Jiangxi folk custom

Jiangxi province, referred to as Jiangxi. In 733 AD, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty set up a west road in the south of the Yangtze River, which was named Hangsheng, also referred to as Ganjiang. "From the north to the south of the Yangtze River, Jiangdong is on the left and Jiangxi is on the right." Don't call you Jiang. Since ancient times, Jiangxi has been rich in humanities and products, and has the reputation of "the country of righteousness, the country of white cranes and the abundance of rice".

Jiangxi Province is located in the south bank of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the southeast of China, bordering Zhejiang and Fujian in the east, Guangdong in the south, Hunan in the west, Hubei and Anhui in the north, and the Yangtze River. Jiangxi is the hinterland of the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta and the Minnan Delta, and its linear distance from Shanghai, Guangzhou, Xiamen, Nanjing, Wuhan, Changsha, Hefei and other major towns and ports is mostly within 600 to 700 kilometers. In ancient times, Jiangxi was called "Wu Tou Chu Wei, Guangdong Humin Pavilion" and was a "victory zone".

Nanchang, Ganzhou, Shangrao, Xinyu, Jingdezhen, Pingxiang, Ji 'an, yingtan, Yichun, Fuzhou and Jiujiang 1 1 Districts and cities, 99 counties (cities, districts). Nanchang is the largest city in Jiangxi Province. By 2006, the province's population was 43.39 million, with a population density of 257 people/km? , higher than the national average, lower than neighboring provinces, the birth rate is 13.80‰, the mortality rate is 6.0 1‰, the urban population ratio is 36.68%, lower than the national average, and the male-female ratio is 105. 13 (female =/kloc-) Han nationality accounts for 99.7% and She nationality accounts for 0.2%. The total land area is166,900 square kilometers, accounting for 1.74% of the total land area in China, ranking first among the provinces and cities in East China. The northern part of the territory is relatively flat, surrounded by Mufu Mountain, Wuyishan Mountain, Huaiyushan Mountain, Jiulian Mountain and Jiuling Mountain on the east, west and south, with rolling hills in the middle, making it a huge basin inclined to Poyang Lake and open to the north as a whole. There are more than 2,400 rivers in the whole territory, among which Ganjiang, Fushui, Xinjiang, Xiushui and Pujiang are the five major rivers in Jiangxi. Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China and the largest migratory bird habitat in the world. Located near the Tropic of Cancer, this province has a warm climate and abundant rainfall, with an average annual rainfall of 134 1mm to 1940mm. The frost-free period is long, belonging to subtropical humid climate, which is very beneficial to crop growth. The province has a good ecological environment, with a forest coverage rate of 59.7%, ranking first in the country. Rich in mineral resources, copper, tungsten, uranium, tantalum, rare earth, gold and silver are known as the "seven golden flowers" in Jiangxi.

In the long history of Chinese civilization, there are many talents in Jiangxi. Xu Zhimo, Tao Yuanming, Qi, Lai Hu, Lin, Wang Anshi, Ouyang Xiu, Yan Shu, Yan, Huang Tingjian, Jiang Kui, Yang Wanli, Zhu, Lu Jiuyuan, Shi Xiaoyou, Wen Tianxiang, Yu Ji, Xie Lisi and Jie Jin.

[Edit this paragraph] Historical origin

The history of Jiangxi's development can be traced back to 10 thousand years from the textual research of unearthed cultural relics. Jiangxi, as a clear administrative regional system, began in the early years of Emperor Gaozu (about 202 BC). At that time, there were counties, which governed Nanchang and 18 counties. They were Nanchang, Luling, Pengze, Poyang, Chaisang, Jiangxi, Xingan, Yichun, Ai, Anping, Haishun, Liling and distributed in Ganjiang. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty designated the whole country as 13 monitoring area, which was called 13 county. At this time, Jiangxi belongs to Yangzhou Prefecture.

In the first year of Yuankang in the Western Jin Dynasty, it was changed to Jiangzhou in 29 1, and the main body was the original county of Jiangxi. During the Sui Dynasty, the administrative divisions were adjusted, and the level of the state was the same as that of the county, so there were 7 counties and 24 counties in Jiangxi in the Sui Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, it increased to 8 states and 37 counties, namely Hongzhou, Raozhou, Qianzhou, Jizhou, Jiangzhou, Yuanzhou, Fuzhou and Xinzhou. In the first year of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong designated 10 prison areas throughout the country, and it increased to 15 in Xuanzong. Hong, Rao, Qian, Ji, Jiang, Yuan, Fu and Xin Bazhou belong to the monitoring area west of the Yangtze River.

