Characteristics of Naxi nationality

The personality characteristics of Naxi people The Naxi people in China are mainly concentrated in Gucheng District of Lijiang City, Weixi, Yulong Naxi Autonomous County, Shangri-La (Zhongdian), ninglang county, Yongsheng County, Yanyuan County, Muli County and Yanjing Town of Mangkang County, Sichuan Province. The current population is 324,679.

Religious culture

Dongba religion is a unique religion of Naxi nationality. Dongba culture is named after its preservation in Dongba religion. It mainly includes Dongba characters, Dongba scriptures, Dongba paintings, Dongba music, Dongba dances, Dongba musical instruments and various sacrificial ceremonies.

Naxi people used to believe in Dongba religion, Lamaism and natural gods such as heaven, earth, mountains and water, and recorded the years with the lunar calendar. Many festivals, such as Spring Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, are almost the same as those of the local Han people, among which the Spring Festival is the largest traditional festival, accompanied by many sacrificial activities.

At that time, every family had to kill pigs, make sour liver and brew rice wine. On New Year's Eve, we will kill chickens and stew pig's heads to worship the kitchen god and ancestors. When eating, if someone at home goes out, bowls and chopsticks should also be placed on the dining table to show family reunion.

Meat food is not allowed for breakfast on the first day. The next day, we began to visit relatives and friends, pay New Year greetings to each other, invite people to dinner, and give each other gifts such as brown sugar, red cakes and snacks.

The most solemn ceremony is "Naxi Sacrifice to Heaven", which is usually held in the first month or the middle of the first month. At that time, it is necessary to choose a sacrifice site, and Dongba believers (villages without palms, choose respected old people) will be priests and slaughter the pigs in turn. Every household should donate barley and wheat to make wine and bait.

Before the sacrifice, clean the site and build a shed.

In daily life

Naxi people attach great importance to credit and loyalty. They generally don't care about the mistakes made by guests because they don't understand the customs and manners of Naxi people, but they attach great importance to equality and credit. Therefore, it is best to communicate with Naxi people directly and explain what they want, and don't deceive them. In an ordinary house, most people like to entertain guests under the eaves gallery during the day and in the main room at night. If it's in a log cabin, it's by the fireplace. Although there is no strict seat division, but pay attention to respecting the elderly and loving the young, men and women are different. For example, on the dining table or by the fireplace, it is called Ba or Gegulu, which is the priority seat for the elderly. Therefore, as long as there are old people in Naxi families, even if the host invites them, the top eight should be given to the old people. When eating, please ask the elderly and elders to sit down first, and do not take the initiative to occupy them. If an old man comes in, the young man should get up and give up his seat and say hello. Don't cross your legs when there are old people. Sit up straight when meeting guests and eating occasions, avoid making noise, guessing and ordering food, and don't step on the table rail. When the host is toasting, smoking and eating, he should touch his hand to express his gratitude. When eating, don't put chopsticks upright in the rice (because putting chopsticks in the rice will only appear when the dead burn incense), don't knock chopsticks, don't turn over the dishes, and don't pick up the dishes one after another. Generally, you should ask others to move chopsticks together, first take it once, stop for a while, take a bite and then take the second chopsticks. Pay attention to economy and don't waste food. Don't leave leftovers at the bottom of the bowl. If you sit on a two-person stool, you are not allowed to enter the girls' greenhouse at will in Lugu Lake area, and don't ask about xia. The ashes in the stove can't be turned over. When offering sacrifices to heaven, ancestors and the god of war, outsiders are forbidden to watch. Avoid crossing kerbs and colored stones erected at doorways and fire pits. Young people are not allowed to take off their shoes and dry their feet by the fire pit. When you warm yourself by the fire pit, you will hear "fire laughter" to add firewood, which means adding wealth and making a fortune. Don't sit on the threshold, eat on the eaves and by the stove, and don't cut things on the threshold with a knife and axe. Love songs are not allowed at home, and children are not allowed to play with sticks or charcoal heads that are not extinguished. One is danger, and the other is that they are said to have nightmares. My father-in-law is not allowed to enter my daughter-in-law's bedroom. Some people go out for a long trip or business trip, so they can't sweep the floor with the people who go out, and they can't sweep the floor after sunset. Guests are not allowed to sweep the floor. Don't close the door immediately when the guests leave, but send them to the door. Women's underwear should not be aired in public, and pants and skirts should not be aired above the passage where the owner enters and exits. Avoid wearing a hat and carry a hoe into the kitchen. Make a fire and go home at night. Don't light the fire inside. Go home at night, advance to the fire pond house, and avoid the bedroom. Don't talk about dreams at night in the morning. Pregnant women can't climb fruit-bearing trees or cross reins or fishing rods. Avoid eating meat without blood. It is forbidden to pollute water sources and cut down water source forests. Avoid backhand to add rice and water to people. Avoid drinking leftover wine and tea that others have drunk. People who attend the worship of heaven or more than three festivals should wash their hands in advance and cross the road from Du >>

