Seven wonders of the new world

The Great Wall building in China has a long history and magnificent projects. The Great Wall criss-crosses the east, west, north and south, stretching and undulating on the vast land of China. It is like a dragon, crossing towering mountains, vast grasslands, vast deserts and heading for the boundless sea. According to historical documents, more than 20 vassal states and feudal dynasties built the Great Wall. If you add up the Great Wall built in past dynasties, it is about 10 Wan Li. The length of the Great Wall in Qin, Han and Ming Dynasties exceeded 1 Wan Li. China's Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Henan, Shandong, Hubei, Hunan and other provinces, cities and autonomous regions all have the remains of the ancient Great Wall and beacon towers. Among them, the Great Wall of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region alone reaches 3 Vandory.

In the Ming Dynasty, in addition to the "outer" Great Wall, the "inner" Great Wall and the "inner three passes" Great Wall were also built. The "Neiguan" Great Wall, based on the Northern Qi Dynasty, starts from Pianguan at the junction of Inner Mongolia and Shanxi in the west, Yanmenguan and Pingxingguan in the east, enters Hebei, then turns to the northeast, passes through Yuanyuan, Fangshan and Changping counties, reaches Juyongguan directly, and then reaches Huairou Siguan from north to east, and is connected with the "Outer" Great Wall, with Zijingguan as the center, showing a general north-south trend. The "Neisanguan" Great Wall is parallel to the "Inner" Great Wall in many places. In some places, the two cities are only tens of miles apart. In addition, a large number of "heavy cities" have been built. There are as many as 24 "heavy cities" around Yanmenguan.

"Because of the terrain, traffic is blocked by danger" is an important experience in building the Great Wall, which was affirmed by Qin Shihuang and recorded by Sima Qian in Historical Records. After that, every dynasty built the Great Wall according to this principle. All the passes in Guancheng are built between two high mountains and canyons or at the bend of the river. Or places that will pass by, in order to control the danger, save manpower and material resources, and achieve the effect of "one person guards it, and ten thousand people can't force it". Building castles or beacon towers is also an option in Four Essentials. As for building city walls, it is more important to make full use of the terrain. For example, Juyongguan and Badaling Great Wall are built along the back of the mountain. Some sections are very steep from the outside of the wall, but they are very gentle inside, which has the effect of "easy to defend but difficult to attack". In Liaoning Province, the Great Wall of Liaodong Town in Ming Dynasty was called the Mountain Dangerous Wall and the Split Gable, which was made by slightly splitting the steep cliff. Some places completely use cliffs, rivers and lakes as natural barriers, which can be said to be wonderful. As a great project, the Great Wall has become a precious heritage of the Chinese nation.

The defense engineering building of the Great Wall has accumulated rich experience in the construction process of more than two thousand years. First of all, in terms of layout, when Qin Shihuang built the Great Wall in Wan Li, he summarized the experience of "blocking roads because of dangerous terrain". This principle has been followed for more than two thousand years and has become an important basis for military deployment. Based on the principle of "using local materials and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude", many structural methods have been created. There are rammed earth, rubble, masonry and other structures; In the desert, the structure of willow branches, reeds and sand grains is also used, which is called "ingenuity". In today's Yumenguan, Yangguan, Xinjiang and other places in Gansu Province, this section of the Great Wall remains in the Western Han Dynasty more than 2,000 years ago.

Petra Jordan

Petra Jordan

Petra is an ancient city in Jordan. It is carved from rocks and is famous for its color. Petra is often called "the city of roses" because of its color. In fact, the rocks here are not only red, but also light blue, orange, yellow, purple and green.

The city of Petra is hidden in a narrow canyon. Buildings are carved on cliffs, and their rooms are hidden in rocks. About 3 12 BC, Nabatai people (ancient Arab tribes) settled here. The city of Petra is located on the trade road from Arabian Peninsula to Mediterranean Sea, so it has become a favorite resting place for tired travelers crossing arid rural areas.

After the ancient Romans took over Petra in A.D. 106, the city was still very prosperous. However, the importance of Petra was greatly weakened because the trade route changed later. It was finally abandoned until 18 12 years later.

Brazil Christ statue

(Brazilian Savior Christ) There is a statue of Christ on Mount Badu in Corcaud, Rio de Janeiro, which is about 38 meters high. Christ in the statue seems to be looking down at the beautiful Rio de Janeiro with deep affection. This statue of Christ, designed and created by Brazilian sea man Thor da Silva Costa and French sculptor Paul Landovsky, is one of the most famous monuments in the world. It took four years to make the giant statue, and finally the inauguration ceremony was completed on 193 1 year1October 12. The giant Christ seems to welcome tourists with open arms. Today, Christ has become a symbol of the beautiful Rio de Janeiro and the enthusiasm of Brazilians.