During the Five Dynasties, Jiangxi was under the jurisdiction of the Southern Tang Dynasty (called Wu in the early stage of the Southern Tang Dynasty). During this period, there appeared a new administrative division equivalent to the lower state: 6 states, 4 armies and 55 counties. In the first year of Jiaotai, the Southern Tang Dynasty decided to build Nandu in Hongzhou, and therefore promoted Hongzhou to Nanchang Prefecture. In the Song Dynasty, it changed to the road above the state, and Jiangxi was assigned to 9 States, 4 armies and 68 counties, most of which belonged to Jiangnan West Road and some belonged to Jiangnan East Road.

The Yuan Dynasty began to establish a provincial book system (province or province for short) in banks. The provincial jurisdiction of Jiangxi is far greater than that of today's Jiangxi provinces and regions. In addition to the vast majority of today's Jiangxi Province (formerly the northeast of Jiangxi Province belongs to Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces), it also includes most of today's Guangdong Province. Yuanxing province consists of Lu, Zhili, Zhou (with county-level administrative agencies) and county. Jiangxi Province governs Longxing, Ji 'an, Nankang, Ganzhou, Jianchang, Jiangzhou, Nan 'an, Ruizhou, Yuanzhou, Linjiang, Fuzhou, Raozhou, Xinzhou, etc. 13 Road, Nanfeng, Qianshan and other two Zhili States, 48 counties, 16 county-level states.

Although the Ming Dynasty basically retained the organizational system of provinces and autonomous regions in the Yuan Dynasty, it changed Zhongshu Province into a public ministry (traditionally still called a province), changed its route to a prefecture and changed it into a county. Jiangxi Administration Council governs Nanchang, Ruizhou, Raozhou, Nankang, Jiujiang, Guangxin, Fuzhou, Jianchang, Ji 'an, Yuanzhou, Linjiang, Ganzhou, Nan 'an 13, and governs 78 counties, which is basically the same as today's Jiangxi provinces and regions. At that time, the Procurator's Department, the Procurator's Department and the Procurator's Department were the highest administrative organs of the Procurator's Department in Jiangxi Province, and the three departments were directly controlled by the central government and governed by decentralization.

In the Qing Dynasty, Jiangxi was changed to Jiangxi Province, and the administrative region basically inherited the Ming system. Three county-level halls, namely, Ji 'an Lotus Hall, Nanchang Tonggu Hall and Ganzhou Qiannan Hall, were added, and Ningdu County was promoted to provincial Zhili Prefecture. The Governor-General has become the chief executive of the province, and has two departments, namely, the department that undertakes propaganda and decision-making bureau and the department that submits judgments and formulates judges, and is responsible for civil affairs, finance and judicial supervision.

During the Republic of China, the government, prefecture and hall of the Qing Dynasty were all changed to counties. Jiangxi Province * * * governs 8 1 county. By 1926, the Northern Expeditionary Army entered Nanchang and Nanchang was formally established. Wuyuan County was transferred from Anhui to Jiangxi in 1934, back to Anhui in 1947, and again to Jiangxi in 1949.

During the Second Revolutionary Civil War, China's * * * production party led the people to establish a large number of revolutionary base areas in Jiangxi. Among them, the famous ones are Jinggangshan revolutionary base areas in western Jiangxi (including Ninggang, Yongxin, Lianhua and parts of Ji 'an, Anfu, Suichuan and Lingxian in Hunan), Xianggan revolutionary base areas, Northeast Jiangxi revolutionary base areas (including Yiyang, Hengfeng, Guixi, Dexing, yujiang county, Wannian, Shangrao and Qianshan counties, and later developed into Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangxi revolutionary base areas) and bronze drums. At that time, the central revolutionary base was in 2 1 counties in southern Jiangxi and western Fujian (including Ruijin, Anyuan, Xinfeng, Guangchang, Shicheng, Lichuan, Ningdu, Xingguo, Du Yu, Huichang, Xunwu and other places in Jiangxi) 1 1 county, while the temporary central government of the Chinese Soviet was located in Ruijin.

