commodity economy was unprecedentedly prosperous, which broke the increasingly closed state of natural economy, promoted the privatization and commercialization of land, and led to the rapid increase of land sales and land mergers. In the process of land annexation, nobles, bureaucrats, landlords and wealthy businessmen have become the leading forces. "Book House Yuan Gui Tian Zhi" said: "The official residences of princes and rich households are mostly fields, and they are arbitrarily merged and are not afraid of the articles of association." In addition, due to the development of temple economy, monk landlords are also an important force to annex land. They plundered farmers by "driving fields, accumulating goods, farming and weaving for a living, and evaluating business success". During the reign of Wu Zetian, the temple economy was more developed. "The beauty industry has achieved fruitful results, and it is twice as much as it is now; Shuimo Manor, the number is not small. " Speaking of Tang Daizong, "Toyota Murray in both capitals belongs to temples, and officials can't cure it".

At the same time, farmers have become the main targets of land annexation. They are increasingly mired in poverty and bankruptcy, which fundamentally breaks the original pattern of land equalization. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, manor economy developed very well. This tradition was left over from the Nanbi Dynasty and existed in the early Tang Dynasty. In Tang Gaozong, Fangyi Wang "cultivated dozens of hectares of land, decorated museums and planted bamboo and wood". Since then, bureaucratic landlords have occupied fields everywhere, established manors and boasted about it. Manor is also called villa, pastoral, manor house and other industries. There are a lot of descriptions about grange in Tang poetry, which shows the influence of manor economy on culture.