Five mass graves in Beipiao.

The mass graves on the hillside of Guanshan Mountain are located in the second and third industrial villages of Guanshan Mountain. At that time, there were two hillsides covered with thorns and wormwood, and below were farmers' cultivated land. Two barren slopes with an area of ***472. 1 mu, with 60 mu of cultivated land below. As early as 1933 years ago, relatives of people nearby were buried on Dongshan slope, so people called Dongshan slope "Yidi" or "graveyard".

After the Japanese invaders invaded Beipiao Coal Mine, they began to plunder coal, and they couldn't wait to resume the production of Guanshan shaft and began to recruit people. Because the Japanese invaders traded their workers' lives for coal, resulting in continuous casualties of workers, the "righteous land" on the east hillside became the cemetery of the dead workers. At first, the dead workers were put in a thin-skinned coffin made of old pine and carried to Dongshan slope to bury a mound. Later, when more people died and the old pit wood was consumed, the charcoal mine owner ordered it to be buried with mats. Since then, I have died, and I have pressed my face on the spot. First, it was buried on the hillside north of Sangong Village until there was no open space. It passed through the big ditch in the middle and was buried on the hillside south of Ergong Village. By the beginning of 1937, that is, four years apart, Dongshan slope had been a mound from north to south. According to Cui, a laborer of that year, before 1937, there was only one village in Guanshan, which was built during the Republic of China. Most residents are laborers and have several large cabinets. These migrant workers are migrant workers. They live alone in "Sheikh Liao" and live with their families in a nearby house. If there are too many, they will build a shed to live temporarily. At that time, people often died, such as exhausted, sick, smoked by underground gas, falling from the roof and hanging themselves. A man named Wang drove the body from the wellhead, hospital and Liao to the east hillside in a big white mule car, where at least 2000 dead workers were buried. There are too many people buried, so people call Dongshan slope a mass grave. )。

1in the spring of 937, the labor force of Beipiao Coal Mine increased to more than 5,400 people, and the coal mine decided to build a labor house on Dongshan slope. Most of the workers' bones in the mass graves on the east hillside were moved outside the north wall.

Mass graves outside the north wall

The mass grave outside the north wall was selected before the building was built on the east hillside. This mass grave was formed in the spring of 1937. It is characterized by a large ditch with a length of 1700 m, a width of 43 m and a depth of 30 m, with a total area of 109.5 mu. The big ditch leads directly from the ravine to the west Hetao, and the water flows into the Xiaoling River. This big ditch is 3 miles away from the Guanshan shaft and 500 meters away from the north wall around the wellhead, so people used to call it outside the north wall.

The top of the ditch is a lime kiln built along the ditch, which is called "Wang Ji Grey Kiln", and the bottom of the ditch is a gathering place for a group of beggars. They dug caves of different sizes on the gully gang and camped in the caves at night. Below the cave is a collective grave. Liu Sheng, the driver, drove a big white mule car, which was full of dead workers and covered with mats. It is transported to Dagou all the year round. He drove into the ravine, and the white mule was used to it. He took the initiative to turn around and reverse the car. Liu Sheng untied the mule's belt, and when he lifted the axle, the body knocked down to the bottom of the ditch. Unfortunately, these workers were not buried after their death, but were bitten and swallowed by groups of wild dogs. Wild dogs are red-eyed, and the children of nearby farmers are afraid to play by the ditch.

After years of mountain torrents, the bones of the dead workers were crushed by the sediment at the bottom of the ditch, and some were washed into the West Hetao. After the heavy rain, white bones were scattered in the Hetao and on both sides of the river, and bodies could be seen everywhere, including the whole body. According to Jason Yang, a skilled worker and employee in the mine at that time, in less than four years (March 1937 to June 1940), at least 3,500 workers' bodies were thrown into the ditch outside the north wall.

