The brilliance of Confucian culture in Huang Huang Jingchu's trip to Lushan Mountain

The brilliance of Confucian culture in Huang Huang Jingchu's trip to Lushan Mountain

Lushan Mountain is one of the important cultural sites in ancient China with a long cultural tradition. There is Bailudong Academy, the earliest academy in China. Its predecessor was Lushan Guo Xue, which was built in the first year of Southern Tang Dynasty and renamed in the early Song Dynasty, ranking first among the four academies in the Song Dynasty. The post-Confucianists and Zhu lectured here, which revived the education center of Confucianism, and its scale and academic level were praised as "the best in the world", which had a far-reaching impact on the development of Confucian culture in China. Baishi Temple on the mountainside of Wulaofeng was originally the "Lee's Mountain House". Li Chang, a famous scholar in the Song Dynasty, devoted himself to this research and copied more than 9,000 volumes. It is known as the "Library of Song Dynasty" on Lushan Mountain and enjoys a high reputation in history.

Zhu Fuxing Bailudong Academy.

Bailudong is under Haihui Temple at the southeast foot of Wulaofeng, more than ten miles away from Xing Zi County. According to Dong Zhi, "The people in Bailudong are also Tang Libo's reading office. In the first year of Zhenyuan in Tang Dynasty (785), Bo and his brother went to Lushan Mountain, and Bo raised a white deer, which was very tame and often followed. Known as Mr. Bailuyuan. " Legend has it that Li Bo studied hard day and night here, and a fairy deer in Wulaofeng was moved to come here to accompany him to study, take ginseng for him, shelter him from the wind and rain, and buy pens, ink and paper for him in town. When Li Bo became a secretariat and visited Lu Xian again, he was gone. This place is surrounded by mountains, such as in a cave, so it is called Bailu Cave. After Li Bo was appointed as Jiangzhou Secretariat, he built terraces in his secluded place and became famous. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, many scholars came here to study and discuss. Yan Zhenqing's grandson Cui Yan led more than 30 disciples to teach in the Confucian Classics Cave. In the first year of Southern Tang Dynasty (937-942), there was a "Lushan Guo Xue", with imperial academy Jiujing as the cave owner, and students gathered to give lectures. At the beginning of Song Dynasty, Bailudong was renamed Academy, which was the first of the four academies in Song Dynasty.

Jiangxi Lushan Bailudong Academy

Academies flourished in Song Dynasty. Generally, well-known scholars give lectures at scenic spots in the mountains. They adopted a variety of learning methods, such as individual learning, mutual question and answer, collective explanation and so on. They mainly study Confucian classics and occasionally discuss current politics, which has a great influence on academic development. Due to the decline of the country and the chaos of war, Bailudong Academy was in ruins in the Southern Song Dynasty. During the period, Zhu was appointed as the garrison commander of Nankang (now county), and wrote to the court many times, actively advocating reconstruction, and finally got the support of Xiaozong. After Bailudong Academy was restored, Zhu personally gave lectures here and re-formulated the study rules. Since then, it has flourished and has been hailed as "the first in the country" and has become a model of the academy.

Bailudong Academy is very big, just like a mountain city. There are more than 360 original classical buildings, with all kinds of halls, pavilions, lotus pond bridges and archways.

The main building of the Academy, the Ritual Temple, was a hall where students worshipped Confucius, and the wall was engraved with a portrait of Confucius painted by Wu Daozi. Next to Shensi Garden, there is an old osmanthus tree, which was handed down by Zhu. The words "osmanthus fragrans planted by hand" are written on the tablet beside the tree. Tangui Academy has a path leading to the stele gallery, and there are more than 130 stone carvings between the walls, including Zhu's hand-made academic rules of the Academy, as well as previous Chinese architecture and celebrity calligraphy. Among them, Xia Zi's Ballad in Bailudong is the most famous. County annals have been recorded for nine years. A poor Taoist priest visited and borrowed pen and ink from college students to write poems. The boy saw that the man was down and out and ignored him. The Taoist priest picked up the cattail grass on the screen wall and wrote the Song of Bailudong, which was handed down from generation to generation because of its fresh poetry and vigorous brushwork. Song said, "When Bailu Cave was built, it was next to the Five Old Peaks. At the age of five, before the sky was full, I saw heavy clouds on earth. I want beautiful, green hibiscus. Raise your hand, the stone fan is half open, and the green jade girl welcomes you. The wind and thunder are faint and deep, leaning against the tree cliff to smell the clock. Outside the cave gate, hundreds of pine trees turned into Millennium black dragons. Ride a black dragon, ride a white deer, drink spring water, and serve cheese. Who wants to stay in an empty mountain? The empty mountain is my home, and I read a volume of "Huang Ting" on the stone. " Self-funded publication of "Xia Zi real people compiled Pu Wei Shu".

