How to design tombstone specifications and styles, and how to choose fonts?

The tombstone scale, limited by the traditional geomantic belief, should be auspicious. Can be ruled by "Feng Shui ruler". In the south, the "Ding Lan rule" is used to decide good luck or bad luck. One foot of Ding Lan ruler is about 38. 1 cm. Divide one foot into ten squares and note one word, that is, ten words such as wealth, loss, glory, death, official, righteousness, suffering, harm and ding. Among them, wealth, prosperity, official, righteousness, prosperity and ding are auspicious cases, which can be selected according to the scale. And other unlucky losses, deaths, sufferings and injuries, try to avoid them. Nowadays, "Lu Banchi" is widely used in civil engineering, especially in the construction of ancient wood furniture, which is imitated by carpenters. Lubanchi is divided into two grades, the upper part is Yang House and the lower part is Yin House. In every centimeter of tape measure, there are good and bad luck of geomantic omen. In today's cemetery, Lubanchi pays great attention to auspicious figures in the design and construction. For example, the size of a tombstone is usually 100cm high, 60cm wide and 8 cm thick; The lying tablet is 55 cm high or 50 cm wide and 8 cm thick. On Lubanchi, the windfall of 100cm is displayed. 60cm becomes a treasure, an unexpected fortune. 80cm tiande 55cm good luck. 50 cm into the treasure, Fu Na. 80cm wealth, and brothers.

Inscription, tablet and post are two different concepts. The words of eulogy, biography and chronicle are first stippled on both sides of the ink knife and copied on the stone to form "hollow words", or directly written on the stone with red pigment, that is, the book is written on the stone and then engraved in the memorial place, which is called "monument". The words on the ancient tablet were written by famous calligraphers and masters, and the handwriting can be taken by later generations. Hammer the words on the tablet with tissue paper and Jiao Mo, and then mount them, which is called "rubbings", commonly known as "tablets".

"Post" originally refers to the calligrapher's genuine ink pen. In order to spread and learn, famous works appeared after the Song Dynasty, which were hooked with stones or jujube boards and then hammered with lettering. This kind of post is also called "post", such as the famous "Spring Flower Pavilion Post" and "Bao Jin Zhai Fa Post". "Inscription" has now been combined into one word to refer to the mode of learning calligraphy. -"Appreciation of Historic Sites" Fee

"rubbings /html/bwjw/2552.html" are often called collectively. In fact, "tablet" mainly refers to the tablet of Han, Wei and Tang Dynasties. According to types, there are tombstones, temple monuments, statues and cliffs. "Post" refers to the author's letters or poems. Because there was no photographic technology in ancient times, it could only be spread by rubbings. With the progress of printing, rubbings are exclusively collected, and their circulation is getting less and less, so the so-called rubbings collection actually refers to the rubbings (or rubbings) collection.

This paper briefly introduces the writing methods of several common inscriptions.

(1) tombstone

Tombstones usually consist of three parts: the head, the text and the signature.

1.

Check, mainly write the post and occupation of the deceased before his death, and some can also be omitted.

2. Text

The text mainly indicates the name of the deceased and the name of the deceased. For example, "first test the tomb of Wang Jun ×× adults".

sign

Write down the identity and name of the person who erected the monument. The time for setting up the monument can be written or not.

inscription on a tablet

(2) Epitaph

Epitaphs often consist of three parts: title, text and inscription.

1. Title

The title generally consists of the name and language name of the deceased. Such as Liu Zihou's Epitaph.

2. Text

Generally speaking, the content of epitaph text includes three aspects. First of all, we should briefly introduce the main life experiences of the deceased; The second is to evaluate the main merits and social value of the deceased; The third is the significance of writing a monument, while expressing condolences for the unfortunate death of the deceased.

sign

The inscription shall indicate the name of the unit that erected the monument and the name of the author, and shall be dated in words. It should be pointed out that some epitaphs have been written under the title, so only the date of writing can be indicated.

(3) Meritorious Monument

The ancient monument to public morality has basically disappeared today, but today, in order to commend some advanced individuals, such as donating money to build a school, a monument will be erected to commemorate it, which can be called a contemporary monument to merit. This kind of merit monument usually consists of three parts: title, text and signature.

1. Title

Titles usually consist of the names of meritorious persons and literary names. For example, "Mr. XXX donated money to build a school monument."

2. Text

The words describe when, where, why and who did something good, and at the same time, the words should clearly indicate the gratitude of the units or individuals who set up the monument.

sign

The name of the person who erected the monument in the signature office and the date of erection.

Examples of inscriptions

The inscription, taking Qingdao as an example, can be written by Mr. Ye Yan. Mingji

Wipe your tears and write, brush your tears and write inscriptions, comfort your pain with stones, and remember my kindness!

In the autumn of May 4th, September 24th, my mother was the sixth ancestor of Zhuanglang.

