The detailed history of Xuanzong period in Tang Dynasty, including the political, economic, cultural customs and official system at that time, the descendants of Xuanzong in Tang Dynasty and their res

The detailed history of Xuanzong period in Tang Dynasty, including the political, economic, cultural customs and official system at that time, the descendants of Xuanzong in Tang Dynasty and their respective life histories. (685-762), the third son of the Han nationality, also known as Tang, is the mother of Empress Zhao Chengdou (Dou Defai). Li Longji conspired with Princess Taiping to launch a coup, killed Wei Ruyun, put her father Li Dan on the throne, and became a prince. In the first year of Yanhe (7 12), he was enthroned by Zen and changed to Kaiyuan. During the Kaiyuan period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the society was stable, the politics was clear and the economy was unprecedentedly prosperous. The Tang Dynasty entered its heyday, which was later called Kaiyuan Shengshi. In the later period of Tang Xuanzong's life, he was fond of pleasure and trusted Li and other treacherous officials, which eventually led to the Anshi Rebellion and the decline of the Tang Dynasty. He reigned for 44 years from 7 12 to 756. Posthumous title: Great Sage, Emperor Daming, filial piety; Temple number: Xuanzong: burial place: Tailing.

[Edit this paragraph] Xuanzong's life

When Li Longji was born, it was the time when Wu Zetian was in power, so he experienced complicated court changes when he was a child, which may have prompted him to form a determined character. When he was a child, he was very ambitious. He called himself "Aunt" in the palace. Although not valued by the ruling Wu, his words and deeds are still very opinionated.

When he was seven years old, the court held a sacrificial ceremony. At that time, General Wu loudly reprimanded the attendants and guards. Li Longji immediately glared and shouted, "This is the court of the Li family. What is it to you? " ! How dare you scold my knight guard like this! "Looking at the child wu dumbfounded. When Wu Zetian learned this, she didn't blame Li Longji this year, but fell in love with Xiao Gaozhi's grandson. In the second year, Li Longji was made king of Linzi County.

After the death of grandma Wu Zetian, Tang Zhongzong was weak. Therefore, the power of political affairs fell into the hands of Wei Ruyun and Princess Anle. Zhang Jianzhi, the hero and prime minister who originally staged a coup to restore the Tang Dynasty, was also demoted and expelled by them, and Prince Li Chongjun was killed. Empress Wei followed the example of Wu Zetian and let her brother Wei Wenju take power. Instead of stopping her daughter Princess Anle from illegally selling official titles, she indulged. In 7 10, Zhongzong died suddenly. Then, Wei Ruyun wants to learn from her mother-in-law Wu Zetian and be the second queen.

Before Wei Ruyun began, Li Longji and his aunt Princess Taiping, who had been on hold, launched a mutiny, led more than 10,000 body-guards to capture the palace and wiped out all Wei Ruyun factions. Then, Li Dan was enthroned by Zong Rui, and Li Longji was made a prince for his work. But his father Li Dan, like Zhongzong, was a weak emperor, unwilling to have a direct conflict with Princess Taiping, and had been forbearing. Princess Taiping, on the other hand, thinks that she has given him the opportunity to be emperor and made great contributions, so she has mastered the power of state affairs. With the growth of her power, Princess Taiping's ambition has also expanded. She wants to be a queen like her mother.

Princess Taiping's main rival is Prince Li Longji. At first, she didn't take him seriously, thinking that he was still young, but after learning about Li Longji's courage and determination, she began to watch out for him. She created a public opinion that Li Longji is not the eldest son and he is not qualified to be a prince, let alone inherit the throne. Princess Taiping's purpose is to abolish Li Longji's status as a prince and pave the way for her to be a female emperor in the future.

By 7 12 AD, Princess Taiping, with the help of astronomical phenomena, spread rumors that the prince was unfavorable to the monarch and would seize the throne. She thought that Zong Rui would be wary of Li Longji, but because Zong Rui was tired of being an emperor, she gave the throne to her son Li Longji, but Princess Taiping still held the power of political affairs: she had the right to appoint and dismiss officials with titles above the third grade in the imperial court and the right to decide on military affairs. Zong Rui's abdication aggravated the contradiction between Li Longji and Princess Taiping. Both sides are accumulating strength to get rid of each other.

On July 3rd, 7 13, Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, decided to strike first, personally led the military forces to get rid of Princess Taiping and her dozens of important people, and deposed all officials who tended to Princess Taiping. Tang Xuanzong finally mastered the power that the emperor should have. At that time, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty changed his name to Kaiyuan, which showed his determination to make great efforts to create great achievements in the Tang Dynasty.