The Japanese aggressors plundered coal crazily, and at the same time stepped up the production of Guanshan shaft, they stepped up the construction of Guanshan No.2 pit (commonly known as Nanshan pit,/kloc-0 started in February, 938, and/kloc-0 was completed and put into operation in June, 940). As a result, the required labor force increases and the mortality rate also increases. Changmei, the manager of Japanese coal mine, decided to transfer the mass grave outside the north wall to Chengzidi, because all the dead workers in Guanshan No.2 pit were transported to the north wall. In this way, the mass grave outside the north wall was transferred to Chengzidi.

Chengzidi mass grave

Chengzidi Mass Pit was formed in 1940, located in the suburb 5 miles northwest of Beipiao Carbon Mine, and it is a flat fertile soil with a scale of 20 mu. Among the five mass graves in Beipiao Carbon Mine, Chengzidi mass grave is the largest. This is not to say that it has a large area, but that it has many pits and deep pits, and many dead workers are buried. Zhang Fengxiang, who used to be a translator in Beipiao Coal Mine, said that every autumn, before it was frozen, the coal mine hired some farmers to dig holes, several rows at a time. One person comes deep, more than two meters wide and 20 meters long. This is what he saw with his own eyes.

Jiang Huamin, an old man from Beipiao Carbon Mine, once worked in Liao Office of Guanshan Carbon Mine Research Institute. He said that "Liao" is the largest single dormitory in Beipiao Coal Mine, with the largest number of workers, and 87 houses are full. Those who came first died, and those who came later soon made up for it. How many people died is really countless. Yang Xiaofeng, an old worker at that time, said that there were the most people buried in mass graves in Chengzidi, mainly for three reasons: First, Beipiao carbon mine had three carbon mining sites, and Guanshan carbon mining site produced the most coal, with the largest labor force, and many people died naturally; Second, the head of the "Sheikh Liao" single dormitory is Japanese Sasaki, who is ruthless, a living Yan, killed, electrocuted, branded with a soldering iron, killed in sacks and persecuted many people; Third, the workers in Guanshan Coal Mine went on strike several times and fled, and the Japanese invaders and the big cabinet were in chaos, so the persecution of the workers escalated gradually, and nine of the ten escaped workers died as disabled (note: Yang Xiaofeng's memories,1April 28, 999). )。

Soon after the liberation of Chengzidi mass graves, it became cultivated land, and buildings were already dotted. However, after many investigations and many witnesses confirmed that Chengzidi mass grave is indeed the largest mass grave in Beipiao Coal Mine, with more than 10,000 bodies of laborers buried.

Sanbao mass grave

Sambo, commonly known as Jianshanzi, is 9 kilometers away from Beipiao. Before mining, it was a closed ravine, remote and sparsely populated. Because of this, mass graves occupy three places, reaching 90 acres. The characteristic of this kind of mass graves is that they are rarely dug, and they are basically scattered on the mountains. From 1936 to 1945, this 90-mu land has been covered by the remains of laborers.

Two miles northwest of the Sanbao mine, there is a 20-acre Yang Shulin. Before the Japanese invaders developed Sanbaokeng, it was a "righteous field" for farmers nearby, and there were sparse graves in the forest. Since a mine in Sanbao Coal Mine dumped the bodies of laborers into the Woods, the graves of farmers have quietly moved away. The number of bodies in the Woods is increasing day by day, attracting groups of wild dogs.

Yang Shulin was occupied by the bones of laborers, and Sanbao Coal Mine College ordered it to be thrown into the kiln ditch. Yaogou is a barren hillside, in a pit 4 Li north of Sambo. The hillside is covered with thorns. This used to be a pasture for farmers to graze cattle and sheep. After throwing away the bodies of laborers, there is no one here. No one can leave. The owner of the corpse was a kind person, and he brought his own shovel and buried the corpse carelessly. But there was little soil in the ditch and too many bodies to be buried, so he covered the rows of bodies with a collar pad so that wild dogs could not tear them apart. When the owner came here again, the body covered with mats had been torn by wild dogs and chewed beyond recognition.