Born at the wrong time, wild vegetables are scarce, and five years old is helpless.

In adulthood, poverty and famine, hungry people leave their homes, and weak women leave their homes.

I moved to Bin County and met my father. Since then, I have been hot and cold.

My humble abode is not rich, my country is not prosperous, I honor my in-laws and live frugally.

Work hungry, mend, and love your sister as your own.

1979 years later, at the beginning, he cultivated land, started a business in the barren land, and became famous in the districts and counties.

Good latitude and longitude, hard work, March 8 red flag, awarded the pacesetter many times.

It never rains but it pours. The loving mother is ill, strong and disease-resistant, and has been ill in bed for three years.

On my deathbed, I still think about the distance, because my son is unfilial and my mother is concerned.

There is no way to return to heaven, farewell to five, sound, separation of man and nature.

Complain about the sky, don't wait for hoary heads, complain about the land, and cry in autumn!

Fifty years' legacy, a hundred years' legacy, diligence and self-cultivation, filial piety to parents.

Give a thousand favors, and things will change. Remember, Yusi does not forget!

Mourning graves can remember one or two generations, but not three generations, especially after migration and war. How to solve it, people have come up with many ways. At first, people buried the dead. Inspired by the wooden stakes used to maintain the coffin rope, they inserted wooden stakes and bamboo poles in front of the tomb and tied fibrous things (paper or silk, etc.) ) to indicate the date and time of birth and death of the deceased, which is called "Ming Jing" (or "Ming Jing"). But it is easy to be damaged, so people try to find another way: the rich use stone pillars instead of wooden pillars, and engrave the name, birth time and official rank of the deceased on the stone pillars.

In order to carve more characters, its shape evolved into squares and rectangles, and it began to be buried inside or outside the tomb. Referring to the architectural structure, the top of the monument is capped and decorated with animals, plants or landscape patterns, and the body of the monument is engraved with the resume of the deceased. It shows that he was buried alone with his wife, concubine, son and daughter. Geomantic geographical orientation of the inscribed Yin House (that is, the tomb) (expressed in heavenly stems and earthly branches). Middle-class families set up medium-sized tombstones, while poor families can only set up small stone tablets with names, ceramic brick tablets or plant some evergreen trees as symbols.

As a result, tombstones are gradually transformed from practical products into cultural works of art, and their functions, shapes, textures and decorations are becoming more and more diversified. Celebrity tombstones pay more attention to granite, marble and other high-quality stone materials. There is a statue of the deceased on the top of the monument or a porcelain statue of the deceased embedded in the center of the monument. Tombstones have become "honorary certificates" and decorations to record the family background and merits of the deceased. This is in line with the social fashion of China people to honor their ancestors, benefit future generations and last forever.

In order to avoid natural erosion and man-made destruction caused by wind, rain and sun, a monument was erected outside the tomb, and the epitaph and inscription were buried in the tomb. Tombstones prevailed in Han and Tang dynasties, and later became a fixed trend.

It is the key point to build a tomb to establish a monument. According to geomantic omen, they are all oriented by the direction of gravestones, which is an important link of good or bad luck in a cemetery. We should carefully consider the size of the tombstone, the size of the text, and the time when the tombstone broke ground. Under normal circumstances, it is buried first and then erected. There are two reasons: first, after burial, it is necessary to leave a period of time for rain and soil to combine, so that the imaginary square can become a real square, which can avoid the depression of the ground when the monument is erected; Second, after burial, set aside a period of time for family members to consider the contents of the inscription. In particular, the evaluation of celebrities should be carefully considered, such as: the emperor shunzhi founded in the Qing Dynasty, buried in the second year of Kangxi, and erected a monument in the sixth year of Kangxi. The second generation Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty was buried in the first year of Yongzheng, and a monument was erected in the fifth year of Yongzheng. It is true that ordinary people buried and erected monuments at the same time.

The size of the inscription and words on the tombstone should also conform to the auspicious figures on Lubanchi. Usually, the large characters are 10cm or 10.5cm, and the small characters are between 3cm and 4cm. 10cm into the treasure. 10.5cm Fu Na. 3cm wealth. 4cm was admitted to the department. The size of these words is in harmony with the proportion of the monument, and it also contains auspicious meaning. The family of the tomb owner can get psychological comfort from it. Tombstones are made of marble and white marble, which can't stand the wind and rain and are easily weathered. Now it is replaced by granite series, which is exquisite, bright and hard. Among the granite with rich colors and solid texture, Indian red, pearl white and Shanxi black are most favored by customers. Indian red symbolizes noble, gorgeous and fiery years and brilliant career; Pearl white symbolizes purity, elegance, gorgeous life and endless sorrow; Shanxi Black symbolizes the solemn, dignified and immortal spirit and deep homesickness.