What are the living habits of Naxi people? 1. alive.

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Naxi folk houses were generally dry "wooden houses", which were made of logs vertically and horizontally, and the height of the floor was as high as seven or eight feet, that is, they were covered with boards and stones. In the main room (ancestral room) of Mulang House, there is a stove called Gegulu on the ground, and there is a fire pit in the middle, with a big iron tripod for boiling water, warming fire and cooking in a pot. Visitors, dining and old people are all on the stove in this kitchen. The fireplace is paved with wooden boards on both sides, with the main seat on the right and the guest seat on the left. You can't mix them.

In Lijiang dam area, especially Dayan ancient city, Naxi folk houses are generally tile houses with civil structures. The plane structure of buildings is mostly "three rooms and one wall", and wealthy families also have the layout of "four in one and five patios". The Naxi nationality's "three rooms and one wall" main room is higher, mainly for the elderly to live in, and the wings on both sides are slightly lower, which is occupied by the next generation. In addition, there is a zhaobi opposite the main room, which seems to have clear priorities and coordinated layout. Patio is used for living, mostly paved with bricks and stones, and often beautified with flowers and plants. If there are houses facing the street, most of them are paved, and the owners operate or sublet them to others. The roof foundation is made of stone, the walls are made of adobe, some corners are decorated with bricks, and the upper section is surrounded by boards. The roof truss strengthens the function of crossing bucket, enhances the earthquake-making ability, and makes the house have the characteristics of "the wall falls down but the house does not fall down". Cylindrical tiles are laid on the roof, and the eaves come out at the front and back, and the junction of people and slopes is decorated with "hanging fish".

Second, clothing.

The clothing of Naxi men is basically the same as that of Han nationality, but there are differences among women in different places. A woman from Bai Di, Zhongdian County, wore a double-breasted robe, a pleated skirt, a wool ribbon tied around her waist, black boots on her feet, a white-haired mountain on her back, and braided her hair. Ninglang county Yongning Mosuo woman, beautiful and generous, wearing a big cloth steamed stuffed bun, a big breasted coat, a pleated skirt that can reach the ground, and a ribbon tied around her waist. The Naxi women in Dayan area of Lijiang County have undergone great changes since they changed their clothes into diaphragms in the early Qing Dynasty. They are dressed in wide sleeves and sleeveless cloth, with cuffs smooth to the elbows and purple or navy shoulders. Wearing trousers, wearing an apron sewn with black, white and blue cotton cloth at the waist, with pleats on it and sky-blue wide edges on the bottom; There is a "seven-star sheepskin" on the back, and two long white belts are sewn on the upper end of the sheepskin, which are draped over the shoulders, staggered on the chest and tied behind the waist, which can not only keep warm, but also bear the weight. In recent years, a new type of young women's clothing has come out, which not only maintains the characteristics of ancient Naxi costumes, but also has the characteristics of modern costumes. Its main production feature is to change the waistline of the big skirt into a split or half waist waistline, and change the waistline into a long skirt, which is very popular in etiquette activities.