Bailudong Academy has a beautiful garden and many buildings, such as the Royal Pavilion, Yihuatang and Qisheng Temple. Shi Xiu has beautiful spring scenery and towering ancient trees, which is really a good place to study. Yuan Mei, a poet in the Qing Dynasty, wrote the poem "White Deer Cave": "Shaoshishan people live in the old thatched cottage, separated by the dynasty. A loose door, covered with a canopy, five old clouds are reading. Bailuyuan Fairy Trail is far away, and Qingdeng Lecture Hall is empty. Where to find a fine house in the world, it is better to drown in the grass. " In modern times, Wei Yuan also wrote about his scenery, praising Zhu's great achievements: "The water recovers the name of the cave, and the sound of reading in the depths of white clouds. Under the towering peak, there are towering trees. Who is Song Tao's love? "

Zhu (1 130— 1200) was born in Wuyuan, Huizhou (now Jiangxi). He was a famous philosopher and educator in the Southern Song Dynasty. He is a representative figure of "Neo-Confucianism in Zhu Cheng" and was posthumously regarded as benefiting the public. People call it Zhu. Its academy norms have been implemented for a long time, which has a far-reaching impact on future generations. The Ming and Qing Dynasties were regarded as authentic masters of Neo-Confucianism and the main gods worshipped by academies.

Zhu is knowledgeable and has a bright future. In the White Deer Cave Rules, he defined his main points of scholarship as: "erudition, interrogation, discernment and persistence." There is a legend that "Zhu eats books", saying that he once said that "the first rule of Bailudong Academy is to eat books". "There are two common ways to eat. One is that people eat, so they should chew and savor carefully. First, cows eat, chew, and then ruminate. " "Only people who eat it are ignorant, and only cows who eat it are knowledgeable and not expert." So it is better to use both methods. He advocated thinking more, pointing out: "didn't the ancient sages teach people to learn, that is, to let them explain their righteousness and reason, to cultivate their morality and cultivate their nature, and then to push themselves and others?" They don't just want to record their own affairs as lyrics for fame and gain. Learning today is just the opposite. " He annotated many Confucian classics, such as The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Daxue, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Book of Songs, The Book of Changes and Songs of the South, and put forward many incisive opinions. Some notes have become compulsory teaching materials for future generations of students, which has a great influence. He edited Cheng Cheng's suicide note and promoted Cheng Yi's Neo-Confucianism. His class notes were later compiled by students into 140 Zhuzi genre. Zhu emphasized the "three cardinal guides and five permanents", "preserving justice and eliminating human desires", and tied the development of human nature with feudal ethics, which was very beneficial to maintaining feudal autocracy, but his extensive knowledge was admirable. "Zhuzi Xue" became one of the contents of later Chinese studies. In Japan, "Zhuzi Studies" is also quite popular. During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, Qin Wang, the magistrate of Nankang, dug a hole behind Zhuzi Cave, and He Zhuo, the magistrate, put a carved stone deer in it, which shows people's reverence for Zhu Xi and Bailudong Academy.

Later generations also built more than 30 pavilions in places where Zhu lectured, studied and visited. The most famous ones are Pavilion, Self-purification Pavilion, Dudui Pavilion, Fengyun Pavilion, Liuhe Pavilion and Baihua Pavilion. In Qingquan Rock, there are triangles, quadrangles, hexagons, octagons, sectors, circles and clubs under the green trees and bamboos. For example, "Penglai Pavilion" is built on a cliff stone carving that flows through. Zhu often sits around the stone carving with him and sings in the stream. The "Quanfeng Yunhe Pavilion" was built in the west of the reading desk. Zhu and his students often come here to enjoy the beautiful scenery of the sea of clouds and canyons. The pavilion in the cool breeze reminds people of Zhu's poem "Forty Uncle Bailu was endowed with rhyme";

The source of the ancient poem "Glory of Confucian Culture": If you think of the sages, the Millennium remains still exist. Pretend the pavilion is green and answer this song. Zhu Lang is determined to study hard, but Lao Zi is incompetent but sleepy. There are many famous musicians in China. Don't talk nonsense, and seek longevity.