Although Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty completely consolidated the imperial power after the suppression of Princess Taiping, the situation at that time was not optimistic: the mutiny greatly hurt the vitality of the imperial court, and the chaos and corruption in official administration needed to be dealt with urgently. Therefore, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty said that it is necessary to employ talents and promote talented people to be prime ministers. In this regard, Tang Xuanzong still has a Bole vision. For example, Yao Chong, Song Jing and Zhang Jiuling, the famous prime ministers, were all famous ministers in the Xuanzong period of the Tang Dynasty.

Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty not only recognized talents, but also rectified the bureaucracy and improved the efficiency of bureaucracy. He has taken many effective measures. First, he streamlined the organization, cut redundant officials and abolished many useless officials since Wu Zetian, which not only improved efficiency, but also saved government expenses. Second, establish a strict assessment system and strengthen the management of local officials. Every October, provincial judges are sent to various places to inspect people's feelings and correct officials who violate the law, hell to pay. Third, the system of remonstrating officials and historians attending the meeting of prime ministers will be restored. This was a system in the period of Emperor Taizong, which allowed remonstrators and historians to participate in the discussion and supervision of state affairs. At the end of Wu Zetian's reign, Xu Jingzong and Li Yifu were promoted to prime ministers, and some things were afraid to be made public, so this system was abolished. Fourth, attach importance to the appointment and removal of county orders. Tang Xuanzong believed that county and county officials were at the forefront of state governance, dealing directly with the people and representing the national image. Therefore, Xuanzong often personally tested county officials to see if they were really competent. If you do well in the exam, you can be promoted immediately. If you fail to live up to expectations, you will be fired immediately.

Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty knows how to be good at people's duties, has clear rewards and punishments, and is capable and decisive, which is the main reason why he can create a prosperous new century. Tang Xuanzong not only effectively governed the internal affairs, but also effectively governed the frontier and recovered the lost land.

In order to unify the north, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty took many measures to prepare for the recovery of the northern territory. This is mainly about the reform of the military system. As the original government-owned military system was destroyed, farmers fled and the source of troops was affected. During the period of Emperor Gaozong and Wu Zetian, they paid little attention to military affairs. When Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty proclaimed himself emperor, the phenomenon of soldiers fleeing was extremely serious, and the combat effectiveness of the army was also very low, which could not compete with the powerful Turkish army.

In 723 AD, in the 11th year of Kaiyuan, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty accepted the reform proposal of Prime Minister Zhang Shuo and established mercenaries. One hundred and twenty thousand non-commissioned officers were recruited from inside Shanhaiguan Pass as guards, which was called "Chang Wei", also known as "Long March Athletes". This reform is a change from the system of officers and men to the system of mercenaries. After more than ten years' efforts, Xuanzong extended this system to the whole country. This system cancels the original practice of government soldiers guarding the border in turn, and relieves the people of all countries from the pain of guarding the border. At the same time, this kind of mercenary also provides a guarantee for centralized training and improving combat effectiveness.

In order to increase the national income, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty launched a campaign of land inspection and household contracting. At that time, after occupying farmers' land, the strongmen called it "foreign land" and turned the fleeing farmers into their own "private" to avoid the state's taxes on land and population.

From 7 12 to 725 AD, the movement of inspecting fields and entering households in Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty received practical results. He appointed Yuwen Rong as the national ambassador to persuade farmers to cover fields, and set up ten ambassadors and judges to inspect hidden land and protect farmers. Then all the detected land will be confiscated and distributed to farmers for farming. Concealed farmers are also registered. In this way, the customer's money increased by several million a year.

Through these effective measures, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty put the economy of the Tang Dynasty back on the right track, reduced the burden on farmers, increased the national fiscal revenue and promoted the prosperity of the national economy.

Although Buddhism was not banned in the early years of the Tang Dynasty, its development was restricted by Confucianism and Taoism, especially the promotion of Taoism, which made the development of Buddhism not reach the supreme position. But in the period of Wu Zetian, in order to attack Li religiously, Wu Zetian adopted a conniving attitude towards Buddhism, which made Buddhism develop rapidly. Basically, there are Buddhist temples in every state of the country. Monks not only annexed land under the cover and connivance of the state, but also tried their best to avoid state taxes. The large increase in the number of monks has reduced the number of people who bear taxes and corvees, which has affected the national income.

70 million

This is the population of the whole country during the Tianbao period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (742-755). In the 13th year of Guan Tianbao (754), there were about 9.62 million households with a population of about 52.88 million. According to scholars' comprehensive historical data, in the mid-8th century, there were 1.34 million households with a population of 70 million in the Tang Dynasty.

So, what was the population of other countries in the world at that time? In the 8th century, the population of East Frankfurt from the Seine River to the Rhine River was 2-3 million. Until the16th century, the population of the Mediterranean region was only 50 million to 60 million. North Africa has a population of 3 million. In the era of agricultural economy, population is productivity. The prosperous population in Xuanzong period of Tang Dynasty reflected that the overall economic strength of China at that time was unique among the nations in the world.