Sheepskin shawl is an important dress for Naxi women in Lijiang. Generally, it is made of a whole piece of pure black sheepskin, which is cut into a circle with a black border 6 cm wide at the top, and then a row of seven-color embroidered circular cloth discs are nailed at the bottom, and two white sheepskin ribbons are hung at the center of each circle, representing the Big Dipper, commonly known as "Dai Yue wearing a star" to show the meaning of hard work. Another view is that the sheepskin with a round top and a round bottom is cut off to imitate the shape of a frog, while the Naxi people with a disc on the back are called "Bamiao", which means "frog's eyes". This is the product of the fusion of Lijiang indigenous farmers who worship frogs and the ancient Qiang people who worship sheep to form Naxi nationality.

Third, diet.

Naxi people are used to eating three meals a day. The staple food is mainly wheat, corn and rice, and it is processed into steamed bread, steamed bread, Baba and rice. Mountain potato buckwheat highland barley hybrid, like to drink butter tea. They often eat all kinds of dishes, hot pot and large pieces of meat. The cooking skills in towns and dam areas are relatively high. When entertaining guests, homemade refreshments such as begonia, melons, fruits and candied fruit are often served before meals, while "eight bowls" and "six bowls and six plates" are very distinctive. "Three stacks of water" is often used to entertain distinguished guests. Generally, three bowls of different sizes are used to hold vegetables, forming three levels of height. In addition to the vegetables usually used, some delicacies are specially added to the menu.

Fourth, taboo.

Taboos are imaginary dangers, horrible psychology, self-restriction and passive defense. The taboo of Naxi nationality is:

Don't wash your feet on New Year's Eve, and don't wash dishes for the reunion dinner. Avoid strangers entering the house on the morning of the first day of the first month.

Avoid leaving married women at home on New Year's Eve. Women are forbidden to get up early on the morning of the first day of the first month.

Avoid crossing the earthen white stone standing at the door, the pot stone in the fireplace and the fire in the fireplace.

Guests are forbidden to spit when they enter the room. Don't sit on the left side of the fireplace

Avoid wearing a hat and carry a hoe into the kitchen.

Make a fire and go home at night. Don't light torches in the house. Go home at night, advance to the fire pond house, and avoid the bedroom.

When the deceased is buried in the coffin or cremated, the family members should not be on the scene. In Dai Xiao, people with untidy clothes are forbidden to enter other people's houses.