Ouyang Xiu and Lushan High Stone Carved Poems

On the ninety-nine Pangu Road in Lushan Mountain, there is a huge inscription "Lushan Mountain High". Ouyang Xiu's poems are magnificent, and his poems are bold and simple. Huang Tingjian spoke highly of this poem, and his postscript said: "The beauty of Lushan Mountain is not only in Ouyang Wenzhong's poems, but also in the eyes of literati." Extremely admired.

Ouyang Xiu, a native of Luling, Jiangxi Province (now Yongfeng, Ji 'an), is a famous writer of ancient prose, whose style of poetry is similar to his prose, and his language is fluent and natural. This poem "The Height of Lushan Mountain" was an ancient poem he gave to his friend Liu Zhongyun when he lived in seclusion in Lushan Mountain. Huan, the word Ningzhi, is from Gao 'an, Jiangxi. At the same time, he is a scholar with Ouyang Xiu. His official is Shang Ling, and he is honest. At the age of 50, he abandoned his official position and retired to Luoxingwan, Nanxingzi County (formerly Nankang) of Lushan Mountain. Ouyang Xiu admired him very much, and wrote "Lushan Mountain returned to Liu Zhong Yunankang in the same year". His poem says: "Lushan Mountain is high, thousands of miles away. Hundreds of miles from the root plate, the Yangtze River stands tall. The dragon came and went to Jiangxi, for Yang Lan and Zuo. Hong Tao waves collided day and night, and the clouds stopped and the wind stopped water. Looking from a distance on the shore, the upper body is black and the lower body is heavy. Try to climb the stone windowsill and peep at the empty windowsill in the meantime. Thousands of rocks and valleys are surrounded by pine, cliffs and boulders fly. The sound of water shocks people's ears, and snow scatters stones in June. It is always a pleasure for Xian Weng to release his son. I hate his illusion of learning. But I saw the reflection of a pavilion on the blue wall of Danya, and the morning bell and dusk drum filled the tall building. Flowers and plants, I don't know their names. The wind and dew wet the fragrant valley, and sometimes white cranes fly in pairs. I can't find it far away, so it hurts. I admire you for buying fields and building houses, planting rice seedlings and making wine. If you want the floating orchids to be warm and green, sit and lie opposite the porch window. Jun Huai Lei has a treasure, and the secular does not distinguish between high and low. After ten years in Li Er, the blue-and-white head was trapped in one country. You can't indulge in fame and fortune, because it's not that Qingyun Baishi has deep meaning, so why fall? My husband is as strong as a gentleman, so I want to say that he has a pen as big as a long pole. " This is really a good poem with feelings and words. No wonder Wang Yangming wants to write books and carve stones.

Ouyang Xiu's hometown is Shaxi, Yongfeng County, Ji 'an, Jiangxi Province, where there is the Western Palace. It is said that Ouyang Xiu studied and gave lectures here. This palace is a three-story building with eaves, pavilions, carved beams and painted buildings, which is very spectacular and has been well preserved so far. Ouyang Xiu's handwritten "Longgang Clamp Watch" is still preserved in the palace. This is an epitaph written 60 years after his father died. In the fifth year of Emperor Youdi (1053), Ouyang brought back Qingzhou Stone from Yingzhou, Henan Province when he was repairing the tomb. It is 2.3 meters high and has 1 133 characters. His writing style is fresh and simple, and his calligraphy is vigorous and powerful. This is a very precious cultural relic. The bust of Ouyang Xiu is still preserved in the palace. Legend has it that when transporting this monument through Poyang Lake, the Dragon King wanted to see the "money watch", and Ouyang Xiu ordered someone to throw the monument into the lake. When the Dragon King read that "it is better to raise it than to sacrifice it", he was surprised and caught a few words.