[Edit this paragraph] Jiangxi Humanities

Overview:

Jiangxi is known as a country with rules and righteousness, and the essence of Jiangxi culture is here. The core meaning is "text, chapter, section and meaning". It can be said that since ancient times, paying equal attention to literature and righteousness is not only one of the judgments on the spirit of Jiangxi culture, but also the life creed and pursuit goal that Jiangxi people follow.

Before the Song Dynasty, the talents produced in Jiangxi were not outstanding. Except for Tao Yuanming, there were almost no other cultural celebrities with weight, but they rose rapidly in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty, completely replacing Henan's cultural center position (as far as poets are concerned, in the Tang Dynasty, "everyone in the Tang Dynasty left Zhongzhou", in the Song Dynasty, it became "everyone in the Song Dynasty left Jiangxi", and in the Tang Dynasty, there was "Du Li Bai Han" and one of the three great families in Zhongzhou. In the Song Dynasty, there was "King Su Huang of Europe" (three from Jiangxi and one from Shu), and they stayed there until the middle and early Ming Dynasty. Besides, the Song Dynasty was the peak of China culture, and the Song and Ming Dynasties were the second era of a hundred schools of thought contending in the academic and cultural history of China, among which Jiangxi intellectuals were undoubtedly the protagonists. In the Song Dynasty, many cultural giants emerged in Jiangyou, doing everything they could, forming their own school and leading the trend. Yan Shu, Yan, Ouyang Xiu, Li Gou, Ceng Gong, Wang Anshi, Huang Tingjian, Lu Jiuyuan, Yang Wanli, Jiang Kui, Zhou Bida and Wen Tianxiang are the most outstanding representatives, and this period is undoubtedly the brilliance and splendor of Jiangxi's humanities. From the Yuan Dynasty to the early Ming Dynasty, Jiangxi literati inherited the legacy of the Song Dynasty. In the field of orthodox culture, their achievements and status are second to none, and then they also operate at a relatively high level. Since the Yuan Dynasty, Jiangxi has produced cultural celebrities such as Ma Duanlin, Xie Si, Liu Shizhong, Wu Cheng, Luo Qinshun, Tang Xianzu, Song, Wang Youding, Wei, Jiang Shiquan, Chen, Wen Shiting, Li Ruiqing, Chen Yinke, Hsiao Kung chuan, Fu Baoshi and Mei Ruqian. Such a province with the highest achievements in the heyday of Chinese culture should occupy a seat.

Academics and Culture of Jiangxi School;

A cultural school that originated in Jiangxi and was directly named after Jiangxi or its ancient names Jiangyou and Zhang Yu;

Jiangxi Mind Theory was founded by Lu Jiuyuan, a philosopher in the Southern Song Dynasty. Because he is from Jiangxi, he is called Jiangxi Mind. It is the first typical subjective idealism philosophy system in the history of China's thought. This philosophical system reached its peak after Wang Shouren's expansion and development. It played an important role in China's academic thought and political thought. In the Ming Dynasty, there were seven schools of Wang Men, among which the most influential schools were Jiang Rightists, Wang Ji School and Taizhou School in Wang Gen, while Jiang Rightists insisted on the basic view of "teachers say and maintain", so they were also called Wang School.

Jiangxi Poetry School was written by Lu Benzhong from the first year of Chongning (1 102) to the second year. It was selected into the poems of 25 people, such as Huang Tingjian and others, and was called Jiangxi Poetry School because of its "origins". At the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, Du Fu, Huang Tingjian, Chen were also called three ancestors. In the school of poetry, people oppose Quincy style. They learn from Du Fu, Han Yu and Meng Jiao in the Tang Dynasty, emphasizing imitation, advocating craftsman spirit and paying attention to pondering, but demanding that every word has no source, and advocating the method of "turning stone into gold" and "reinventing itself". By the end of the Qing Dynasty, Tongguang was divided into three schools, among which Jiangxi School was one, headed by Chen, studied under Han Yu and Huang Tingjian, and directly inherited Jiangxi School in Song Dynasty, and its successors were Xia Jingguan, Hua Zhuo, Hu, Wang Yue, Wang Yi and Wang Hao. , or in and out of Yao Chen and Chen Shidao.