Marriage custom of Naxi nationality

Naxi people are monogamous ... >>

Dress characteristics of Naxi costumes Naxi unmarried girls like to tie long braids behind their waists, or wear headscarves and hats. Women also like to wear earrings, rings, silver or jade bracelets and gold and silver necklaces. Most of the big-breasted women's coats of Naxi nationality in Lijiang are cloth robes, and the basic structure is big sleeves, collarless and sandwich, with short front and long back. When wearing it, the cuffs are rolled to the elbows, the waist is covered with pleats, and the back is covered with a layer of "sheepskin". Because the altitude, temperature, aquatic plants and forests in Lijiang are all suitable for the development of animal husbandry, cattle and sheep fur has become an important part of Naxi costumes. There is a description in the ancient Dongba Sutra "Meeting the East God": "Heaven and earth move, two brothers and sisters are born and become a family, herding white sheep, making clothes and blankets with wool, and making hats and belts with wool ..." Up to now, the "sheepskin shawl" of Naxi women is still a major symbol of national costumes. Sheepskin is called "yoke" in Pinasi language. Black pure sheepskin is made of mirabilite and glutinous rice flour, and then made according to genre. Sew a black velvet or black sheepskin neck, decorate it with seven round colorful velvet embroidered yokes Miu (sheepskin eyes), then order seven groups of fine white sheep thongs to make the yoke collapse (sheepskin whiskers) and a pair of white cloth yokes (sheepskin straps). Embroidered with blue butterfly pattern, one end is fixed on the back of sheepskin, the sheepskin is draped on the back, the shoulder straps are crossed on the chest, and then the sheepskin is tied tightly around the back from the lower end, and the tail end naturally hangs down, similar to the "tail" and very similar to Dongba's "sheepskin". The belt of Naxi Mosuo women in Ninglang is made of many wide strips of cloth, which are wrapped around the waist layer by layer, and the width can reach more than 20 cm. Under the belt is a wide pleated dress. The national costumes of Naxi nationality, represented by Dayan Ancient City in Lijiang County, are generally worn by unmarried women with long hair or long hair. Married women wear a bun on their heads and like to wear a blue hat. In terms of clothing, the long gown with wide waist and big sleeves, reaching to the knees at the front and the shin at the back, is short at the front and long at the back. When wearing it, the cuffs are rolled up to the elbows, and with a vest, the pants are put on. It is a pleated waist sewn with black and white blue cotton cloth. It is like a fan from waist to knee. It is enough to wear boat-shaped embroidered shoes. Lace is embroidered on the collar, sleeves and lapels, which is simple and generous. Because Naxi nationality is deeply influenced by Han nationality, men's clothing is basically the same as that of Han nationality, wearing robes, jackets or double-breasted tops and trousers. Women's wear, except for the custom of wearing skirts in some places, has been changed to wearing pants, but the whole suit. It still has distinctive national characteristics. The most distinctive feature of Naxi women's dress is the seven-star sheepskin shawl behind her, on which seven embroidered circular cloth circles with a diameter of about two inches are arranged side by side, and each cloth circle has a pair of hanging nails. There are many different versions about the origin of this kind of clothing. More commonly, it stands for Seven Stars, which means "Dai Yue wearing a star". It is said that the circle of cloth is embroidered with fine star maps with silk thread, and the hanging spikes represent the light of stars. Legend has it that in ancient times, there was a hardworking, capable, intelligent and beautiful Naxi girl named Ying Gu who struggled with drought demons for nine days and died of exhaustion. In recognition of Yinggu's brave behavior, Baisha Sanduo made seven cold suns swallowed by Xue Jinglong and put them on Yinggu's coat. Later, Naxi girls imitated the English aunt and nailed the seven-star pattern on the shawl, symbolizing Dai Yue's diligence and courage. There is also a saying that the Naxi people have regarded frogs as a god of wisdom since ancient times, which can solve people's difficulties. Therefore, those circular patterns represent frog's eyes and are historical relics of frog totem worship. There are other characteristics in the clothing of Mosuo people in Ninglang area. Mosuo women like to make thick wigs with yak tails or threads, wear twisted cloth heads, short shirts and very wide dresses. The waist is wrapped in a long and wide strip of cloth. Naxi women like to wear bracelets, earrings and other accessories.