660 million mu

This is the cultivated land area of the whole country during the reign of Xuanzong in the Tang Dynasty. Compared with the Han dynasty, the territory of the Tang dynasty has made new development; The Grand Canal connects the Yellow River basin and the Yangtze River basin more closely, which promotes the national economic growth. History says: "On the occasion of Kaiyuan Tianbao, the tillers benefited, and the mountains were absolutely perfect and full." . According to the existing historical data, the actual cultivated land area in China at that time was about 8.5 million hectares, equivalent to 660 million mu (currently 65.438+08 billion mu in China), with a per capita occupation of more than 9 mu. It far exceeds the average level of our country today (1.4 mu).

More than 70 countries

This is the number of foreign tributes during the Kaiyuan period listed in the Six Codes of the Tang Dynasty. These foreign countries, from Japan and South Korea in East Asia to countries in Southeast Asia, from today's China's frontier ethnic minority regime to some countries in Central Asia, West Asia and even the Mediterranean region, have established political relations of paying tribute to the Central Committee of the Tang Dynasty. In the Kaiyuan era, Chang 'an, Yangzhou, Guangzhou and other cities gathered businessmen from the Silk Road, which became an important channel to communicate economic, cultural and political ties between China and foreign countries. Students from Asian countries come to China to study. Not long ago, I found the epitaph of Jing Zhencheng in Xi 'an. This Japanese student came to China to study in the Kaiyuan period, and Chao Heng, who had a deep friendship with Li Bai, was also a Japanese student in the Tang Dynasty. Many foreigners served in the court of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty.

Huineng, the real founder of Zen in China, died in the year when Xuanzong ascended the throne. Since then, during the forty years of Xuanzong's rule, Zen has risen rapidly, and the confluence of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism has become a historical trend. Xuanzong himself made notes in the Book of Filial Piety, Laozi and Diamond Sutra. The so-called three religions, namely Zoroastrianism, Nestorianism and Manichaeism, were also circulated in China. It is such an open society that makes the Tang Dynasty appear generous in social atmosphere. Li Bai's confident poem "Since God has given talents, let it go and be hired!"! , spin a thousand silver, all come back! " It is a portrayal of the spirit of that era.

Volume 539 15

This is the number of books collected by the National Library during the Kaiyuan period. During the Xuanzong period, the cultural and educational undertakings in the Tang Dynasty also developed greatly. The classification of the four books (four repositories) that we often talk about today was officially adopted by the national official repository, that is, in the Tang Dynasty. "Book collection, Mo Sheng Yu Kaiyuan, author, 53,915 volumes, and the book of scholars in Tang Dynasty, 28,469 volumes. Hey, you can say that you are full! " (The Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Volume 57, Yi Wen Zhi Yi) Poets Du Fu and Li Bai mainly lived in this era. Give several typical examples of cultural construction. First of all, Xuanzong once organized scholars to master Confucianism and read four books in Jixian Academy. Secondly, the compilation of The Book of Rites of Tang Kaiyuan in the 20th year of Kaiyuan is the most complete ritual system construction, and the compilation of Six Codes of Da Tang was completed soon afterwards, which is the most complete document with the nature of administrative code. Third, vigorously develop education and widely promote office private schools. In May of the 21st year of Kaiyuan (733), it was said: "Many people run private schools, and they want to send them to prefectures and counties, so that workers can listen to them." ("Tang Yao Hui" Volume 35 "School") In the twenty-sixth year of Kaiyuan, it was ordered that all counties in the world should set up schools to teach students. The result of this integration of politics and religion is: "Everyone who cares about time knows manners." (Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, Volume 9, Biography of Xuanzong) It can be said that it is a great enlightenment!

The most vivid example of the prosperity during the Kaiyuan period is Du Fu's poem "Remembering the Past":

Back in the heyday of Kaiyuan, there were thousands of families in the small town.

Rice is fat and white, and public and private granaries are rich.

There are no jackals on the road in Kyushu, which is a good day to travel.

Wan Qi, Lu Mao, driver class, male plow female mulberry.