Jiangxi Ci School, Feng Yansi in the Southern Tang Dynasty, Yan Shu in the Early Song Dynasty and Ouyang Xiu in the Five Dynasties, broke the romantic and soft style of Ci represented by Huajian School from the late Tang Dynasty to the early Five Dynasties, and endowed Ci with deeper ideological connotation and more sincere emotional sustenance; The introduction of poetic metaphors in art and the absorption of nutrients from folk songs have played a pioneering role in the future prosperity of Song Ci, thus forming an important school connecting the past with the future in the field of Ci, which is the Jiangxi Ci School in the Northern Song Dynasty with two words and one gull as the backbone. At the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, there appeared a school of Jiangxi Ci headed by Liu Chenweng. Li Yi wrote a quatrain: seeing off the spring, blaming Liu, singing to, not reading.

Jiangyou Poetry School, Jiangxi School in the early Ming Dynasty, represented by Liu Song (a native of Taihe, Jiangxi Province), flaunted Tang Yin. In fact, there were, Fan and Jess who had the deepest influence on him. Later, Taige style was a direct product of Jiangxi School. According to the Summary of Sikuquanshu, Liu Song "was enlightened by the voice of purity and grace, and later Yang Shiqi and others were the heirs, which became a broad-minded body." As the founder of TAG style, Yang Shiqi was a cabinet minister in the Four Dynasties and a prime minister during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Jiangxi's simple and natural poetic style is suitable for works that praise saints and peace. Therefore, Qian said: "The study of Jiangxi, from the middle to Dongli, has reached Taige one step at a time, and it is superficial, humble and sluggish."

Zhang Yu society, "In the late Ming Dynasty, the Central Plains was disturbed by clouds, while the literary society in the south of the Yangtze River was extremely prosperous. Its author: Ai Nanying advocates Zhang Yu society and develops Gui Youguang theory to make it smooth "(see Summary of Sikuquanshu). They opposed the "Seven Scholars" and praised Gui Youguang, the "Tang and Song School". There are four masters in society: Chen, Ai, Zhang and Luo. They are also committed to writing eight-part essays, competing for the leadership of the domestic justice paradigm with Lou Dongpai of Taicang Zhangpu, Zhonghe Zhou, Jintan, Jiangsu Province.

Jiangxi Painting School is called "Jiangxi School" for short, also known as "Xijiang School". One of Chinese painting schools. Represented by Luo Mu, a painter in the early Qing Dynasty. Luo Mu is a native of Ningdu (now Jiangxi) and lives in Nanchang (now Jiangxi). He studied landscape painting with Wei Shicheng at first, and then with Huang. His brushwork is ethereal and he learned a lot in Jianghuai area.

Gan opera

Gan Opera is a kind of multi-voice opera in Jiangxi, and its vocals are high-pitched, random-playing and Kunqu Opera. Two schools under its jurisdiction, commonly known as Raohe Class and Xinhe Class, merged on 1950, then settled in Nanchang, the provincial capital, and formally established Jiangxi Jiangxi Opera Troupe on 1953. Changed its name to Gan Opera. Gan Opera originated from Yiyang Opera in Ming Dynasty.

The accents of Jiangxi Opera include [Gao Qiang], [Fan Er], [Xipi], [Wennan Ci], [Qiang Qin], [Laobozi], [Zhejiang Tune], [Pujiang Tune], [Kunqu Opera] and [Bangzi].

After liberation, the repertoires of Yiyang dialect include Pearl, Weichi Gong, Zhang San Borrowing Boots and Sending Clothes to Cry for the City. Qingyang Opera "Double Yue Bai" and "Flowers Give Sword"; Tan Qiang's operas, butterfly lovers's marriage, celebrating with women, the legend of the white snake, pretending to be crazy and cursing temples, Meng Jiangnv, etc. Kunqu Opera "Wukong Borrows a Fan" and "Xiang Liang Stabs the Beam". Yiyang Opera also includes Shen Huan Ji adapted from Historical Records by The Journey to the West and Tang Xianzu from Peony Pavilion. Qingyang Opera has been adapted from the first and second episodes of The West Chamber and so on. His modern plays include A Group of Mu Guiying, Red Propagandist, Raiders of the Border, Stealing Seeds, Iron Shoulder and Red Heart, Sacrificing a Monument to Go to War, etc. Among them, "Princess Pearl" and "Soul Return to Hometown" were made into stage art films; Celebrating by a Girl was made into a cartoon. The Story of the West Chamber was adapted by Shi Linghe, Dong Jieyuan and Wang Shifu, and is known as the "Shixixiang". ?

