When was the heyday of Tang poetry?

In the first year of Kaiyuan in the Tang Dynasty (7 13), Xuanzong ascended the throne, and the economy and culture of the Tang Dynasty experienced unprecedented prosperity. Outstanding performance in the increase in household registration, price decline, commercial development. In the early years of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan, the national household registration was less than 3 million. In the 14th year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (726), according to the statistics of the household department, there were 76,009,565 households, which more than doubled in one hundred years. Food is as cheap as "15 yuan for rice in Luoyang, the eastern capital", and only three counties, namely, Qinghai and Qi, cost 200 yuan for a silk horse. At this time, the sky is vast, "the roads are lined up, and people who eat wine." There are post donkeys in the shop, and they travel thousands of miles without holding a ruler. Global revenue is more than 2 million, and Xiaomi is more than 9.8 million. A total of 7.4 million horses, over 800,000 donkeys1800,000 and over 350,000 donkeys1350,000 were allocated. "Second, Du Fu's" Reminiscence of Time Past "vividly describes this scene:" Reminiscence of Time Past, when Kaiyuan was at its peak, there were still thousands of families in the small town. Rice is fat and white, and public and private warehouses are rich. There are no wolves and tigers on the road in Kyushu, which is a good day to travel. Wan Qi and Liu Mao are in the driving class, ploughing men and knitting women. "With the development of productive forces, the commercial economy in the Tang Dynasty was also quite active. At that time, Chang 'an, Luoyang, Yangzhou, Guangzhou, Yizhou and Dunhuang were all famous trading cities at home and abroad. Wang Yuanbao, Guo and Yang Chongyi of Chang 'an were business tycoons at that time. Based on their wealth, they tried to participate in political power. " The imperial edict prohibits official and business contacts, and the name of the period is often from the door because of the dispute over gifts and gifts. Coupled with the frontier activities of Tang Gaozu, Emperor Taizong and even Wu Zetian, the territory of the Tang Dynasty was very vast in the Kaiyuan era, with the sea in the east and south, the Aral Sea in the west, Lake Baikal and the upper reaches of the Yenisei River in the north, Xing 'an Mountains in the northeast, the Sea of Okhotsk in the southwest, and Yunnan and Guangxi in the southwest. At that time, it became the most powerful, affluent and advanced country in the world and the economic, political, legal and cultural center of Asia. There are merchant ships from Persia, China and Tianzhu in the south, and Japanese envoys and overseas students in the east. Musicians and artists from Central Asia also flocked from the Silk Road. In this environment, officials' families and ordinary people are more receptive to new things than in the past, and their horizons and minds are broader. They are dissatisfied with the established reality, pursue new things with a positive and enterprising spirit, and are eager to do greater things. Most people cultivate their children from an early age, so that they can accumulate knowledge and make progress. Wang Wei was able to write articles when he was 9 years old. 15 years old left "My friend mica barrier" and "Crossing the Tomb of the Emperor of Qin". Li Bai was a teacher at the age of 5, watched hundreds of schools at the age of 65,438+00, learned sword at the age of 65,438+05, and took his works to visit Yizhou Zhifu Stone at the age of 65,438+09. Su Xiang was a famous prose writer at that time. He saw Li Bai's poems and praised them greatly. He said to his colleagues, "This son is a genius. He never stops writing ... He has learned a lot and should keep pace with him." Du Fu began to write poems at the age of seven, and by the age of nine, he had written a big pocket full of calligraphy. Moreover, their works have surpassed the freshness and emotional eagerness of the "four great masters" in the early Tang Dynasty, showing a huge atmosphere unique to the prosperous Tang Dynasty, such as Wang Wei's poem "Nine Gates of Heaven Expose the Palace Que, and many countries bow their pearls", Li Bai's "Dapeng rises with the wind one day, rises to nine Wan Li, and can still gush when the wind breaks", as well as Du Fu's Carving Fu and Li Bai's.

