Author Lu Banchi introduced in detail.

According to the Lu ruler, it is one foot four inches and four minutes, eight inches between the rulers, and one inch is one inch and eight minutes. There are wealth, illness, divorce, righteousness, robbery, harm and foundation. People make doors with a ruler. If there is a single door, the small door opens two feet and one inch, and the white door equals "righteousness". The single door is eight open, two feet, eight inches and eight white, which fits on "auspiciousness" like a ruler. For people with two doors, four feet three inches and one minute, while four roads and one white door are the doors, that is, the "auspicious". If you are rich, make a fortune with four feet, three inches and eight cents. Big double door, five feet six inches six minutes wide, white, with "auspicious" on it. At present, the craftsman opens the door four feet and two inches wide, which is two black, and the general ruler is on the "Ji". And five feet six inches, then "Ji" gets two points, and Ji adds six points, which is better. Use according to law, foolproof, is a good craftsman.

[Notes]

Above, actually introduced two kinds of rulers. Ruler, that is, an arc ruler with one foot equal to one foot and one quarter of four inches, with eight inches in the middle, is called "door lamp ruler". The ancients thought that measuring the portal according to this ruler could honor the ancestors, hence the name. This ruler is divided into eight inches, and each inch is written with the meaning of good and bad luck and the corresponding divination language. It is a ruler specially used to measure the cutting opening. The other is the "curve ruler" mentioned in this paper, also known as the construction ruler, which is specially used to measure the height, width, depth and various dimensions of the house. Make a ruler. One foot is ten inches. One foot of the door light ruler is eight inches, but one inch is equivalent to one inch and eight points of the building ruler, so one foot of the door light ruler is equivalent to one foot, four inches and four points of the building ruler.

As can be seen from the picture of the True Ruler of Lu, the ruler is divided into eight inches, and one word is written on each inch, namely "wealth, illness, separation, righteousness, official, robbery, harm and luck (in some books, the word" luck "is changed to" capital "). Among them, the words "wealth, righteousness, officials and happiness" are auspicious, while the words "illness, divorce, robbery and harm" are fierce. However, not all auspicious words are auspicious, and not all bad words are vicious, which depends on the difference of Anmen objects. For example, the word "righteousness" is evil when it is placed on the gate of Xuanguan and Jingshi, while the people put the word "official" on evil. On the contrary, although the word "disease" is fierce, "safety" can turn evil into good on the toilet door. (For details, see the poems of various schools. )

The Palace Museum in Beijing has a light ruler with a total length of 46 cm, and the light ruler 1.44× 32 = 46.08 cm, which is almost the same. The ruler is 5.5cm wide and1.35cm thick. The two main faces of the ruler are divided into eight squares, which are written as follows:

Zhengcai Jupiter is sick. Saturn is away from Saturn, and Mercury is an official. Venus robs Mars and harms Venus.

On the back are Lu Xing's noble star, natural disaster star, natural disaster star, Tiancai star official, lone star, thief star and prime minister star.

Some doorsteps are marked as "one white wood" on the one-inch bar, "two black soil" on the two-inch bar, and correspondingly marked as "three-bi wood, four-Lu wood, fire, six-platinum, seven-red gold and eight-white wood". These three words show three contents: it looks like a natural number sequence, but it is actually a palace in Luo Shu, bearing north. "White" is the color of Jiugong flying white, which matches Jiugong. For more information, see the notes in the chapter "White ruler" below. Wood is the five elements of Wolf Star, the first star of the Big Dipper, and so on.

So why should the ruler be divided into eight inches? This stems from the mathematical concept in the Book of Changes-gossip. A small ruler combines the theories of "Five Elements, Eight Diagrams, Luo Shu, nine planets and Bai Zi", so it has become a magic weapon for carpenters to protect their own interests.

