Brief Introduction of Shun, Guan Zhong, Sun Shuo and Bai.

Shun, known as Yao, is the legendary holy king. According to Historical Records, Shun's name was Zhong Hua, and Huangfu Mi in the Jin Dynasty said that he was a gentleman. Shun, also known as Yu Shun, is said to have a dangerous title. According to the custom of taking the country as the surname in the pre-Qin period, it was called Yu's surname. He also said that Shun was born in Yao City, so his surname was Yao. However, according to historical records, Shun was a "Jizhou native", and Zhang Shoujie in the Tang Dynasty specifically pointed out: "Hedong County belongs to Jizhou." Shun seems to be from Hedong county. Hedong County in Zhou Pu in the Tang Dynasty is now Yongji County in Shaanxi Province, which is now Zhou Pu Town.

According to legend, Shun's family is very poor. Although he is a descendant of Emperor Zhuan Xu, the fifth one is Shu Ren, who is in the lower class. Shun's experience is more unfortunate. His father Gu Sou was blind and his mother died young. After remarriage, the stepmother gave birth to a younger brother named Xiang. Shun lives in a family environment of "stubborn father, arrogant mother, arrogant elephant". His father was dishonest, his stepmother was duplicitous, his brother was arrogant and unruly, and several people conspired to kill Shun. But Shun has not lost his filial piety to his parents, and he is also very friendly to his younger brother. He has never slackened off for years. Shun fled in time when his family wanted to harm him; If you are a little better, go back to them immediately and help them as much as possible, so you can't kill them; Seeking and tasting (often) is so unfortunate and the environment is so bad, but Shun can show extraordinary moral character and handle family relations well, which is a unique aspect of his legendary story.

Shun was born in a poor family, engaged in all kinds of manual labor and experienced ups and downs. He cultivated and planted in Lishan (now unknown place is Zhongtiao Mountain in Yongji County), fished in Leize (formerly known as Gulei Xiaze in Yin Ji, Shandong Province), made pottery on the banks of the Yellow River, made utensils in Shouqiu (now unknown place), and even did small business in Xiaxia (now unknown place). In short, his life is very difficult, he is displaced, and he runs around to support his family.

According to legend, Shun became famous at the age of 20. He is famous for his filial piety. Because he can stick to filial piety to his parents who abused and persecuted him, he was called Yang in his youth. 10 years later, Yao asked Siyue (the head of the four governors) for an heir, and Siyue recommended Shun. Yao married his two daughters to Shun to test his character and ability. Shun not only makes the two daughters live in harmony with the whole family, but also shows outstanding talents and noble personality strength in all aspects. "Shun Li Gengshan, people who have experienced mountains give way; Fishing for Razer, Razer makes way for everyone. As long as he works, the wind of comity will rise; " Pottery riverside, riverside utensils are not bitter ",making pottery can also drive people around to engage in earnest, strive for perfection, and put an end to the phenomenon of shoddy. Wherever he goes, people are willing to follow him, so "one year, he lived together (together is a village), two years, he became a city, three years, Chengdu (with four counties as the capital)". Yao was very happy to learn these things, and gave Shunyi clothes (fine ge cloth clothes) and Qin cattle and sheep, and built a cowshed for him.

Shun got these rewards, and Xiang was very jealous. They want to kill Shun and seize the property. Gu Sou asked Shun to repair the roof of the barn, but set fire to the barn below. Shun made wings with two hats, jumped down from the house and survived. Later, Shun was asked to dig a well. The well was dug deep, but the joint was filled with soil. They want to plug the well and bury Shun alive. Fortunately, Shun was alert in advance, dug a passage next to the shaft and hid through the passage for a while. He Xiang thinks this plot is successful. Xiang said that the idea came from him, that is, to share things with a piano, that Yao's two daughters should be his wives, and that cows, sheep and sheds should be shared with their parents. The elephant lives in Shun's house and plays Shun's piano. Shun went to see him. The elephant was surprised, but the boss was unhappy. He just said, "I think Shun is boring!" " "Shun doesn't take it to heart, as always, he is filial to his parents and friendly to his brothers; And more sincere and cautious than before.

Later, Yao asked Shun to participate in politics, manage officials, receive guests and undergo various tempering. Shun not only handled political affairs in an orderly way, but also improved the employment situation. Yao failed to use Eight Courtyards and Eight Openings, including a brief introduction to the sage Bai Xixi. Shun ordered the "eight members" to manage the land and ordered the "eight kai" to observe discipline; There are also "Four Fierce Families", namely Hundun, a fatuous scholar in Di Hong, Qiong Qi, a fatuous scholar in Shaoluo, a fatuous scholar in Zhuan Xu and a gluttonous scholar in Jinyun. Although notorious, Yao failed to deal with them, and Shun exiled the "Four Fierce Families" to remote and wild places. The implementation of these measures shows Shun's general plan of governing the country and his political talent.