Taoism and Buddhism flourished in the middle of the Tang Dynasty, and the manor system further developed, which provided conditions for rangers, immortals, seclusion and pastoral poetry. The emperor of the Tang Dynasty identified Laozi as the ancestor and advocated Taoism. When Emperor Gaozong became emperor, he was honored as Emperor Xuanyuan. Xuanzong was good at Taoism, and soon after he ascended the throne, he ordered the establishment of Xuanyuan Huangdi Temple in Beijing, East and West, and listed the classics such as Tao Te Ching and Zhuangzi as the required books for scholars. In the third year of Tianbao (744), the Xuanyuan Temple, which was built all over the Woods, was changed into the Purple Pole Palace. His two sisters (Princess Xi Ning and Princess Xi Ning) and the daughter of Prime Minister Li both became nobles. Wang, Pan, Sima, and senior famous Taoist priests were all given preferential treatment by the emperor. In this way, not only many bureaucrats worship Taoism, but also have close ties with believers, and many people simply become monks. Buddhism also penetrated into the homes of ordinary people in the Tang Dynasty. Tang Zhongzong once "let the Zen master Puyi replace Shen Xiu, the leader of the Northern Sect of Zen, to unify his followers". Wang Wei's family has a strong Buddhist atmosphere. His mother, a disciple of Puji, has been "eating brown vegetables, observing precepts and meditation, and enjoying going up the mountain" for more than 30 years. Wang Wei was influenced by Buddhist thought since childhood. His name is Wei, and his words are very touching. Together, it is the name of a famous Buddhist in Buddhist scriptures. With the economic development and wealth accumulation in the Tang Dynasty, land annexation developed slowly, which gradually contributed to the prevalence of manor system. There were official manor, royal manor, bureaucratic manor, landlord manor, Taoist manor and Buddhist temple manor in the Tang Dynasty. In addition to manor houses and fields, there are orchards, vegetable gardens, mills and car workshops. Tenants and artisans produce daily necessities for the manor owners, making the manor an independent economic unit. The development of manor system provides an economic foundation for intellectuals who have no political outlet or are tired of officialdom. They live in the manor, waiting for the price to be sold. If the political situation is good, they will go to the official position, otherwise they will eat hard and make a greater reputation. Once, Sima Chengzhen was called into the palace and returned to the mountain temple. Lu Zangyong pointed to Zhong Nanshan and said, "This place has great benefits." Sima Cheng said unhurriedly, "In my opinion, being an official is a shortcut." I discovered the real intention of many literati to live in seclusion. Lu Zang once called the left to pick up the bones, Zheng Pusi served as the secretary supervisor, and when the country offered wine, they all lived in seclusion. The spirit of Taoism and Buddhism is good, and the material guarantee of manor system makes the pastoral poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty extremely prosperous. The rise and prosperity of landscape pastoral poetry, represented by Wang Wei and Meng Haoran, became a side of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Many of Li Bai's poems about wandering immortals and chivalrous men are also produced in this way. Good Taoism and good Buddhism not only make people yearn for the countryside, but also make people temporarily take off their personality masks, degenerate and soothe the pain caused by the frustration of officialdom. He, Li Wei, Li, Cui Zongzhi, Li Bai, Zhang Xu and Jiao Sui. Known as the "Eight Immortals of Drinking", they all boldly drown their sorrows by drinking and write their own works in this atmosphere. Even Du Fu, who never forgets the monarch at every meal, dares to sing the poem "How wrong the Confucian crown is".