With the above knowledge, we can know good or bad luck by calculating the size of the door mentioned in this book. For example, a small single door, two feet and one inch, divided by one inch and eight minutes, is roughly equal to 1 1.67, 1 1.67 divided by eight is roughly four. The fourth character of the door ruler is the word "righteousness", so it is the word "righteousness", Ji. This book lists seven kinds of doors, which can be converted into "Table 8" (please refer to the original), which can prove that every word is a lucky door.

In the section of "The Stone Forest", the dimensions of the listed building doors are not only listed in table form, but also compiled into songs for easy memory:

One inch of white star and six inches of wealth and white, upright and awe-inspiring.

One foot six inches equals white money, and two feet one inch equals white meaning.

Bai Ji is two feet eight inches, Bai Ji is three feet six inches.

Five feet six inches in white, seven feet one inch in white.

Seven-foot-eight white self.

One foot and one inch, push up with white money.

This article is excerpted from the official edition of the new edition of Lu Ban Jing-Jiang Jia Jing.

(The Forbidden City Rare Series was selected in this series, and the number of skills)

[Ming] Wu Rong

Relevant building standards of geomantic omen theory. In addition to the white ruler, there are also door rulers, which are widely circulated among the people. Door ruler is a ruler used by ancient carpenters to measure and determine the size of doors. The ancients thought that the portal measured with this ruler would be magnificent, hence the name. The ruler of the door is divided into eight inches, and each inch is written with words indicating good or bad luck and its corresponding emblem, so it is also called "eight-character ruler", also known as "door ruler" and "door meter". It is also called "Lu Ban Chi" and "Lu Ban Zhen Chi" in the Official History of Lu Ban and Lu Ban Jing, and "Lu Ban Zhou Chi" in some books.

There are the following records about Lubanchi in "The Official Construction of Luban" and "The Classic of Luban", with a true scale map of Luban attached.

"Luban Architecture Formal" contains: the eight-character ruler has a bent ruler of one foot, four inches and four minutes; Its ruler is eight inches, one inch shall prevail, and one inch shall be eight points; Rich, sick, divorced, righteous, official, robbed, harmful and blessed. People make doors with a ruler.

There are "Lu Banchi Eight Poems" in the eight-character book, which are explained one by one. In some books, the word "Ji" was replaced by the word "Ben", and "Lu Ban Cun Bai Ji" said:

The rich are rich, and the sick are blessed.

The Lord of the deceased has been divided, and the righteous life is a dutiful son.

Officials give birth to your son, and robbers cause trouble.

The victim's owner was stolen and invaded, and his family was rich.

As can be seen from the above, among the eight characters of wealth, illness, righteousness, official and luck, the four words of wealth, righteousness, official and luck are auspicious, while the four words of illness and robbery are fierce. However, the use of auspicious words and inches is not always auspicious, but always fierce, and the object to be guarded. For example, it is considered ominous to install righteous characters on doors and porch doors. It is not suitable for ordinary people to install official characters on doors, and sick characters on toilet doors. In this regard, the "Lu Ban Jing" said again:

However, it is the most auspicious connection between this door and the financial door. The main entrance can only be installed in temples and schools, and the main entrance can only be installed in yamen. The rest of the folk customs only install this door and the financial door.

"Lu Banchi has a square ruler of one foot, four inches and four quarters", which tells us the conversion relationship between an eight-inch door lamp ruler and a ten-inch square ruler. According to the length of 32 cm in Ming and Qing Dynasties, there are:

Lu Banchi (door light ruler) = 1.44 building ruler.

Door lamp ruler =1.44× 32 = 46.08cm.

Door lamp inch = 1.8 building inch = 1.8× 3.2 = 5.76 cm.

The Palace Museum in Beijing has a door ruler, which is 46 cm long, which is similar to the estimated value of 46. 08 cm, which can be used to verify the records of ancient books. The ruler is 5.5cm wide and1.35cm thick. The two main faces of the ruler are divided into eight squares, and the two squares are written as follows:

Front:

Fortune Jupiter disease Saturn is far from Saturn, which means mercury.