After many experiments, Shun finally got Yao's approval. Choose an auspicious day and hold a ceremony. Yao and Shun, located in Shun, are called "the last Wen Zu" in Shangshu. Legend has it that Yao ruled the emperor in Shun Dynasty, although he had the right of the emperor, but he did not hold the title of the emperor. Contrary to these two statements, the legend is that Shun imprisoned Yao and prevented his son from seeing him. Shun himself became the son of heaven, similar to the court coup of later generations, usurping power and seizing power.

After Shun came to power, it is said that there were a series of major political actions and great efforts were made to govern the country. He revised the calendar and held a ceremony to worship the gods of the four seasons of heaven and earth and mountains and rivers. He also collected the imperial edicts of the governors, then set an auspicious day, called the governors from all over the country, held a grand ceremony and re-issued the imperial edicts. When he ascended the throne, he traveled around the world, offering sacrifices to famous mountains, calling governors and observing people's feelings; It also stipulates that a patrol will be conducted in the next five years to check the improvement of the political achievements of the ruling party and stipulate rewards and punishments. It can be seen that Shun attached importance to the connection with the local government and strengthened its rule over the local government.

Legend has it that Shun's general plan of governing the country is also to "take the punishment as an example and shed five punishments", and draw the shape of five punishments on the utensils to play a warning role; Use exile instead of corporal punishment to show leniency. But there are also punishments of flogging, beating and redemption, especially for criminals who refuse to repent. Shun exiled the workers to Youzhou, Huandou to Chongshan, Sanmiao to Sanwei, and Gun who failed in water control to Yushan. The bad guys were punished and everyone was convinced.

According to the legend of Historical Records, Yao died after 28 years of regency. After three years of mourning, Shun gave way to the son of Yao and retreated to the south of Nanhe River. However, all the governors in the world went to see Shun, but ignored Dani; People in the court also complained to Shun, and the people made up many songs to praise Shun and ignored them. Shun felt that the will of the people and providence could not be shirked, so he returned to the capital and ascended the throne of the son of heaven. However, the legendary capital of Shun and the capital of Yao are not in the same place. According to Shi Mao Justice written by Confucius in the Tang Dynasty, Huangfu Mi said; "Shunying Capital, or Yunpu Sakamoto." Puban was Hedong County in the Tang Dynasty, which is now Yongji County, Shanxi Province.

After Yao's death, Shun had another great political revolution. Yu, Qi, Abandon, Boyi, Wei Xiao, Long, Cui, Yi, etc. Used in the past, I don't know. At this time, Shun ordered Yu to be Shu Ren, managing water and soil; Abandoned as Hou Ji, in charge of agriculture; Life contract as the implementation of Stuart Enlightenment; Hao Tao was appointed as a "scholar" in charge of criminal law; Life hangs as a "* * * worker" and is in charge of all kinds of work; Life benefits are "dangerous" and are in charge of the mountains; Boyi was appointed as "Rank Zong" and presided over the etiquette; He was appointed music officer, in charge of music and education; Order the dragon to "answer the phone" and be responsible for issuing orders and collecting opinions. It is also stipulated that political achievements should be inspected every three years, and promotion or dismissal should be decided by the results of three inspections. Through such rectification, all work has taken on a new look. These people have made brilliant achievements, among which the rest are the greatest. He devoted himself to flood control, set an example, cut mountains and dredged rivers, and finally conquered the flood, making people all over the world live and work in peace. At that time, "the merits of Emperor Shun were cherished in the four seas" and "the virtues of the world began with Emperor Shun", showing an unprecedented peace situation.

Shun was old and thought his son was corrupt, so he decided to let Yu, who had the highest prestige, be his successor, and Yu was in charge of administrative affairs. Therefore, Shun, like Yao, is the sage of Zen.

According to legend, after Yao's death, Shun was in office for thirty-nine years. During his southern tour, he died in the wild of Cangwu and was buried in Jiuyi Mountain in the south of the Yangtze River, known as Lingling in history.