Ouyang Xiu was born in a poor family in his early years, lost his father in his childhood, and studied under the care of his widowed mother. 1030 After entering the Jinshi, he befriended Mei and others, participated in the innovation movement of Fan Zhongyan and others, advocated the reform of the official system, and was later demoted to be the magistrate of Chuzhou and successively served as the magistrate of Yangzhou and other places. 1054, fellow initiates Song Qi initiated the Book of the New Tang Dynasty. 1057, presided over the Jinshi examination as a bachelor of Hanlin, abolished the empty and gorgeous parallel prose system, and admitted talents such as Su Shi, Su Zhe and Ceng Gong. Ouyang Lixiu advocated the innovation of poetry and prose, was the core figure of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, and had great influence in the literary world. He said that most of his articles were written in three places (immediately, on the pillow and on the toilet). He wrote more than 500 essays in his life, all of which were prepared, and he was a pioneer in the creation of notes in the Song Dynasty. His masterpieces, Zuiweng Pavilion, Fengle Pavilion and Qiusheng Fu, are all distinctive and have been handed down to this day. Legend has it that when he was writing Zuiwengting Ji, in order to make it better, he copied six manuscripts and posted them at the gates of various cities to solicit opinions from everyone. Every time Ouyang Xiu writes an article, he has to stick it on the wall and recite and revise it repeatedly. Now this article has been revised many times, and people say it is very good, so they can't make any suggestions for revision. Until the evening, an old man named Li came, holding a pole and a rope. It turned out to be a woodcutter. Ouyang Xiu hurried down for advice. The old man said, "every sentence of this article is true, but the beginning is too wordy." So Ouyang Xiu recited the beginning of the article: "Chuzhou is surrounded by mountains, with Wulong Mountain Scenic Resort in the east, Dafeng Mountain in the west, Huashan Mountain in the south, Mibai Mountain in the north, its southwest peaks, and You Mei ..." The old man said, "Stop, that's the problem." Ouyang Xiu suddenly realized: "Is it necessary to name these mountains?" The old man nodded and said yes, and Ouyang Xiu revised it accordingly, just saying that "the Chu River is surrounded by mountains". Later, he personally went to the old man's hut to pay a return visit, and brought the word "Owen Su" written by Su Dongpo-"The Drunken Pavilion". Later, when Ouyang Xiu went to Yangzhou to be a satrap, he invited Li Lao to Pingshantang for a drink twice. In memory of Ouyang Xiu, Enjiang Town, Yongfeng County, Jiangxi Province built a "Zhuangyuan Building" in the Southern Song Dynasty, which is still there today. In his later years, Ouyang Xiu named himself "61 Jushi", which means "My family has 10,000 books, including 1,000 stone inscriptions, a piano, a chess game, and often a pot of wine", and "I am the Weng", which shows that he never tires of learning elegance and rhyme.

Near the Western Palace, there are his parents' graves, as well as Longjiang Academy, Huolou, Baoxin Garden and other historical sites. The Baoxi Courtyard has Ouyang Xiu's "Inscription of Shaxi Baoxi Courtyard": "In order to love Jiangxi, I often praise northerners with poems. In frosty days, green trees turn into maple leaves, and white water and autumn wind blow rice and flowers. Brew, sprinkle, cook chicken, stay drunk, weave bamboo all over the mountain. Wild monks are unhappy and burn incense and sit in knots all day long. "

Wang Yangming and village women are talking about poetry by the lake.

Wang Yangming, the capital of the Ming Dynasty, stationed troops in Poyang Lake to capture the rebellious Ning Wang Zhu.

One evening, after a heavy rain, Wang Yangming was walking by the lake. When he saw a mountain grazing like cattle on the east side of haihui town under the Five Old Peaks of Lushan Mountain, he casually recited two poems: "Anren lays on the railing and looks at the lonely cow leaning on the mountain." He asked his entourage who could join the next sentence, but no one answered for a long time. At this time, a woman on the roadside heard it and said, "I can try." Wang Yangming was greatly surprised and said, "Go ahead." The woman said calmly, "I can't stand the whipping of the shepherd boy, but the countryside is deserted and idle." Wang Yangming was even more surprised. The profound satire and ingenious conception of these two poems are simply amazing. So I asked my entourage to give her some money to thank her and asked her how she learned to write poetry. The woman said, I am a farmer under the five old peaks, and I want to go back to my mother's house and pass by Poyang Lake. Shi Niu Shan usually learns a lot of folk songs and ancient poems. Wang Yangming asked her to sing another song, and she soon sang: "Cui Weishi Niu, a strange stone, has been standing by the river for thousands of years. The wind has blown it all over, and the rain has washed its sweat. The grass can't control its mouth, but a whip can't turn back. So far, there is no rope on the nose, and the world is not closed at night. "

Chinese and foreign books collection

Lushan Library is very distinctive. There are many rare books in the collection of more than 300,000 volumes, especially ancient books and foreign language books.

1899 or so, Lushan established a public library with thousands of books. Before arriving in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Lushan Library collected more than 20,000 books and newspapers 10, all in foreign languages, serving foreigners. Later, the collection was increased, and now there are more than 3 1000 volumes of foreign language documents, most of which are English original works nearly a hundred years ago. For example, the complete works of Shakespeare 1898 published in London and the English versions of Dickens, Balzac, Hugo, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky and Homer, the Chinese-English dictionary 1892 published in London and Webster's dictionary1916,65438 published in the United States.