The oral dialogue of the play is mainly based on Zhongzhou rhyme. Performing arts can be divided into three categories: old students, regular students, young students, Lao Dan, Chang Dan, Xiao Dan, Da Hua, Er Hua and San Hua, which are called "Jiujiao Tou".

Famous actors include Yan Youyuan, Yang Guixian, Zhuo, Tong, Xiao Guixiang, Chen, Zhu Yuexian, Duan Rili and Wan.

Attachment: Yiyang Opera, the first of the four major operas in Southern Opera: Yiyang Opera is a bright pearl in the history of China opera. Yiyang Opera was born in Yiyang, Jiangxi. As soon as Yiyang Opera was born, it quickly penetrated into the China opera stage with its unprecedented artistic charm, leaving an indelible mark on the China opera stage, playing the highest melody in the history of China opera, creating a new form of China opera and opening a new chapter in the history of China opera. The free performance style and high-pitched melody of Yiyang Opera are condensed from the harsh social reality. Since the Southern Song Dynasty, since the Yuan Dynasty entered the Ming Dynasty, Yiyang and its surrounding areas have almost been in war and famine. In the twenty-four years of Hongwu, the number of Yiyang households was19,718, and the population was 5 1 653. By the sixth year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty, the population of Yiyang County was only 1 1, 80 1, a sharp drop of four fifths. It is the serious survival crisis that forged Yiyang tune into a "high tune". Yiyang dialect is the expression of Yiyang people's tenacious vitality. Yiyang people "strive for self-improvement, cherish righteousness", are honest and frank, and advocate religion. Yiyang dialect casts the character of Yiyang people. Through the aesthetic activities of traditional Chinese opera, I got the artistic enjoyment of self-release, self-decompression and self-intoxication, and finally got the spiritual liberation and the affirmation of self-value. In the Ming Dynasty, the population of Yiyang dropped sharply. "Those who stay will die, migrate, live in the world and never leave the land." Therefore, there should be a deeper understanding and explanation of the "Yiyang tune" during Jiajing period.

Porcelain culture

Jingdezhen is famous for its rich porcelain and porcelain capital.

"Xinping smelting pottery began in Han Dynasty". Jingdezhen has been making porcelain since the Han Dynasty, and it has a history of nearly 1700 years according to literature records. In this long history of porcelain making, the essence of famous kilns and porcelain making techniques from all over the world has been brought together, forming a unique Jingdezhen porcelain, which is famous for its wide variety, rich ornamentation, beautiful shape and excellent production.

Jingdezhen was called Xinping Town in ancient times, and it was renamed Changnan Town in the first year of Tang Tianbao. Jingdezhen is one of the first 24 historical and cultural cities in the State Council. Since the Song Dynasty, after thousands of years of wind and rain, the production and sales of porcelain are still enduring. Jingdezhen porcelain is a product with a long history of more than 1,700 years and a strong ceramic culture atmosphere. The world knows China because of porcelain. In English, China stands for China, which is also the name of porcelain. Jingdezhen is also famous for its porcelain. A.D. 1004, in the first year of Song Jingde, Song Zhenzong ordered the words "Jingdezhen Year System" to be written at the bottom of the imperial porcelain. According to songji (volume 190? "Twelve Years of Yu Fang" records that "Jiangdong Road, Jingdezhen, Fuliang County, Raozhou, was established in the first year of Jingdezhen (Song)." It is clearly recorded that Jingdezhen is scheduled for the first year of Jingdezhen, namely 1004.