Shun, like Yao, was the ancient and modern holy king respected by Confucianism and Mohism in the pre-Qin period. Shun is of special significance to Confucianism. Confucianism attaches importance to the brief introduction of filial piety, and Shun's legend is also famous for filial piety, so his personality image is just a model of Confucian ethics. Mencius is a person who has made great contributions to the development of Confucianism after Confucius. He strongly praised Shun's filial piety and advocated people to strive to be as filial as Shun. Said: "Shun, people are also; Me too. Shun is the law of the world, but it can be passed on to future generations. I am (still) a countryman, but I can worry. What is there to worry about? It's just awkward. He even imagined that Shun was the son of heaven and was arrested for murder. Although Shun won't use his power to break the criminal law and pardon him, he must secretly escape from prison behind his father's back and live a carefree life together, forgetting the status of the son of heaven in order to enjoy family happiness. Due to the propaganda of Confucianism, Shun's legendary deeds have had a far-reaching impact on China's cultural traditions.

At the beginning of this century, the legend believed by the ancient skeptics appeared later than later, so his legend was invented by later generations, and his person was purely false. It is generally believed in academic circles that the story of Yao Shunyu's abdication truly reflects the situation at the end of primitive society. Although it is a legend, it has its own historical value. Some scholars especially pointed out that Shun's appointment of "eight members" and "eight letters" and their respective powers reflected the beginning of the transformation of the tribal alliance parliament into an aristocratic deliberative body. It shows that studying the legend of Shun with historical materialism is helpful for us to understand the clues of historical development in the process of disintegration of primitive society.

Fu Shuo

Fu Shuo, Minister of Wuding in Shang Dynasty. Because he was engaged in board building in Pingludong, Shaanxi Province, and was used by Wuding, he took Fu as his surname.

According to Records of Historical Records and Yin Benji, "Emperor Wu Ding acceded to the throne, thinking about reviving Yin, but he was not assisted. After three years of silence, political affairs were decided by Tsuzawa's observation of the national wind. Wu Dingmeng is a saint, named Yue. It is wrong to treat officials and officials as what they see in their dreams. Therefore, it was Noda who made the Hundred Workers Camp, which had to be said to be Fu Xian. It is said that it was Xu Yi, and it was built on the rich. In Wu Ding, Wu Ding said yes. If you have to talk to it, you are a saint, and you think it is ruled by the kingdom of Yin and Xiang. "This matter is recorded in Mozi, Mandarin, Lu Chunqiu, Di Ji, Shangshu and other books.

Before entering politics, Fu Shuo was a slave in Yanfu. It is the junction of Yu and Guo, and it is also a traffic artery. Because the running water in the mountain stream often washes away roads, slaves built road protection here. Fu Shuo makes a living by printing and building. Although he is talented, he can't show it.

Wu Ding, King of Shang Dynasty, was an emperor who tried to govern the country. Before he ascended the throne, he once lived among "little people" and knew more about the actual situation in society. After he acceded to the throne, he was out of office for three years, and all state affairs were managed by Jia. He watched the battle and thought about the strategy of reviving the Shang Dynasty. Later, Fu Shuo was found to be protected by slaves who built roads, and he was chosen as the phase.

After Fu Shuo became prime minister, he assisted Wu Ding in making great efforts to reform. The "Jiajing Silver List" made the nobles and civilians have no complaints, which was called "the Great Governance of the Silver Country" and "the Renaissance of the Silver Road" in history. Wuding once became the heyday of the late Shang Dynasty.

Fu Shuo, a great statesman, had few words and deeds to learn from how he governed the country and made the Shang Dynasty prosperous. However, there are many legends about him.

About the legend of meeting Wu Ding, there is a record in the Book of Justice written by Confucius in the Tang Dynasty, quoting Huangfu Mi in the Western Jin Dynasty, saying that Wu Ding, the Emperor of Yin, dreamed that God had given him a saint. The saint wore clothes worn by slaves, said that his surname was Fu Ming, and said that he was doing hard work. Wu Ding woke up and thought, "Fu Jian, Xiangdian. The speaker is also happy. There should be someone in the world who can help me and please the people! " I think this is a good sign that I will get a good helper to govern the world. After dawn, he told the officials about his dream, but no one believed him. Wu Ding let people draw the image of a dreamer, searched all over the country, and found Fu Shuo in Yanfu.

There is a legend about Fu Shuo's political experience in the Pseudo-Ancient History of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which includes three parts. The first part tells the story of Fu Shuo's first meeting with Wu Ding and his remarks to persuade Wu Ding to be modest. The middle part is Fu Shuo's statement on Wu Ding's general plan of governing the country, in which there is a famous saying "It is difficult to know, but it is difficult to act", followed by words of encouragement from the monarch and his ministers.