After a while, the hillside of Yaogou was covered with white bones again, and the General Affairs Section of Sanbao Coal Mine College found a new location-the south bank of Zhalanyingzi River, 6 miles from Sanbaokeng, near the later red brick kiln. At that time, it was a swamp, so it was impossible to get into the car in spring and summer, so the owner had to throw it along the shore, and groups of wild dogs gathered in all directions, biting and swallowing the bodies of workers. There is a path leading to Sambo by the south river, and pedestrians are almost cut off at this time. In the twelfth lunar month, a farmer selling mats in Hedong passed by with a roll of mats on his back and was seen by a group of red-eyed wild dogs. They thought the roll in the mat was a dead man, so they tore it forward, scaring the farmers to abandon the mat and flee. Mrs. Hu, who lives in Zhalanyingzi, said that at that time, going to Sanbaoxu and visiting relatives had to take a detour for fear of being bitten by wild dogs and smelling people.

According to eyewitnesses and old people who know about it, 8,000 workers died tragically in the recent years from 1936 to 1945. Most people don't even have mats after they die, and no one buries them. They are all corpses in the wilderness.

Taiji Nanshan mass grave

The mass grave of Tai Chi Nanshan was formed in 1938. During the two years from the construction to the production of the first pit in Taiji, the dead laborers were buried near Liugong Village in Taiji today. At that time, it was a wasteland, and people's ancestral graves lived nearby. The local people are complaining because more workers are buried. 1April, 938, the construction of Taiji No.2 pit started. The cemetery is too close to the pit, only 500 meters. Workers pass by on their way to and from work. Afraid of causing workers' dissatisfaction and resistance, they used this cemetery to rebuild the labor house, and the address where the workers' bodies were buried moved to Taiji Nanshan, which is now a mass grave in Taiji Nanshan.

Taiji Nanshan mass grave covers an area of 25.48 mu. It used to be a hillside. This land belongs to farmer Li. The hillside is covered with wormwood, and below it is cultivated land.

From 1938, the Japanese invaders plundered Taiji coalfield crazily. 1April, 939, No.1 pit began to produce coal, 120385 tons, 19438+094 1 year, and No.2 pit and No.3 pit were successively completed and put into operation. In recent years, because the war of aggression launched by the Japanese invaders is at a critical juncture, the plunder of coal is even crazier, the persecution of workers is even more cruel, and the number of workers killed has greatly increased. At that time, there was a special person who collected bodies in the "National Security Liao". When a person dies, he is put in the "dead man's library" first, and then pulled to a mass grave by a cart specially responsible for pulling the body. Deng, the driver who pulled the body, confirmed: Sometimes I pull the body to Nanshan mass grave twice a day, and the death of people is incalculable. In winter, there are always more than 500 bodies. More than 40 people lived on the kang opposite the east wing of the "National Protection Liao", and more than 30 people starved to death in one winter. In another room, a person who died of illness was pulled out the night before, and 27 people were found dead by coal smoke the next morning. They were pulled by carts three times and thrown into mass graves. He said that when he watched the laborers die miserably, every time he pulled a corpse, his heart was sour. (Note: Zhao: Evidence of the brutal treatment of China people by the Japanese invaders; Deng: The evil of the Japanese invaders when pulling a corpse cart. Blood feud, pages 264 and 255. )

Every autumn, Taj Coal Mine employs people to dig some pits in advance to prepare for burying the dead in winter. Li Guoqing, who once dug a mass grave in Nanshan, recalled: "I was 22 and 23 years old, and I dug a mass grave for the carbon mine in Nanshan, Taiji. I was hired by a foreign contractor in the year of landscape restoration. Find 10 people to dig holes every autumn. Let's dig a hole and give 30 cents. Each pit is one foot wide and two feet deep. Dig two or three hundred every autumn, and it will be full before spring. In the future, small pits could not be buried, so several large pits were dug and buried in piles, and several layers were buried. There are dozens of people buried in some pits, which is terrible. "

In "Serving the Country", some people were carried to a "dead bank" before they died, while others were dragged to mass graves before they died. 1943 On an autumn evening, Li Laohan, who was herding cattle to the landlord, heard a cry for help in the ravine and rushed the cattle down the mountain. In the past, I saw some wild dogs barking around a young man with bare chest and shoulders. The young man is fighting the wild dog with a stone in his hand. Li Laohan drove away the wild dog with a bullwhip and saved the young man's life. The young man was dragged into a mass grave before he died.