Ruins of Machu Picchu in Peru

Machu Picchu, Peru (Peru)

The awe-inspiring Machu Picchu was built on the ridge of Machu Picchu, which is 0/30 km northwest of Cuzco, with an altitude of more than 2,000 meters. It is the most important archaeological center in South America, so it is also the most popular tourist attraction in Peru.

On the edge of Machu Picchu cliff at the top of the mountain, people can enjoy the vertical cliff with a drop of 600 meters up to the Urubamba River. In order to eliminate altitude sickness, people can chew coca leaf, which is an aromatic grass with more functions than penicillin. 198 1 year, 32,592 hectares of land around machu picchu were listed as "historical protection areas" in Peru. This area includes not only the ruins themselves, but also the nearby landforms, animals and plants, especially the orchids produced locally.

Machu Picchu was founded by Inca ruler Pachakuti around 1440, and was inhabited until 1532 when Spain conquered Peru. Archaeological findings (interpretation of early colonial documents) show that Machu Picchu is not an ordinary city, but a rural farming place of Inca nobles (similar to Roman manor). There are huge palaces and temples dedicated to Inca gods around the courtyard, and there are other houses for maintenance personnel to live in. It is estimated that the number of people living in Machu Picchu does not exceed 750 at the peak, and even less during the rainy season when no nobles visit.

The Inca kingdom chose to build a city here because of its unique geographical and geological characteristics. It is said that the outline of the mountain behind Machu Picchu represents the Inca's face looking up at the sky, and the highest peak of the mountain, "Wana Picchu", represents his nose. The Incas thought that stones should not be cut off from the earth, so they looked around for scattered stones to build cities. Some stone buildings don't even use gypsum, and they are completely finished by precise cutting and stacking. The gap between the stones on the wall is less than 1 mm wide.

In 2003, about 400 thousand people visited Machu Picchu, and UNESCO expressed concern about the damage caused by large-scale tourism to the site. Peruvian authorities insist that this is not a problem, and the remoteness of the site will naturally restrict tourism. It has been suggested to build a cable car there, but it has not been approved so far.

The most famous work "The Peak of Machu Picchu" by pablo neruda, a Chilean poet, was inspired by Machu Picchu. He said, "I saw ancient buildings made of stones embedded among the verdant Andes peaks. The torrent since the storm has eroded the castle for hundreds of years ... "

Pyramid of Mexico

(chichen itza, Mexico) The design data of this pyramid are of astronomical significance. Its base is square with steps facing due north, due south, due east and due west, and there are 9 1 steps around it. The number of steps and terraces represent the number of days and months in a year respectively. The 52 stone tablets engraved with patterns symbolize that 52 years in the Mayan calendar is a cycle year, and these orientations are obviously well thought out.

In the east of Kukulkun Pyramid, a magnificent four-story pyramid is called the Warrior Temple. In the front and south of the temple, there is a huge square or round stone pillar, called "Thousand Pillars Group", which is used to support a huge palace. There is a supine figure at the entrance, carved from a huge stone. The ancient Mayans called it "Chakmore" statue, and behind it were two quetzalcoatl gods with big mouths. There are many stone buildings in the old town of Ithaca, Chen Chi, within a few kilometers around the central area of Fiona Fang, all of which are relics of the same era.

Ku Ku Ku Kun "is Mayan language, which means" Feather Snake Fengshen ". Ku Kuerkun Pyramid is the tallest building in the ancient city of Chenchiyi Tea, covering an area of about 3,000 square meters. It has 9 floors and the top of the tower is as high as 30 meters. Its tower foundation is square, getting smaller as it goes up, and there are 9 1 steps around it leading to the temple on the platform at the top of the tower. In order to protect this building, ordinary tourists are not allowed to board except important guests. There is a passage under the tower foundation in the north of the pyramid leading to the tower. It turns out that the tower is a steeper step, with a magnitude of * * * 6 1, and there is a temple on the top. There is a stone statue of a leopard in the temple with jade inlaid in its eyes.

Quetzalcoatl is a god worshipped by ancient Mexican Indians, in charge of rain and harvest. Quetzalcoatl's head is shaped like a dragon in China. Many researchers in the world, including some scholars in Mexico and China, believe that the ancestors of Mexican Indians may have come from China, and there may be some connection between ancient Chinese and Mexican civilizations. Many ancient Mayan buildings have been excavated in Yucatan Peninsula, where the site of the ancient city of Ithaca in Chen Chi is located, but it is said that a large number of Mayan buildings are still buried in the vast tropical rain forest, waiting for archaeologists to find them.

Italy Colosseum

Colosseum in Rome (Italy)

Colosseum, also translated as Colosseum, Colosseum, Colosseum and Colosseum, was originally named Flavium amphiaterum. Located in the center of Rome, Italy, it is the largest amphitheater in ancient Rome. It was built between 72 and 82 AD, and now only remains. The Colosseum was built for savage slave owners and hooligans to watch the battle.