The frontier open policy and civil war inspired the enthusiasm of literati and celebrities to serve the country, and also prompted them to think deeply about the connotation of just war and unjust war. Vast frontier poems and shocking war poems have become another Hong Tao in the poetry of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Tang Xuanzong used the wealth accumulated and praised for many years to "stir up the four foreigners", and the bonfire of war was held high at any time. Some scholars and celebrities devoted themselves to the battlefield, while others commented on the war, which made frontier fortress poems and war poems blossom. Cen Can, Gao Shi and others were directly involved in the battlefield. In the eighth year of Tianbao (749), Cen Can was recommended by Gao Xianzhi to join the army, served as the recorder of Youwei, and served as the shogunate secretary of Anxi. From Chang 'an to the west, cross Jincheng (half a state) into Hexi Corridor, cross Rouge Mountain, reach Dunhuang, then go out of Yangguan to the west, reach Turpan and Xizhou, go northbound via Lop Nur, and pass Qiuci (Kuqa), Yinshan, tiemenguan and Anxi nursing homes. He said: "Wan Li served the king without asking for anything; I also know that walls are bitter, so what are you looking for a wife for? ! ""My husband is not rich in his thirties, so he can keep his pen and ink inkstone all day "; "Fame only comes from horses. It' s a hero' s husband. " In the army, he left many poems. His Bai Xuege, Journey to Sichuan and Song of Luntai became the swan songs of frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Gao Shi served in Longyou with Ge and recovered the Jiuqu area of the Yellow River with him. In the 14th year of Tianbao (755), after the Anshi Rebellion, he cooperated with Geshuhan to guard Tongguan. Gao Shi also has many impassioned frontier poems. Li Bai, Wang Wei, Du Fu and others commented on defeating the enemy without fighting. Only the Tianbao period is described: in the sixth year of Tianbao (747), Xuanzong ordered Gao Xianzhi to lead tens of thousands of people across the jungle to attack Tubo in Tellman and Wang Zhongsi to lead tens of thousands of people to storm Shibao City. Li Bai wrote The Battle of the South of the City, denouncing the militaristic behavior of the imperial court and treating foot soldiers as ants. In the eighth year of Tianbao (749), at the cost of 63,000 deaths, Ge captured Shibao City, which was guarded by only a few hundred people, and was made an ancient consultant. Li Bai also resentfully accused him of "taking the purple robe of the West Tubao". In the tenth year of Tianbao (75 1), our Jiannan envoy made an expedition to Nanzhao in Zhongtong, which was defeated and killed 60,000 people. Gao Xianzhi ate a big meal and suffered a big defeat. All 30,000 people died. An Lushan conquered the Khitan and suffered a crushing defeat. 60,000 people were wiped out. In the 11th year of Tianbao (752), the imperial court recruited soldiers to attack Qidan in the north and Nanzhao in the south. But "people heard that there were chaos everywhere in Yunnan, and 189 soldiers died, and they were unwilling to raise money." Yang sent the suggestion to enfeoffment the people and sent them to the military station. The travelers were indignant and their parents and wives sent their children. In this regard, Li Bai wrote 34 pieces of "Antique", Du Fu wrote "Military Vehicle Shop" to condemn it, but Gao Shi praised the war with "Li Yunnan's Poems on Manliness". In May of the 12th year of Tianbao (753), Ge defeated Tubo, pulled out Hongji, Damumen and other cities, and learned about the Jiuqu tribe. "At that time, China made great efforts to govern. From Anyuanmen West, the territory of the Tang Dynasty was 22,000 miles. Facing the Yan State, the world called the rich Longyou." Ge was criticized by Li Bai here and praised by Gao Shi and Wang Wei. Gao Shi wrote, "From Wuwei to Lintao, the doctor sent letters to the ministers under the curtain of Longyou in Hexi." Wang Wei wrote the preface to send a high judge to Hexi, describing Ge as majestic and unique at that time. In the 14th year of Tianbao (755), the Anshi Rebellion broke out, and within half a year, the rebels invaded the capital Chang 'an. Xuanzong didn't even have time to greet officials, so he hurried to Sichuan. In this war, Du Fu also completed a series of works called "History of Poetry", such as Sad Youth Class, Sad Chen Tao, Three Officials and Three Farewells. Some of the frontier poems and war review poems mentioned above are desolate and tragic, some are bold and unrestrained, some are full of grievances, and some are hidden. They formed a mighty March of the army, which injected strong masculinity into the poetry of the prosperous Tang Dynasty and made the poetry of the prosperous Tang Dynasty look colorful and prosperous.