Official Venus robs Mars and harms Venus Venus.

Back off:

Noble Star, Natural Disaster Star, Natural Disaster Star, Tiancai Star.

Guanlu Star Dugu Star Thief Star Prime Minister Star

There are five small cells on both sides of each big cell, and each small cell has auspicious or ominous sentences such as "getting rich", "getting rich", "being a thief" and "getting sick".

In addition to Lu Ban Jing, there are ten books of Yang Zhai, Bai Ji of Lu Ban Village, Record of Workshop Construction, Examples of Engineering Practice of Ministry of Industry and so on. The earliest record about Lu Banchi is Chen's "The Tale of the Stone Forest" in the Southern Song Dynasty. The Lubanchi method of the six algorithms in Volume 6 of this book is described in this section:

"Huai Nan Zi" said: If Lu Ban is defeated, the Chu people are also smart people in the world and can be used as ladders. Its ruler, based on the official ruler of one foot and two inches, is divided into eight inches, and the words are wealth, illness, separation, righteousness, official, robbery, harm and good luck; It is the master of seven stars and auxiliary stars in the Big Dipper. How to use a ruler, starting from the amount of money, whether it is ten feet or ten feet, is used within one foot; You are lucky when you meet a lucky star, and fierce when you meet a fierce star. From ancient times to the present, the creation of public and private, big and small, is the same. Be especially careful when making doors. Some people divide the official ruler into one foot and one inch, but change the auspicious word into Chinese characters, and the rest are the same. It seems that the usage of Lubanchi in Ming and Qing Dynasties is in the same strain as that in Song Dynasty. Lu Ban Jing is mainly popular in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the southeast coastal areas. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Jiangnan government recruited a large number of craftsmen to work in Beijing, so the popular light ruler spread in Beijing, which affected the design of royal buildings. In the decoration practice of Volume 41 of the Work Code of the Ministry of Industry in Qing Dynasty, 124 kinds of door sizes are listed according to the door ruler. It is divided into four major departments: Tiancai Gate, Yishun Gate, Guanlu Gate and Fude Gate. By calculating one by one, the author found that the size of the included port was indeed discharged by the door light ruler. From the research and engineering practice on the calculation of door size in Lu Banchi, we know that the former and the door size listed in Shilin Guangji are all measured from the word "wealth" and belong to a system. The portal size of "engineering practice" is measured from the word "self" (book) and belongs to another system. This difference is caused by the spread of door light ruler or the difference between teachers and students. If you don't understand this principle, you will get a bad result. Moreover, the portal sizes listed in both are building size values, which must be converted into eight-foot values when calculating and learning.

In the Ming Dynasty, "Ten Books of Yangzhai and Lu Banchi" said, "(Lu Banchi) keeps measuring the door, and the bed and room utensils should be used, inch by inch, and there are relatives who burn it." Its meaning is that the door ruler can be used not only for doors, but also for judging the size of houses and furniture. It seems that although the door light ruler is mainly used for portals, its application scope has actually expanded to the scale of courtyards and furniture.

As for the specific use of the ruler, both Lu Ban Jing and Shi Lin Guang Ji all say that the ruler is the most auspicious. Some portal sizes listed in the section "Lu Ban Zhen Zhi" in Lu Ban Jian Zheng and Lu Ban Jing are auspicious (table 1- 13):

If there is a single door, the small one opens two feet and one inch, and it is white, just like a ruler; A single door opens 2 feet 8 inches, which is 800 miles long. If you have two doors, you should use four feet, three inches and one minute, and when it is three green and one white, it will be the door, and you will be lucky. If you are a rich man, it is a good fortune to spend four feet, three inches and eight cents. Big double doors, five feet, six inches and six minutes wide, two white doors, are Kyrgyzstan. At present, the craftsman opens the door four feet and two inches, which is the second black, and the ruler is lucky. If it's five feet six inches, Kyrgyzstan is two points and six points. Preferably in Kyrgyzstan. Use according to law, foolproof, is a good craftsman.