The emperor's son

Wang Qing (Prince Jingdezhen) Li Cong (Mother Liu Huafei)

Li Ying (mother Zhao)

Tang Suzong Hengli (mother Yang Guijian)

Wang Di Li Yan (mother Qian Fei)

Li Yao, King Ivan (mother Huang Deyi)

Zhen Wang (Prince of Gong Jing) Li Wan (Mother Liu Huafei)

Wang Guang Li Juan (mother Liu Cairen)

Mourning Wang Liyi in the summer (mother Wu Huifei)

Wangyi Li Yan (mother Liu Huafei)

Wang Ying Li Yun (female Gao Jieyu)

Wang Limin (mother Wu Huifei)

Wang Yong lin li (mother Guo Shunyi)

Shouwang Li Mao (mother Wu Huifei)

Rebecca Li Jue (mother Liu Jieyu)

Sheng Wang Richie (mother Wu Huifei)

Ji Wang (the beauty of the mother clock)

Zhuo (Lu Meiren)

Wangyi Li Xuan (mother Chae Yeon)

Wang Chen Li Jue (mother Wang Meiren)

Feng Wang Li Xun (mother Cai Chen)

Hengwang Tian Li (mother Zheng Cairen)

Liang Wang (mother Wu)

In memory of Li Lian Wang (mother Wu)

Seven others died young, and their mother's name and status were lost.

princess

Princess Yongmu, marry Wang Yao.

Princess Changfen, marry Zhang to luxury.

Princess Xiaochang, flea.

Princess Tang Chang, marry Xue Xiu.

Ling princess royal, flea.

Princess Changshan married Xue Tan and Dou Ze.

Princess Wan 'an is a Tianbao Taoist.

Kaiyuan new system: 2,000 households are closed in princess royal, with the number of sisters 1000, and the rate is limited to 3 d; Prince Hu two thousand, the main half. I think it's very thin around. The emperor said, "I don't own people's rent and taxes." The scholar died, so he didn't appreciate the silk. Why should a woman enjoy many sins? Isn't it good to be frugal? " So, the princess almost didn't give the car clothes. After Princess Xianyi sealed thousands of households with maternal love, all the owners increased, so it depends on the order. If the Lord doesn't marry, ten thousand households will be sealed, and the handmaiden will obey.

Princess Shang Xian, flea.

Princess Wyeth, flea, burial platform, number Deng Zhen.

Princess Jin, the first princess. Marry Cui Huitong. In the first year of Zhenyuan, princesses Wei, Chu, Song, Qi, Su, Xiao, Deng, Ji and Gao Guojiu were appointed.

Princess Xinchang, marry Xiao Heng.

Daughter of Huangfu Shufei, Princess Linjin. Marry Guo. It took a long time.

Princess Weiguo, Princess Ping of the first feudal dynasty. Married to Bing Lujian and married to Yang. Qi Zhenyuan.

Princess Zhenyang married Yuan Qing and Su Zhen.

Believe in becoming a princess and marrying Du Guming.

Princess Chu, whose first name is Princess Shouchun. Marry Wu Chengjiang. The emperor lives in the West Palace, and the only owner can serve him. In the first year of Xingyuan, please ask a Taoist to write you a letter and give you a good name.

Princess Pukang, flea. Tang Yizong, a native of Xian Tong, was sealed nine years later. Count the number of Xuanzong women listed in "Biography of Eight Empresses in the New Tang Dynasty" as thirty, instead of "Xuanzong twenty-nine women." ; Look at Princess Pukang in The Biography of Eight Emperors in the New Tang Dynasty. Therefore, it is suspected that Princess Pukang was originally a woman, so she was chased by her father. When the Song people compiled the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, they mistakenly re-entered her into the ranks of Xuanzong's daughters.

Princess Changle was born a gifted scholar. It took a long time to marry Dou E.

Yongning princess, marry Pei Qiu Qi.

Princess Song, the first princess of Pyeongchang. Marry Wen Xihua and marry Yang Hui. Yuan and history.

Princess of Qi, the first princess is called Xing Xin, and the second princess is called Ning Qin. First marry Zhang Yang, then marry Pei Ying, and finally marry yangfu. Qi Zhenyuan.

Princess Xianzhi, also known as Princess Xianyi, was born to Queen Zhenshun. Marry Yang Hui and Cui Song. When you were in the Yuan Dynasty.

Princess Yichun, flea.

Princess Guangning was born to Dong. Marry Cheng and Su Kezhen. It took a long time.

Princess Wanchun was born to Du. Marry Yang Bi first, then Yang Qi. It took a long time.

Princess Taihua was born to Queen Zhenshun. Marry Yang Kun. When you are in heaven.

Princess Shouguang, marry Guo Ye.

Princess Lecheng married Xue, the successor of the King of Qi, Li Zhen.

Princess Xinping was born a gifted scholar. Young Zhi Min, who studies knowledge and training, is a smart man. Marry Pei Xie and then marry Jiang. When the celebration began, the Lord was imprisoned. It took a long time.

Shou An Gongzhu was born in Nagy, Caoye. Pregnant in September, the emperor hated it, dressed in clothes and feathers. Tang Daizong went to visit King Guangping, and the emperor said to him, "Mother Worm, you can ask the famous king of Lingzhou for a seal." Marry Su Fa.

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