The customs and habits of Naxi people. Living in Naxi folk houses, it was generally a well-done "wooden house" during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The logs were vertical and horizontal, and the level was as high as seven or eight feet, that is, adding an edge line and covering them with boards and stones. In the main room (ancestral room) of Mulang House, there is a stove called Gegulu on the ground, and there is a fire pit in the middle, with a big iron tripod for boiling water, warming fire and cooking in a pot. Visitors, dining and old people are all on the stove in this kitchen. The fireplace is paved with wooden boards on both sides, with the main seat on the right and the guest seat on the left. You can't mix them. In Lijiang dam area, especially Dayan ancient city, Naxi folk houses are generally tile houses with civil structures. The plane structure of buildings is mostly "three rooms and one wall", and wealthy families also have the layout of "four in one and five patios". The Naxi nationality's "three rooms and one wall" main room is higher, mainly for the elderly to live in, and the wings on both sides are slightly lower, which is occupied by the next generation. In addition, there is a zhaobi opposite the main room, which seems to have clear priorities and coordinated layout. Patio is used for living, mostly paved with bricks and stones, and often beautified with flowers and plants. If there are houses facing the street, most of them are paved, and the owners operate or sublet them to others. The roof foundation is made of stone, the walls are made of adobe, some corners are decorated with bricks, and the upper section is surrounded by boards. The roof truss strengthens the function of crossing bucket, enhances the earthquake-making ability, and makes the house have the characteristics of "the wall falls down but the house does not fall down". Cylindrical tiles are laid on the roof, and the eaves come out at the front and back, and the junction of people and slopes is decorated with "hanging fish". Secondly, the clothing of Naxi men is generally the same as that of Han nationality, but there are differences among women in different places. A woman from Bai Di, Zhongdian County, wore a double-breasted robe, a pleated skirt, a wool ribbon tied around her waist, black boots on her feet, a white-haired mountain on her back, and braided her hair. Ninglang county Yongning Mosuo woman, beautiful and generous, wearing a big cloth steamed stuffed bun, a big breasted coat, a pleated skirt that can reach the ground, and a ribbon tied around her waist. The Naxi women in Dayan area of Lijiang County have undergone great changes since they changed their clothes into diaphragms in the early Qing Dynasty. They are dressed in wide sleeves and sleeveless cloth, with cuffs smooth to the elbows and purple or navy shoulders. Wearing trousers, wearing an apron sewn with black, white and blue cotton cloth at the waist, with pleats on it and sky-blue wide edges on the bottom; There is a "seven-star sheepskin" on the back, and two long white belts are sewn on the upper end of the sheepskin, which are draped over the shoulders, staggered on the chest and tied behind the waist, which can not only keep warm, but also bear the weight. In recent years, a new type of young women's clothing has come out, which not only maintains the characteristics of ancient Naxi costumes, but also has the characteristics of modern costumes. Its main production feature is to change the waistline of the big skirt into a split or half waist waistline, and change the waistline into a long skirt, which is very popular in etiquette activities. Sheepskin shawl is an important dress for Naxi women in Lijiang. Generally, it is made of a whole piece of pure black sheepskin, which is cut into a circle with a black border 6 cm wide at the top, and then a row of seven-color embroidered circular cloth discs are nailed at the bottom, and two white sheepskin ribbons are hung at the center of each circle, representing the Big Dipper, commonly known as "Dai Yue wearing a star" to show the meaning of hard work. Another view is that the sheepskin with a round top and a round bottom is cut off to imitate the shape of a frog, while the Naxi people with a disc on the back are called "Bamiao", which means "frog's eyes". This is the product of the fusion of Lijiang indigenous farmers who worship frogs and the ancient Qiang people who worship sheep to form Naxi nationality. Third, Naxi people are used to eating three meals a day. The staple food is mainly wheat, corn and rice, and it is processed into steamed bread, steamed bread, Baba and rice. In mountainous areas, potatoes, buckwheat and highland barley are mixed together. They like to drink butter tea and often eat miscellaneous vegetables, hot pot and large pieces of meat. The cooking skills in towns and dam areas are relatively high. When entertaining guests, homemade refreshments such as begonia, melons, fruits and candied fruit are often served before meals, while "eight bowls" and "six bowls and six plates" are very distinctive. "Three stacks of water" is often used to entertain distinguished guests. Generally, three bowls of different sizes are used to hold vegetables, forming three levels of height. In addition to the vegetables usually used, some delicacies are specially added to the menu. 4. Taboos Taboos are imaginary dangers, scary psychology, self-restriction and passive defense. The taboos of Naxi nationality are: washing feet on New Year's Eve and washing dishes and chopsticks on New Year's Eve. On the first day of the first month, strangers are forbidden to enter the house, and married women are forbidden to stay at home on New Year's Eve. On the morning of the first day of the first month, women are forbidden to get up early, avoid crossing the white stone standing at the door, avoid crossing the pot stone in the fireplace, and avoid splashing water on the fire in the fireplace. Guests are forbidden to spit when they enter the room. Don't sit on the left side of the fireplace Don't wear a hat into the house, don't carry a hoe into the kitchen to light a lamp at night, and don't light a handle into the house. Go home at night, go to the fire pit house first, and avoid going to the bedroom first. When the deceased is buried in the coffin or cremated, the family members should not be on the scene. In Dai Xiao, people with untidy clothes are forbidden to enter other people's houses.