Jingdezhen porcelain has been the imperial porcelain of the royal court since the Song Dynasty. After the rule of the Yuan Dynasty, Jingdezhen further established the "Fuliang Porcelain Bureau" to supervise the production of imperial porcelain for the imperial court, and to burn egg white glazed porcelain engraved with the words "Shu Fu" for the Privy Council, a government agency. Jingdezhen made a new breakthrough in porcelain-making technology in Yuan Dynasty, which occupied an extremely important position in the history of China ceramics. First of all, the progress of raw materials for tire manufacturing. Using the "binary formula" method of porcelain stone and kaolin, the firing temperature is increased and the deformation of utensils is reduced, so that large-scale utensils with large output can be fired. Reducing flame was used for firing, which fully demonstrated the characteristics of Jingdezhen porcelain and made the combination of Chinese painting and porcelain making technology more mature. With the appearance of underglaze colored porcelain with strong China style, Jingdezhen porcelain-making technology has developed to a new stage. The success of high-temperature firing of colored glazed porcelain such as egg white glaze, red glaze and blue glaze indicates that Jingdezhen has mastered all kinds of colorants, thus ending the situation that the glaze color of porcelain was mainly jade-like before Yuan Dynasty. The porcelains produced in Jingdezhen in Ming Dynasty are large in quantity, variety, good in quality and widely sold. When describing the output of Jingdezhen porcelain at that time, Tiangong Wu Kai in Song Dynasty said: "Several counties merged and lost to Raojun County, Jiangxi Province (referring to Jingdezhen). Ruofu, four generations under one roof, is a famous hunter, all of whom are produced in Jingdezhen, Fuliang County, Raojun. " After the Ming Dynasty, the imperial court set up an imperial kiln factory in Jingdezhen, burning porcelain for the exclusive use of the imperial court. Porcelain production was divided into official kilns and private kilns, which formed a prosperous situation of "officials and people vying for profits" at that time. At this time, Jingdezhen porcelain production is a majestic small town in the south of the Yangtze River, where "the kiln gathers all over the world, the sound of thousands of mountains is loud, the sparks blow up the sky, and the night can't sleep". Jingdezhen became a world-famous porcelain capital during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. At that time, Jingdezhen was in the position of China porcelain industry center. It is not only responsible for the production of all the palace vessels and all the official kiln porcelain rewarded and exchanged by the Ming government at home and abroad, but also meets the needs of domestic and foreign markets.

The pottery-making facilities in Jingdezhen in the Qing Dynasty generally followed the legacy of the Ming Dynasty. Porcelain production is divided into official kilns and private kilns, and a pottery supervisor has been set up to supervise the production of porcelain. During the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong periods, Jingdezhen porcelain production advanced by leaps and bounds, reaching the peak of history. Porcelain-making technology has become more complex and exquisite, and its varieties are particularly rich and colorful. Colored glaze is "crystal clear and pure" at high temperature, and its enamel and pastel colors are delicate, beautiful and elegant. Blue-and-white, tricolor and multicolored styles were unique in Kangxi years, while the ink painting in Yongzheng years was elegant, and the blue-and-white exquisite and antique porcelain carvings in Qianlong years were ingenious.

Jingdezhen porcelain has made great progress and improvement in modern times, and has been innovated and developed on the basis of comprehensively inheriting historical and traditional characteristics in modern times. Nowadays, porcelain has become one of the most recognizable landscapes in Jiangxi in China and even in the world. The porcelain culture formed since the Millennium can be described as a delicate and gorgeous chapter in Jiangxi culture.

Jiangxi gourmet

As a wonderful flower in China's food culture, Gancai has accumulated food culture for thousands of years. Zhang Yu in the Later Han Dynasty called Jiangxi "good food and polished rice, good four directions". At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Wang Bo went to a banquet hosted by Wang Teng. Excited, he praised Jiangxi's "rich products, outstanding people and outstanding people". In Ming Dynasty, Yuan Mei recorded the famous Jiangxi dish "Steamed Pork with Powder" in Suiyuan Food List. Today's Jiangxi cuisine is developed on the basis of inheriting the "literati cuisine" of previous dynasties, and it is a "hometown cuisine" with strong local flavor.

Nuo culture

Nuo culture is an ancient primitive culture and an important part of China traditional culture. The ancient ancestors' desire for survival and reproduction in conquering nature needs to surpass themselves with the help of religion (natural religion). The descendants of the dragon created a splendid witchcraft culture with great romanticism. "promise" means that people avoid their difficulties, which means "the ghost that scares away the epidemic." Witchcraft activities meet the psychological requirements of the majority of believers for life consciousness. For a long time, the inheritance and spread of witchcraft has been integrated into customs. Even in modern times, it still exists among the people in the form of traditional culture.

The witchcraft activities in Jiangxi can be traced back to the Yin and Shang Dynasties. After 3,000 years of development, Jiangxi Nuo culture has formed its distinctive features of rich historical accumulation, primitive form, numerous cultural remains and complete cultural system. Exorcism activities in Jiangxi are widely distributed, and many of them have survived, which has influenced it to this day. According to the investigation of 1995, there are Nuo dances in 25 counties (cities) in the province, and 247 kinds of Nuo dances and Nuo operas are reserved. Jiangxi Nuo is regarded as the "living fossil" of ancient culture by academic circles, which has attracted much attention. He has been invited to France, Japan, South Korea, Singapore and other countries as well as Hongkong and Taiwan Province Province for performances and exchanges, which has had a certain impact.