Although the above legends are not faithful to history, they can reflect the position of Fu Shuo, an ancient politician, in people's minds.

Jiaowei

Guan zhong

Guan Zhong was a famous politician in the Spring and Autumn Period, and made outstanding achievements in many fields such as economy, politics and military affairs. After Qi Huan acceded to the throne, he was recommended by Bao Shu's teeth and was honored as a "loyal father" by Guan Zhong. After more than 4 0 years in politics, Guan Zhong carried out political, economic and economic reforms in Qi, which greatly enhanced the national strength of Qi and made Qi Huan the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period. Zuo Zhuan, Guoyu Qiyu, Historical Records and Biography of Yan Guan recorded Guan Zhong's life story and written thoughts. There are 8 6 articles in Guanzi written by Taoism. The book Guanzi shows that he is willing to establish moral education, attach importance to etiquette and law, and develop the economy while emphasizing the rule of law. Because Zhang, the political leader in charge of Guanzhong, was very close to the reality of Qi, he was able to pay for all the practices, which played a decisive role in the hegemony of Huan Gong. Guan Zhong was also praised as a famous figure by later generations.

Sun Shu Ao

Protector of water resources in Chu State in the Spring and Autumn Period. ? Stone, name ao, word Sun Shu, number Ai Lie. The year of birth and death is unknown. People in the period of Chu thought (now southeast of Huaibin, Henan Province). It's an official who makes Yin. In about 605 BC, the earliest canal system project in China, the irrigation area on the 4th floor, was built under the supervision of the 4th floor (now east of Henan Mall), which is equivalent to the irrigation area of the main canal in the newly-built Meishan irrigation area. According to records, he also presided over the construction of Shaopi (now Anfengtang, Shou County, Anhui Province) and built water conservancy projects in Jiangling, Hubei Province.

Sun Chushuai, as a son, does everything, worrying but not eating. When her mother asked her why, she cried: "I am afraid of death when I see two snakes." Mother said:

"Is the snake safe today?" He said: "I heard that the two-headed snake was dead, and I was afraid that future generations would see it again, so I killed it and buried it." Mother said, "Don't worry!

It is a blessing to smell evil deeds. "(from" Jia Zi ")

When Sun Shuai of Chu was a child, he went out to play and returned home, feeling depressed and not eating. Mother asked him why,

He cried and said, "I saw a two-headed snake. I'm afraid I'm going to die." Mother said, "Where is the snake now?" . Sun Shu Ao

He said: "I heard that anyone who sees a two-headed snake will die." I am afraid that others will see it in the future and kill them and bury them. " Mother said, "No.

I'm going to be sad. I heard that God will repay those kind people. "

Priscilla (female name)

Thyme, also known as Thyme or Thyme, is called xi. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Guo Yu (now Pinglu North, Shaanxi Province) was born. Date of birth and death is unknown. Qin Mugong is a noble minister and a famous politician.

In his early years, he was poor and sleepy and lived in exile. Before being captured by the State of Jin, he traveled to Qi, Zhou, Yu, Guo and other countries, which made him familiar with the folk customs, geographical conditions and mountains and rivers of various countries, and prepared the necessary conditions for him to plan Qin Mugong's eastward advance. The wandering life and bumpy experience in his early years made him suffer and witnessed the tragic situation of the lower class, which had a positive impact on his later career as a doctor in Qin State and on his people-oriented thought.

Priscilla moved to Yuzhou to be a doctor. In five years (655 BC), the state of Jin attacked Guo by taking advantage of danger, and the doctor publicly remonstrated "insulting teeth". Yu Jun accepted Jin Xiangong's "Baoyu" and a famous horse's "surrender" and agreed to the State of Jin. Prissy knew that Yu Jun was incompetent and difficult to discipline, so she kept silent. As a result, Jin destroyed Guo, and when he came back, he was destroyed again, and Prissy was captured. Later, she married her daughter, and Prissy was sent to Qin as a courtier. Ashamed of this, he fled from Qin to Wan (now Nanyang, Henan) and was caught at the border of Chu. Qin Mugong heard that Priscilla was clever and wanted to redeem him at a high price, but fearing that the Chu people would not agree, he sent someone to say to the Chu people, "My minister Priscilla is not here. Please redeem him with five sheepskins. " The Chu people agreed to return Prissy to the State of Qin. When Prissy returned to the State of Qin, Qin Mugong personally unlocked the prison for him and asked him about state affairs. Prissy refused to say that she was the minister of national subjugation, and it was not worth asking. Qin Mugong said: "Yu Jun didn't use his son, so he died. This is not a crime." Qin Mugong and Priscilla talked about state affairs for a few days. Qin Mugong appreciated him very much and awarded him the title of "Dr. Wu Duan". By this time, he was over 70 years old.