The houses inhabited by Naxi residents are generally characterized by two-story wooden buildings, about 7.5 meters high, and there are a few three-story buildings, which are bucket structures with broken walls and verandahs on the roof tiles (that is, "Du Zi"). According to the different frame forms and verandahs, it can be divided into seven categories: bungalow, open building, rain mansion, arcade, savage building, stuffy building and rain mansion.

Brief introduction to Naxi folk customs Naxi songs mainly include Datiao Song, Dongbaji Rijing, Naxi Jingdi and Naxi Jiuge, among which Naxi Jingdi is the most famous and popular in the ancient city.

Social customs and habits

Funeral cremation has been popular since ancient times, and burial has been popular in some areas since the late Qing Dynasty.

The clothing of Naxi men is roughly the same as that of Han nationality. Lijiang Naxi women wear robes, wide waist and big sleeves, plus a vest, a pleated waist, trousers and a sheepskin shawl, embroidered with seven stars beside them, indicating diligence. Naxi women in Ninglang wear long pleated skirts, tops, big blue buns and big silver earrings.

custom

Naxi people are very hospitable. Whenever they come back from hunting, all pedestrians on the road will get a share of their prey. When guests come to the door, the host will cook six or eight dishes to entertain them.

Taboos are: you must dismount before riding to the village, and you can't tie your horse to the place where you worship heaven; Can't step on a tripod, can't cross your legs; Don't turn the dust in the stove; When offering sacrifices to heaven, ancestors and the god of war, outsiders are forbidden to watch. Never sit on the threshold and cut things on the threshold with a knife and axe. Some places also avoid singing folk songs at home; Don't kill cows, pretend to be horses and pretend to be cocks at dawn; Do not eat dog meat. When you enter Naxi's house, you can't take the initiative to enter the bedrooms of old people, women and girls, and you can't ask about xia.

Dietary customs

Naxi people eat three meals a day. Generally, we eat steamed bread or boiled Baba for breakfast, while Chinese food and dinner are more abundant. Generally, there are one or two kinds of cooking, pickles, soup and so on. Especially beef soup pot and dry bar. There are many kinds of vegetables in Pingba and mountainous areas, and they should be on the market at four o'clock. Potatoes, cucumbers and melon beans are widely planted in mountainous areas, and various famous dishes with local characteristics are made. Such as: steamed Cordyceps duck, shellfish hen, Tianma chicken, etc. Among them, the traditional dish of Naxi nationality "Fermented Tricholoma matsutake" is a special dish made of Tricholoma matsutake cover, filled with minced meat and steamed as a sacrifice, especially for ancestors to eat.

The meat quality is mainly pork, and pork is mostly made into bacon, especially the pipa pigs in Lijiang and Yongning, which can be preserved for several years to more than ten years without deterioration. Take Baba or Baba Temple with you when you go out to work. Sit around the table when eating, and like to move to a sunny place to eat in winter.

Typical foods include: Lijiang ham Baba, linen, Saussurea involucrata, Lichun copper hotpot, Lijiang barbecue Baba and so on.

festival

Haipo will be located in the place where Naxi people live in Yongning, Yunnan. There is a mysterious and beautiful Lugu Lake. On both sides of the lake, there is a magnificent lion peak lying prone. Lion Peak is a goddess named "Ganmu" in Naxi myths and legends. Her beauty charmed male gods everywhere. But like the Naxi people in Yongning, she has no fixed husband and lives a free and occasional life of unmarried men and women. Every year, on the 25th day of the seventh lunar month, all mountain gods go to Yongning to have fun with the goddess Ganmu and receive blessings. Later, on the 25th day of the seventh lunar month, Naxi people gathered in Lugu Lake Circle to attend the annual sea slope meeting. People sang and danced and had a good time. On the one hand, they cheered for the goddess, on the other hand, they sacrificed to her with a grand ceremony, praying for her to bless the people's safety, harvest crops and prosperity of animal husbandry. Young men and women also took this opportunity to exchange notes.

Sanduojie

Sanduo Festival is a traditional festival of Naxi nationality in Lijiang, Yunnan. It is held on the eighth day of the tenth lunar month every year.