Ginger's help to business

Jiangyou business gang, one of the top ten business gangs, was famous for attaching importance to Judd in its heyday.

After the Song Dynasty, Jiangxi became an economically and culturally developed area in China because of its unique advantages and outstanding people. Throughout the ages, Jiangxi has continued to maintain this economic advantage. In the Ming Dynasty, the population of Jiangxi was second only to that of Zhejiang, ranking second among the thirteen chief secretaries in China. Because of its rich real estate, it is rich in grain, tea, ceramics, paper, cloth, wood ... From Hongzhi period of Emperor Xiaozong of Ming Dynasty to Wanli period of Ming Shenzong, the tax payment of grain in Cao ranks first in the country.

The rise of Jiangyou merchants in the Ming Dynasty was a shrewd Jiangxi man. On the basis of favorable economy, they took advantage of the favorable geographical and economic environment and benefited from the maritime ban policy of the Ming Dynasty at that time. The refugee movement in Jiangxi in the Ming Dynasty was essentially an economic expansion, which enabled Jiangyou merchants to develop at that time, resulting in the saying that "without Jiangxi people, there would be no market".

The rise of Jiangyou merchants made great contributions to the economic development of Jiangxi, and the prosperity of trade created the glory of Jiangxi at that time: Jingdezhen, the "porcelain capital", was famous in Wan Li; Cinnamomum camphora has no medicine, but it has become a "medicine capital". Jiujiang, located on the bank of the Yangtze River, became an influential commercial port at that time. At that time, in Jiangsu, there was a rumor in the market that "there was no food ship in Jiangxi for three days, and the market was short of food." So that Jiujiang later attracted the envy of foreign powers; Commercial prosperity has promoted the rapid development of various industries in Jiangxi. Jiangxi, known as the "granary in the south of the Yangtze River", is really prosperous.

Ganpai architecture

Jiangxi-style architectural culture represented by ancient villages in Jiangxi, such as Liukeng in Le 'an and Luotian in Anyi, is characterized by simple layout, simplicity and elegance, and is a Jiangxi-style residential building with strong local characteristics. From the outside, they are mostly rectangular planes, surrounded by empty and semi-brick walls. All the blue bricks and grey tiles, a high horse head wall and a half-covered and half-exposed double-hung roof are hidden behind the overlapping horse head walls. Horsehead wall has various shapes. Looking up at the sky, it can prevent fire and wind. Inside, its pattern is mostly two in and three out, one hall is three wide, one hall is two courtrooms, and the left and right are symmetrical. The wooden structure passes through the bucket beam frame. According to the different purposes of use, the front eaves are often made into various pavilions, beautiful and generous, with changeable shapes. The dormitory building is one and a half stories high. The lower floor is for living and the upper floor is for storing things. The hall has no sense of hierarchy. It looks tall and spacious, and its momentum is extremely magnificent. Paving evergreen bricks in horizontal staggered joints on indoor ground. The shrine is located above the side doors on both sides of the treasure wall of the main hall. There is a long and narrow courtyard in front of the main hall, which is not only used for lighting and ventilation, but also takes the meaning of four waters returning to the hall, which invisibly connects people with the sky and embodies the situation of "harmony between man and nature".

Interior decoration mainly includes wood carving (carving), brick carving (carving), stone carving (carving), color painting and ink painting. Its distinctive style, exquisite craftsmanship, rich patterns and profound connotations reflect Jiangxi people's yearning for a better life, respect for the "harmony between man and nature" and respect for ethics. The former residence of the "Master of Neo-Confucianism" and the Yuan and Ming red stone lions in front of the site of the Grand Ancestral Hall, and the Paintings of Ming Dynasty on the six caissons in the museum are rare works of art. The brick mural of "Que (Jue) deer (Lu) bee (phoenix) monkey (back)" on the zhaobi of Huaide Hall in Ming Dynasty and the mosaic sculpture of "Kirin looking at the sun" on the zhaobi of Yongxiang Hall are rich in themes and superb in skills.