In geomantic omen, the left side of the tombstone is called the dragon edge, which is an important part of the tombstone. Write mountain direction, mountain line and gold thread here. For example, "Li Guishan divides gold into two parts: direction and meridian." Its purpose is to inform future generations that in the event of natural disasters, floods or war damage, future generations can still find the original feng shui direction and rebuild the monument according to the feng shui situation on the monument. :: (Yuan Keli) was buried in Dingzhou on December 27th in Chongzhen, with the tomb in the south of the county seat. He went to Erli Lake, Zudao, and built it for this purpose! "

The time to build or rebuild the mausoleum is engraved on the side of the tiger in the monument. There are many written records of time in China, including the AD and the lunar calendar, most of which are written on the winter solstice and Tomb-Sweeping Day. The year and date are mostly dry. A, B, C, D, E, Ji, G, Xin, Man, Ghost and Zi, Ugly, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Shu and Hai in the heavenly stems together represent the date or month of the calendar. Such as Jia Zi and Yi Chou. Some scholars divide spring, summer, autumn and winter into twelve months, and each month has another name. Such as Meng Chun in January, Midspring in February and Ji Chun in March; Xia Meng in April, midsummer in May, and late summer in June; It is called Qiu Meng in July, Mid-Autumn Festival in August and Qiu Ji in September. October is called Meng Dong, November is called Midwinter, and December is called Ji Dong. There are also twelve months named after flowers and trees, such as January plum, February apricot, March peach, April locust, May pomegranate, June plum, July melon, August laurel, September chrysanthemum, October Tan Yue, November plum and December oak. There are also "Gu Erdan", "Ji Dan" and "auspicious day" on the tombstone, not the specific date. "Gu Erdan" comes from the Book of Songs, which means Gu Shan or Dan Ming, which means good times. And "auspicious day" and "auspicious day" are just for good luck. They are all used to make up the numbers when arranging auspicious words. And when you can't remember or remember the date of birth and death, you will often write auspicious days in Yue Ji, and the family of the grave owner will get psychological comfort. Epitaph includes epitaph, epitaph and epitaph. The Eastern Han Dynasty began to erect a monument in front of the cemetery. The tablet is engraved with the official title, name and date of birth of the tomb owner. Later, the family background and life achievements of the tomb owner were engraved on the tablet and praised. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the official forbade the erection of monuments many times. They believe that "since the Han Dynasty, death in the world has been a luxury, with stone chambers, stone beasts and inscriptions as objects". In the tenth year of Jian 'an (205), Cao Cao ordered that no reburial and no monument should be erected. Emperor Wu of Jin enjoyed it for four years (278 years), saying, "This stone and beast monument is not only a private compliment, but also a hypocrisy, which hurts money and harms people. More than that. " Because the monument was banned several times, the tombstone went underground, resulting in an epitaph. From the prevalence of the Tang Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, a large number of epitaphs were unearthed.

Tombstones originated in the Northern Dynasty, which paid special attention to Feng Shui, which regarded the south as a Shinto. Shinto is actually a tomb in the south, so there is a monument on Shinto, which is a tombstone. In the Tang Dynasty, the whole rectangle was called a monument, and between the ring or Fiona Fang's head shape, the shape with the upper part and the lower part was called a monument. There are different levels of use of stone tablets. Officials with more than five grades can erect monuments, and officials with more than seven grades can erect monuments. In the Qing dynasty, officials with five grades or above took turtle hoes as monuments, while officials with five grades or below took square hoes as monuments. In principle, monuments are not allowed in front of civilian graves. However, the social atmosphere can't help it. It's just that the monument erected by ordinary people is relatively small, and there are no seats. Only the name, year of birth and death, and the person who erected the monument are written on the tombstone, and biographies and epitaphs are not written.

Grandfather tested the spirit of so-and-so Taifu monarch (for grandfather)

Grandma's spirit (to grandma)

A survey of the spirit of a government (for my father)

Show some adult spirit (to father)

Show the spirit of an old man (to his mother)

Show Mrs. XXX's spirit (to her mother)

Father-in-law's spirit (to father-in-law)

Therefore, Yue Kao is afraid of the spirit of his eldest brother (to his father-in-law).

Mother-in-law's spirit (to mother-in-law)

So the spirit of Yuecong's family (to her mother-in-law)

Master so-and-so adult spirit (to the teacher)

The soul of my late husband (to her husband)

The soul of Mrs. XXX in the first room (to his wife)

The spirit of a gentleman (to friends)

The spirit of good brothers (to friends or disciples)

Under what circumstances will a monument be erected?

One is to erect a tombstone when changing a tombstone.

The second is to make a customized tombstone when people are buried, but with the passage of time, many people like to have a jade tomb.

The tomb of El Nino was customized before death, and knowing its habitat after death also saved some trouble for future generations.