According to legend, in ancient times, three ancestors of Naxi nationality once possessed demons here. Since then, every year on the eighth day of the tenth lunar month, people gather in three temples to worship three protectors. Sacrifices include whole pigs, whole sheep, chickens and fish.

During the festival, Naxi men, women and children enjoy flowers in the spring, and young men ride horses for horse racing. The winners are favored by girls. After dinner, people sat around the campfire, and the singing and dancing Naxi girls danced the cheerful Li Ali.

Will insist

There are also many Naxi business festivals. Naxi people in Lijiang County, Yunnan Province hold a "wooden club meeting" every year on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, with the exchange of bamboo and wood farm tools as the main content. According to records, this kind of market activity has existed since the Ming Dynasty. According to the tradition of Naxi nationality, the fifteenth day of the first month is a small year, and spring ploughing begins after the small year, so the wooden stick just provides an opportunity and place to prepare agricultural tools. There are all kinds of plows, hoes, sickles, bamboo baskets, baskets, shoulder poles and so on. Naxi farmers change the wooden handles of some farm tools into those with handles every year, so this farm tool fair is called "Great Club". The club also has flowers, fruits and saplings, bonsai, furniture and daily necessities for family life.

The Legacy of Marriage Snatching still exists in some areas of Naxi nationality. This is also > >

What are the national characteristics of Naxi nationality? The Naxi people in China mainly live in Old Town of Lijiang, Yulong Naxi Autonomous County in Weixi, Shangri-La (Zhongdian), ninglang county, Yongsheng County, Yanyuan County, Muli County and Yanjing Town in Mangkang County, Sichuan Province. The current population is 324,679.

Religious culture

Dongba religion is a unique religion of Naxi nationality. Dongba culture is named after its preservation in Dongba religion. It mainly includes Dongba characters, Dongba scriptures, Dongba paintings, Dongba music, Dongba dances, Dongba musical instruments and various sacrificial ceremonies.

Naxi people used to believe in Dongba religion, Lamaism and natural gods such as heaven, earth, mountains and water, and recorded the years with the lunar calendar. Many festivals, such as Spring Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, are almost the same as those of the local Han people, among which the Spring Festival is the largest traditional festival, accompanied by many sacrificial activities.

At that time, every family had to kill pigs, make sour liver and brew rice wine. On New Year's Eve, we will kill chickens and stew pig's heads to worship the kitchen god and ancestors. When eating, if someone at home goes out, bowls and chopsticks should also be placed on the dining table to show family reunion.

Meat food is not allowed for breakfast on the first day. The next day, we began to visit relatives and friends, pay New Year greetings to each other, invite people to dinner, and give each other gifts such as brown sugar, red cakes and snacks.

The most solemn ceremony is "Naxi Sacrifice to Heaven", which is usually held in the first month or the middle of the first month. At that time, it is necessary to choose a sacrifice site, and Dongba believers (villages without palms, choose respected old people) will be priests and slaughter the pigs in turn. Every household should donate barley and wheat to make wine and bait.

Before the sacrifice, clean the site and build a shed.