During his visit to Qin Dynasty, Priscilla managed the country internally, educated the world and benefited the people. As a minister of a vassal state, Priscilla doesn't need chariots and horses for work, umbrellas on hot days, chariots and horses for walking in the capital, and armored guards. This plain and simple conduct not only sets an example for officials, but also touches the people with practical actions. It was really commendable at that time and won the praise and respect of people at that time. By the time he died, "Qin men and women cried, the boy didn't sing, and the spring people didn't agree."

In terms of employing people, Priscilla recommends talented and virtuous sages. In his early years, he traveled all over the country, met a saint, Uncle Jian, and got his help. At this time, on his recommendation, uncle Jian was regarded as a doctor and discussed state affairs, which played a great role in the prosperity and achievements of Qin State.

In diplomacy, Priscilla convinced people with virtue, established the prestige of Qin State, and laid the foundation for Qin Mugong's hegemony. In the 13th year of Qin Mugong (647 BC), the State of Jin was in famine and asked the State of Qin for food aid. Asked what ministers should do, some people think they should take the opportunity to attack Kim. Priscilla disagreed that "natural disasters are prevalent, and so are countries." Disaster relief, sympathy for neighbors, Taoism. "Finally, Qin Mugong took Priscilla's advice and sent food to the State of Jin. The grain carriers of the State of Qin came from Yongdu to Jiangxi (now southeast of Yicheng, Shanxi) in an endless stream. This is the famous "boating" in history. The people of Jin ate life-saving food, and they were all grateful for the kindness of Qin.

In the thirty-third year of Qin Mugong (627 BC), Qin Mugong took advantage of Jin Wengong's death in an attempt to set foot in the Central Plains. Ignoring the advice of Priscilla and Uncle Jian, they sent Meng, the son of Priscilla, and Uncle Jian's son to the west for help, and sent Bai to attack Zheng. The result was stopped by the Jin army, the Qin division was completely annihilated, and three Qin Jun generals were captured. Later, the three generals were released, and Qin Mugong said to them, "What's the crime of being alone and insulting the third son and not talking about it?" It is a great pity to think of the advice of Prissy and others.

As the Prime Minister of Qin Mugong, Prissy participated in all political affairs. During his tenure as prime minister, Qin people attributed him to several important events that Qin established national prestige, and his reputation was full of praise. In Qin Xiaogong during the Warring States Period, some people praised Bai Xixi in front of the Prime Minister, saying that "five doctors were the Prime Minister of Qin". In the past six or seven years, there were three major events: First, the "Three Kings of the State of Jin", and Jin ascended the throne with the help of the State of Qin. Later, the anti-Qin was captured and sent back by Qin; Jin Wengong ended his exile and asked the country to inherit the throne, which was also escorted from Qin by the army. Second, the story of "Saving the State of Jing (Chu)" is unknown in history. "Searching for Historical Records" refers to the events that will promote and save Chu and the last Zhou Dynasty in the twenty-eight years (the first 632 years) in the Chronicle of Twelve Governors of Historical Records. Third, "teach the seal, and the Ba people pay tribute; Shide vassal, and Baron came to serve; Please see-Chi Yi Jie ",in order to appease all ethnic groups in China, and Rongdi was attached to it, thus achieving the great cause of dominating Xirong. In particular, Yu's entry into Qin was the key to Qin's reign in Xirong, which was also attributed to the moral and political influence of Balixi, showing the Qin people's yearning for Balixi.

As an outstanding politician, Priscilla made brilliant achievements in her later years. With his extraordinary intelligence and superior strategy, he made this secluded corner of Qin more and more powerful and played an important role in obtaining the hegemony of Qin State. Just like Confucius' comment in Historical Records, "Qin, although the country is small, has great ambitions; Although the place is a monarch, the route is right. Holding five cangue (that is, prissy), Jue Dafu ... "From this point of view, although Kelly is also, his bullying is small. "In the Qin Dynasty, obviously, in the Spring and Autumn Period, it was praised by people of insight to ensure internal and external security, enrich the national strength of Qin State and lay the foundation for hegemony and reunification. Qin dominated Xirong, contended with Jin, and became the decisive force of vassal hegemony, all of which were completed in the period, which was the result of Mu Gong's great wisdom and great use, but it was also inseparable from Baijila's hard work. Therefore, critics praised Qin Mugong's achievements and always took the appointment of Priscilla as their great goal.