Mountain village environment, unique and unique village layout, elegant and quaint architectural community, perfect and practical drainage system, exquisite architectural decoration, sentimental plaque couplets, fascinating family relics, rich family relics, simple and innocent folk customs and colorful local culture all constitute an environmental space with a high degree of harmony between man and nature and a harmonious combination of natural beauty and artistic beauty.

It can be said that the architecture of Gan School is not only a magnificent chapter in the ancient architectural culture of China, but also an important representative of the culture of Gan School in Zhang Yu.

Academy culture

Ancient academies once occupied an important position in the history of education development in China. Known as the hometown of humanities, Jiangxi is famous for its early start, large number and great influence in the construction of academies.

The name of the academy began in the Tang Dynasty. Tang Xuanzong founded Li Zheng Academy and Jixian Academy in Chang 'an, published school journals and collected classics. Academies engaged in teaching activities began in the middle Tang Dynasty, from Zhenyuan (785-804) in Tang Dezong to Yuanhe (806-820) in Tang Xianzong. Jiangxi Guiyan Academy was founded in this period. Guiyan Academy is located in Gaoan County, Hongzhou, Tang Dynasty, and Guiyan, Hongcheng, 60 miles north of the county seat, which is now Hualin Township, Gaoan County, Jiangxi Province. The founder of Guiyan Academy is Gao 'an Renrong. Fortunately, Nan Rong was a scholar in the ninth year of Zhenyuan (793) and once offered wine to imperial academy as an official. In August14, he retired in his later years and founded a reclusive academy "for teaching". This is the earliest academy in the history of Jiangxi Academy, and it is also one of the earliest academies in China where disciples gather to give lectures. In addition to Guiyan Academy, other academies built in the Tang Dynasty in Jiangxi include Huangliao Academy, Huxi Academy, Libo Academy, Dongjia Academy and jing xing Academy.

Since then, Jiangxi Academy has been added. According to the statistics of Tongzhi Academy in Jiangxi during Yongzheng period in Qing Dynasty, there were 368 academies in Jiangxi * * *, including 5 academies in Tang Dynasty, 2 academies in Southern Tang Dynasty, 36 academies in Song Dynasty 13 1, 36 academies in Yuan Dynasty, 28 academies in Ming Dynasty 166 academies in Qing Dynasty. According to the records of Tongzhi Academy in Jiangxi during Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty, there were 526 academies in Jiangxi. According to other historical records, local chronicles, notes and inscriptions, some scholars believe that there are more than 1,000 ancient academies in Jiangxi.

Gan dialect

Gan dialect, also known as Gan dialect, was called Lisu in ancient times. It belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family and is mainly used in most areas of Jiangxi, eastern Hunan and southwestern Anhui. The number of users is about 5 1.48 million, which is one of the seven major dialect areas in Chinese.

More than 60 counties and cities in Jiangxi Province speak Gan dialect.

Including Nanchang, Jingdezhen (urban area), Pingxiang, Yichun, Fuzhou and Jinggangshan: Nanchang, Xinjian, Anyi, Jing 'an, Fengxin, Gao 'an, Yifeng, Tonggu (some people think Hakka is popular), Shanggao, Wanzai, Fenyi, Xinyu, Qingjiang, Fengcheng, Jinxian, Dongxiang and Linchuan. Most counties and cities in Shangrao and Jiujiang: Poyang, Yugan, Wannian, yingtan, Guixi, yujiang county, Yiyang, Hengfeng, Lead Mountain, Leping, Yongxiu, Dean, Xing Zi, Duchang, Pengze, Wuning and Xiushui; There are also towns and villages using Gan dialect in Guangchang, Shicheng, Ningdu, Xingguo, Du Yu, Ruijin and Huichang counties in Ganzhou.

In addition, there are 13 counties in the eastern border of Hunan Province: Linxiang, Pingjiang, Liuyang, Liling, Youxian, Chaling, Lingxian, Guidong, Rucheng, Changning, Zixing, Anren, Yueyang and Yongxing. Four counties and cities in northwest Fujian: Shaowu, Guangze, Jianning and Taining; Eight counties bordering Jiangxi in southeastern Hubei: Tongcheng, Puyin, Chongyang, Tongshan, Yangxin, Xianning, Jiayu and Daye; Wangjiang, Dongzhi, Susong, Huaining, Taihu Lake, Buried Hill, Yuexi, Tongcheng and other counties in Anqing, southwest Anhui.