Of the five mass graves in Beipiao Coal Mine, only Taiji Nanshan mass grave has been well preserved. 1In May, 967, Beipiao Mining Bureau conducted a comprehensive excavation and arrangement of the mass graves in Nanshan, Taiji. The excavation and arrangement work strives to keep the original appearance without moving the bones. On the hillside of 25.48 mu, more than 6,500 remains of laborers have been excavated. As long as you dig the surface, you can see the shining bones.

During the excavation, it was found that the Japanese invaders buried and disposed of the bodies of laborers in several different forms at several different stages. Several of them are single pits, the distance between the two pits is less than one meter, and there is a thin leather coffin, which can be called "arrangement", which is the primary stage. Behind it is a crowded pit with a thin-skinned coffin containing three or four to five or six bodies. In the same area of 70 square meters, more than 3 1 bone, 100, more than 200, and a pit of 60 square meters were dug out, and 240 bones were knocked down and stacked one after another. And then it was thrown into the ditch. The appearance of this form was unconditional surrender in Japan 1943 to 1945. This period was a period when the Japanese invaders were dying, and it was also the most cruel period to persecute workers, and it was also the period when the number of workers was the largest. According to the coachman who pulled the body, one car could not be pulled, and another car was added. In this case, there will be no more holes to bury. First, a small house was built under the hillside to make a "smelting furnace", and the bodies of carts were piled together. Pour "foreign oil" first, then rack firewood, fire, cremation. Finally, I think this kind of cremation is time-consuming and laborious, that is, throwing the body into a big ditch casually, dumping it at the bottom of the ditch and letting the rain wash it away. During the excavation, more than 700 bones were found at the bottom of this ditch.

The bones of the dug-up workers, some with big mouths open, seem to be calling for help and growling; Some people raise their arms as if shouting or protesting; Some bend their legs and arch their waists as if they were wriggling or struggling; Some hips are tilted and their hands are pulled forward, as if to rush out of the corpse group and want to live. It can be seen that these are all forced to die because they are not sick, or they are dragged to mass graves because they are sick and not dead.

Among the unearthed remains of laborers, there are several kinds of remains with special postures. Some people have a hole in their heads, indicating that they were injured by iron tools such as hammers and died. Some people who were urged to work were beaten in workers' homes, some were beaten by supervisors under the pit, and some were accused of "ideological crimes" and beaten by mine police and gendarmerie. Some bones are missing a leg and some bones are missing an arm. Some of them were cut off by mine police and gendarmerie with sharp weapons and blades, and some were cut off by hospital doctors after being smashed into fractures in underground accidents. Some bones have two iron wires wrapped around their waist, some bones have shackles on their feet, some bones have bones, and their lower limbs are broken everywhere. Although the body has been buried underground for more than 20 years, the blood on the fracture can still be clearly seen during excavation. How miserable these workers died, and how cruel the Japanese invaders who caused their death were!

Among the unearthed bones, there is a female bone. This is the bone of an old woman. Her son was taken to work as a laborer and was soon destroyed to death. Aunt came to see her son, but she couldn't see him. The only hope is gone, so we have to beg for a living. Wearing thin clothes and trousers, she struggled to beg along the street, telling her grievances wherever she went, accusing the Japanese aggressors and the leaders of the big cabinet of crimes over and over again. Her hands were frozen stiff, her feet were swollen, her body was numb with cold, and she died on the side of the road with tears of hatred. This is the origin of female bones.

There are more than 6,500 bones excavated from the Nanshan mass grave in Taiji, plus more than 10000 bones washed away by water, extracted by people and swallowed by wild dogs.