From the aspects of function, scale, technology and artistic style, the Colosseum is one of the representative works of ancient Roman architecture. Its construction speed is also a miracle.

The Colosseum is flat and rectangular, which is equivalent to the relative integration of the auditorium of two ancient Roman theaters. Colosseum major axis 188m, minor axis 156m, central "performance area" major axis 86m, minor axis 54m. There are about 60 rows of seats in the auditorium, which rise in rows and are divided into five areas. The front area is the honor seat, the last two areas are the seats of the lower class, and the middle area is occupied by citizens with higher status such as knights. The honor seat is more than 5 meters higher than the "performance area", and the height difference between the lower audience seat and the knight seat is also more than 6 meters. Security measures at the top of society are very strict. The audience on the top floor leaned back against the wall of the facade. The total ascending slope of the auditorium is close to 62%, and the viewing conditions are very good.

The Colosseum in Rome was built by three emperors of the Flavian dynasty, and its official name is Flavian Arena. Its construction is part of a series of movements initiated by the family of this new dynasty to improve its position in the public. Wei Paxiang (69-79 AD) was the founder of this dynasty, and his background was not noble. One year after Nero's suicide, Rome experienced the failure of three short-lived emperors, and Weipa Mi subsequently acceded to the throne. Nero was not forgotten at that time; The vast land and other luxuries he embezzled aroused public anger. Therefore, when Wei Pa Mi decided to fill this artificial lake belonging to Nero's luxurious golden palace.

Taj Mahal, India

Taj Mahal, full name is "Taj Mahal". The famous buildings of the Mughal Empire. Yamuna river is on the right in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, more than 200 kilometers away from Delhi. Mausoleum built by King Shah Jahan of Mughal Empire for his dead imperial concubine montague. Built in 1630 and completed in 1653. It consists of a hall, a bell tower, a steeple and a pool. , all made of pure white marble, inlaid with glass and agate, gorgeous and dazzling. It has extremely high artistic value. It is a masterpiece of Islamic architecture.

1983 is listed in the World Heritage List according to the cultural heritage selection criteria C (I). Report rated as a heritage: report of the seventh session of the World Heritage Committee. It is one of the "New Seven Wonders" announced in the early morning of July 8th, 2007, Beijing time.

The shape of the Taj Mahal, which is very familiar from countless photos, is used as the logo of the hotel, the trademark of chutney and condiment. In fact, it is used everywhere, and people will think of India as soon as they see it. However, few people are disappointed when they see the Taj Mahal.

The Taj Mahal is made of marble from a quarry 322 kilometers away, but it is not the pure white building in some photos. Thousands of precious stones and semi-precious stones are embedded in the marble on the surface, and the words on the mausoleum are made of black marble. A carved marble fence shows superb craftsmanship. When the sun shines on the fence, it casts all kinds of shadows. Once upon a time, there was a silver door with a golden railing, and a large piece of cloth made of pearls covered the Queen's monument (above the actual burial site). Thieves stole these precious things, and many people tried to dig out the gems embedded in marble columns, but the majestic Taj Mahal still fascinated people.

The legend that Shah Jahan wants to build the same black marble mausoleum for himself on the other side of Zhu Mu Na River doesn't seem to have much truth. His son aurangzeb was declared emperor in 1658, and his father was placed under house arrest in a castle in Agra for nine years until his death. Shahanjia can see the Taj Mahal from the distance of the castle. Later, he was also buried in the Taj Mahal.

The Taj Mahal is a huge white marble mausoleum mosque, which was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Han Jiayu in Agra from 163 1 to 1648 to commemorate his beloved concubine. The Taj Mahal is the most perfect treasure of Indian Muslim art and one of the world's classic masterpieces.

There is actually a sad and lingering history behind the seven architectural wonders of the world. Knowing its historical background can really increase the interest in viewing the Taj Mahal. /kloc-In the 7th century, Sha Jiahan, the Mughal emperor, used tens of thousands of workers to build a tomb decorated with precious stones in memory of his beloved princess Mutazhima. The detailed patterns were amazing. The most striking thing about the Taj Mahal is the main building made of pure white marble. The mausoleum is neat, symmetrical up and down, and the central dome is as high as 62 meters, which is amazing. There are four minarets with a height of about 4 1 m around, and tombstones inlaid with 35 different types of semi-precious stones stand between the towers. The cemetery covers an area of 17 hectares and is a slightly long circle surrounded by red sandstone walls. The entrance gate is also made of red rock, about two stories high, and there are eleven typical white conical towers on the back of the door. The gate leads all the way to the tombs of King Sayyahan and Princess Wang, and their sarcophagus is placed in the middle of the room, solemn and solemn. In front of the Taj Mahal is a clear waterway with fruit trees and cypress trees planted on both sides, which symbolize life and death respectively.