In daily life

Naxi people attach great importance to credit and loyalty. They generally don't care about the mistakes made by guests because they don't understand the customs and manners of Naxi people, but they attach great importance to equality and credit. Therefore, it is best to communicate with Naxi people directly and explain what they want, and don't deceive them. In an ordinary house, most people like to entertain guests under the eaves gallery during the day and in the main room at night. If it's in a log cabin, it's by the fireplace. Although there is no strict seat division, but pay attention to respecting the elderly and loving the young, men and women are different. For example, on the dining table or by the fireplace, it is called Ba or Gegulu, which is the priority seat for the elderly. Therefore, as long as there are old people in Naxi families, even if the host invites them, the top eight should be given to the old people. When eating, please ask the elderly and elders to sit down first, and do not take the initiative to occupy them. If an old man comes in, the young man should get up and give up his seat and say hello. Don't cross your legs when there are old people. Sit up straight when meeting guests and eating occasions, avoid making noise, guessing and ordering food, and don't step on the table rail. When the host is toasting, smoking and eating, he should touch his hand to express his gratitude. When eating, don't put chopsticks upright in the rice (because putting chopsticks in the rice will only appear when the dead burn incense), don't knock chopsticks, don't turn over the dishes, and don't pick up the dishes one after another. Generally, you should ask others to move chopsticks together, first take it once, stop for a while, take a bite and then take the second chopsticks. Pay attention to economy and don't waste food. Don't leave leftovers at the bottom of the bowl. If you sit on a two-person stool, you are not allowed to enter the girls' greenhouse at will in Lugu Lake area, and don't ask about xia. The ashes in the stove can't be turned over. When offering sacrifices to heaven, ancestors and the god of war, outsiders are forbidden to watch. Avoid crossing kerbs and colored stones erected at doorways and fire pits. Young people are not allowed to take off their shoes and dry their feet by the fire pit. When you warm yourself by the fire pit, you will hear "fire laughter" to add firewood, which means adding wealth and making a fortune. Don't sit on the threshold, eat on the eaves and by the stove, and don't cut things on the threshold with a knife and axe. Love songs are not allowed at home, and children are not allowed to play with sticks or charcoal heads that are not extinguished. One is danger, and the other is that they are said to have nightmares. My father-in-law is not allowed to enter my daughter-in-law's bedroom. Some people go out for a long trip or business trip, so they can't sweep the floor with the people who go out, and they can't sweep the floor after sunset. Guests are not allowed to sweep the floor. Don't close the door immediately when the guests leave, but send them to the door. Women's underwear should not be aired in public, and pants and skirts should not be aired above the passage where the owner enters and exits. Avoid wearing a hat and carry a hoe into the kitchen. Make a fire and go home at night. Don't light the fire inside. Go home at night, advance to the fire pond house, and avoid the bedroom. Don't talk about dreams at night in the morning. Pregnant women can't climb fruit-bearing trees or cross reins or fishing rods. Avoid eating meat without blood. It is forbidden to pollute water sources and cut down water source forests. Avoid backhand to add rice and water to people. Avoid drinking leftover wine and tea that others have drunk. People who attend the worship of heaven or more than three festivals should wash their hands in advance and cross the road from Du >>

The characteristics of Dongba language and the historical and cultural value of Naxi nationality Dongba culture is one of the important contents of Naxi culture. Dongba culture refers to the ancient Naxi culture, named after its preservation in Dongba religion, with a history of 1000 years. It mainly includes Dongba characters, Dongba scriptures, Dongba paintings, Dongba music, Dongba dances, Dongba musical instruments and various sacrificial ceremonies.

Dongba culture of Naxi nationality in Yunnan is the same as or the same as that of Xiangxiong Yongzhong, which has had a far-reaching influence on Dongba religion in a certain historical period. From the perspective of national development, Dongba religion of Naxi nationality is closely related to this religion. First of all, their worship of the same ancestor shows their identity or homology. The founder and mentor of Yongzhong Benjiao is Jixiang Rao Miwo Tathagata Barton Jixiang Rao, and the founder of Dongba religion is Ding Bashiro. According to textual research, the ancestors worshipped by Dongba believers are the ancestors of Yongzhong Benjiao.

Naxi people's eating habits Naxi people eat three meals a day. Generally, we eat steamed bread or boiled Baba for breakfast, while Chinese food and dinner are more abundant. Generally, there are one or two kinds of cooking, pickles, soup and so on. Especially beef soup pot and dry bar. The traditional dish of Naxi nationality "Fermented Tricholoma matsutake" is a special dish made of Tricholoma matsutake cover, stuffed with minced meat and steamed as a sacrifice, especially for ancestors to eat.

The meat quality is mainly pork, and pork is mostly made into bacon, especially the pipa pigs in Lijiang and Yongning, which can be preserved for several years to more than ten years without deterioration. Take Baba or Baba Temple with you when you go out to work. Sit around the table when eating, and like to move to a sunny place to eat in winter.

Typical foods are: Lijiang ham Baba, linen, Saussurea involucrata, beginning of spring copper hotpot, etc.