The architectural size of the hole listed in the "Ruling Method" section of "Shilin Guangji" also combines a curved ruler and a door lamp ruler (table 1- 14).

An inch of white stars and wealth,

Six inches is white, meaningful,

One foot six inches is white money,

Two feet and one inch is white,

Two feet eight inches is white,

Three feet six inches is white,

Five feet six inches is white,

Seven feet one inch is white.

Seven feet eight inches is white,

Eight feet eight inches is white,

One foot and one inch is white money,

Push up together.

China's traditional view of the universe is a view of time and space. The use of door light ruler is no exception. The use of the door light ruler should not only combine four auspicious days, but also consider the time factor, that is, choose an auspicious day. On the one hand, the door ruler in the Forbidden City reads "There is no east gate in spring, no south gate in summer, no west gate in autumn and no north gate in winter", and on the other hand, it reads "The big moon counts from the bottom, the little moon counts from the top, the white circle is auspicious, the herringbone is harmful to people, and the ya character is harmful to livestock". This is a "time taboo", just like the "door light star" and "door light star is a foregone conclusion" in Lu Ban Jing. Some of the characters of the gate ruler are complicated and make people feel mysterious (Figure 6- 18), which can also be said to be one of the spiritual functions of the gate ruler. Fundamentally speaking, the building scale and portal scale are determined by the needs of human activities. There are certain rules in human body scale and activity space scale, and there are also certain rules in architectural scale. Meeting people's production and life needs is the material function of scale. On the other hand, in feudal society, people paid great attention to the sustenance of gods, and people longed for the support of a mysterious and just force, which was the spiritual function of scales. Although some proportional methods of traditional architecture have a strong superstitious color, they have long been combined with architectural design and operation practice, forming certain architectural laws such as modulus or proportional relationship, and even things based on science seem like theology, which is one of the characteristics of feudal society.

For example, carpenters often say: "The street gate is two feet eight, and life and death are built together." That is, the door of the house is 2 feet 8 inches (about 90 cm) wide, and the sedan chair and coffin used for family weddings and funerals can pass through. Eight inches is "eight white", eight characters are "auspicious" in terms of the number of financial words and "rich" in terms of the number of auspicious words. Although this size seems to conform to the auspicious numbers of the white ruler method and the door lamp ruler method, it actually comes from life practice.

With a little attention, it is not difficult to find that the arrangement of good and bad luck of the door ruler is very interesting, that is, one or eight inches at both ends and four or five inches in the middle are good and bad luck, which means that the arrangement of good and bad luck inches is symmetrical, and the size is always beneficial to the auspicious door, no matter from the perspective of wealth words or auspicious words. Obviously, for the door light ruler, there is a modulus relationship between a whole ruler and a half ruler, which is undoubtedly of progressive significance for architectural design.

In addition, various ruler methods mastered by ancient architects are often used as a means of struggle for existence to gain a certain social status. Since the middle of Ming Dynasty, geomantic superstition has become increasingly popular among the people, and professional geomantic omen plays an important role in the orientation, layout, setting and construction date of houses. In order to protect their remuneration from erosion, carpenters have developed and mastered the methods that cannot be replaced by Feng Shui masters, such as Lu Half-Foot Method, White Foot Method and Nine-Day Xuan Nv Foot Method. At the same time, all kinds of ruler methods with the concept of good or bad luck have also become a bargaining tool between craftsmen and employers. Song Yang Wen Gong's Yuan Tan records:

If the master doesn't care about the craftsman, the craftsman will oppress the master with the law. The wood is sharp and strong, but it will fall down if it is cut too hard. If it is, it will be fierce. It's fierce to make doors out of acacia wood.

Through various means to cause psychological pressure on homeowners and safeguard the economic interests of craftsmen. The popularity of door light ruler is also inseparable from this social background. The different systems of Lu Banchi are also due to the needs of professional competition.