There are more treasures in China's ancient books. Of the 54,000 ancient books, 70 are Ming edition, 1200, and 80 are Qing Kangxi edition, 1658. Some editions of Ming and Qing Dynasties prohibit the destruction of books, such as the thirty-four volumes of Compilation of History of Ming Dynasty, which was written by Wu Ruideng in the twenty-first year of Wanli of Ming Dynasty, and the destruction of books is prohibited in Qing Dynasty. The thirty-three volumes of the ancient and modern Ming Dynasty are also rare survivors of this disaster. Wu Zongci's Collection of Records is of great significance to the study of local chronicles, but its print runs are few. Some experts compiled Local Records of China and searched for this book in Beijing and Shanghai. They came across it when they were traveling to Lushan Mountain from 65438 to 0977. The earliest block-printed version is the first Shurangama Sutra, which was engraved by Zheng De in the fifth year of Ming Dynasty, and the largest one is 10,000 volumes of Ancient and Modern Books Integration and 2,559 volumes of Twenty-one History.

Lushan national treasure

Lushan Museum is located between Lushan Building and People's Theatre in the southwest of Guling.

There are many precious cultural relics in the museum, including bronzes from 2000 to 3000 years ago, ceramic artworks of past dynasties and many famous paintings and calligraphy treasures. From Neolithic painted pottery to Han celadon, Sui white porcelain, Tang tricolor, Song Yingqing, Yuan blue and white porcelain, as well as modern porcelain bottles and glazed porcelain, everything is available.

In the meantime, The High Map of Lushan Mountain was written by Shen Zhou (1427— 1509), the founder of Wu Pai, the leader of the four major painting schools in Ming Dynasty. He skillfully looked up at Xianglu Peak Waterfall with smaller figures to show the grandeur of Lushan Mountain. This is his birthday work for his teacher Ansing Chen (1467) when he was 4 1 year old. It is magnificent.

The Map of Three Gorges Bridge in Lushan Mountain (90 cm wide and 247 cm long) was painted in the ninth year of Ming Dynasty (15 14) when fleeing from Ning and passing through Lushan Mountain. It was the middle of winter, and it was very cold on the mountain. He painted the bleak scenery around the Three Gorges Bridge (Guanyin Bridge) on the south slope of Lushan Mountain, only to see the distant mountains deserted and the trees withered. The poem on the painting reads: "On the Three Gorges Bridge in front of Kuanglu Mountain, rapids splash and dragons jump. If you have to, the old trees will be bleak and windy. " Poetry, calligraphy and painting set each other off into interest, and sincerity is the three must.

Five hundred arhats is the representative work of Xu, a folk painter in Qing Dynasty. It was painted in the fifty-first year of Kangxi (17 12) and took six years. * * * There are 200 paintings, each 8 feet long and 4 feet wide. Lohan's figure, movements and postures in his paintings are all different, such as "going to the meeting in the Heavenly Palace", "almsgiving", "crossing the sea to learn from the scriptures" and "drawing water from the holy mountain". Lohan is more than one meter tall and about one foot tall. Characters are all flesh and blood, especially the eyes of characters are flexible and changeable, as if they are always looking at you. There are abundant birds and animals, flowers and plants, pine and bamboo, rivers and seas, the sun and the moon, ghosts and gods in the painting. 19 18 Kang Youwei visited Lushan Mountain to watch this painting, and immediately inscribed it in the painting "Mouth Samadhi", calling it "the treasure of Lufu Town Mountain".

The museum also collects rubbings of Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan, Mi Fei and Huang Tingjian. There is a huge calligraphy scroll, which reads "Wang Xizhi's book in Yonghe in the spring of 19 1 1 year". Because Wang Xizhi loves geese, people regard this figure as a king's work. Actually, it was written by later generations, with inscriptions by Su Dongpo, Mi Fei, Fan Zhongyan, Zhu, Wen Tianxiang, Zhao Mengfu and Fang Xiaoru, which is also suspicious. It is said that there is also a banner of Zheng Banqiao in the early Qing Dynasty in the museum: "I am still a scholar when I am old, and Laiyang has an old home to tidy up. Wusha is not a mountain tool. Bring a pointer and a clapper. " Lin Zexu's couplet: "Flowers enter the curtain, trees are blue walls;" The fragrance of Qin Yun Liu Ge's tea spread throughout the court. "