Appreciation of Du Fu's Poems

Du Fu (7 12-770), with beautiful words, was a great poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and was known as the "poet saint". Originally from Xiangyang, Hubei Province, Gong County, Henan Province. Du Zhisun, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty. Tang Suzong, Official Left Addendum. After he entered Shu, he was recommended by his friends as a staff officer of Ren Jiannan Drug Rehabilitation Center, and Yuan Wailang was appointed as the school's engineering department. Therefore, later generations also called him Du Shiyi and Du Gongbu.

Du Fu is as famous as Li Bai and is known as "Du Li" in the world. The core of his thought is the Confucian thought of benevolent government. He has a great ambition of "making the monarch Yao and Shun superior first, and then making the customs pure". He loves life, people and the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. He hated evil, criticized and exposed the corruption of the imperial court and the dark phenomenon in social life. He sympathized with the people and even fantasized that he was willing to make self-sacrifice to save their suffering.

Du Fu is a great realistic poet, who wrote 1400 poems in his life. His experience and poetry creation can be divided into four periods.

First, the roaming period of reading (before the age of 35)

During this period, he traveled to Wu, Yue (now Jiangsu and Zhejiang), Qi and Zhao (now northern Shandong and southern Hebei) and worked in Luoyang. After meeting Li Bai in Luoyang, they formed a profound friendship, then met Gao Shi and traveled with Liang and Song (now Kaifeng and Shangqiu). Later, Du Li went to Jizhou again, met at the east foot after breaking up, and separated again, so there was no chance to meet again.

Second, trapped in Chang' an period (35 to 44 years old)

During this period, Du Fu took the exam in Chang 'an for the first time and came last. Later, he presented gifts to the emperor and presented them to the nobles. He lived a life of "detaining the rich in the morning, following the fat horse dust at night, throwing a cup and baking it cold, hiding his worries everywhere". Finally, he got a small official who led the government to join the army. During this period, he wrote poems such as "Car Shop" and "Two Ways", criticizing current politics and satirizing dignitaries. The book "Singing 500 Words from Beijing to Fengxian" is particularly famous, which indicates that his understanding of the political and social reality of the imperial court has reached a new height after ten years of hard life in Chang 'an.

3. The arrested thief is an official (45 to 48 years old).

When the Anshi Rebellion broke out and Tongguan fell, Du Fu settled in Zhangzhou and went to Suzong alone. He was captured by the Anshi Rebellion and taken to Chang 'an. In the face of chaos in Chang 'an, he heard the news that the loyalist troops were repeatedly defeated, and wrote poems such as Moonlit Night, Spring Hope, Ai Jiangtou and Sad Chen Tao. Later, he fled to Fengxiang to cheat and made a collection. Because of the suggestion, Shangshu was demoted to be the prime minister of joining the army. Later, he recorded his experiences in the form of poems and became his immortal works, namely "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells".

Fourth, the wandering period in the southwest (48 to 58 years old).

With the collapse of Xiangzhou loyalist and the famine of Guanfu, Du Fu abandoned his official and fled with his family, passing through Qin Zhou and Tonggu, and lived a relatively stable life in Chengdu. When he entered the DPRK, the warlord in the middle of Shu rebelled and he went to Zizhou and Langzhou. Then go back to Chengdu. After Yanwu's death, he drifted again, lived in Kuizhou for two years, drifted to the same lake and died on the Xiangjiang River. The works of this period include Heart on the Water Threshold, Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Sick Orange, Climbing the Building, Book Reading, The Yellow River was recaptured by the imperial army, Showing Wu Lang again, Ascending the Mountain, Qiu Xing, Three Jueju and Sui Yanxing.

Throughout his life, Du Fu's thoughts were "worrying about Li Yuan in poor years" and "being the best monarch and being Yao Shun", so his poetry creation always runs through the main line of worrying about the country and the people, which shows Du Fu's greatness. His poems are rich in social content, rich in the color of the times and distinctive in political inclination, which truly and profoundly reflect the political current affairs and broad social life prospect of a historical era before and after the An Shi Rebellion, and are called the "history of poetry" of a generation. The style of Du Fu's poems is basically "gloomy and frustrated", and the language and text structure are full of changes, emphasizing the refinement of words and sentences. At the same time, his poems have many styles. Besides the five ancient poems, the seven ancient poems, the five laws and the seven laws, he also wrote many lines. There are also various artistic techniques, which are the epitome of the ideological art of Tang poetry. Du Fu also inherited the spirit of Yuefu in Han and Wei Dynasties, got rid of the old themes of Yuefu and created many new themes of Yuefu, such as "three officials" and "three parting". After his death, he was highly praised by Huang Fan, Han Yu, Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi. Du Fu's poems had a far-reaching influence on Bai Yuan's literary thought of "New Yuefu Movement" and Li Shangyin's near-body allegorical current affairs poems. However, Du Fu's poems were widely valued after the Song Dynasty. Yu Wang, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Lu You and others highly praised Du Fu, while Wen Tianxiang regarded Du Fu's poems as a spiritual force to adhere to national integrity. The influence of Du Fu's poems, from ancient times to the present, has long gone beyond the scope of literature and art. For details of his life, see Old Tang Book 190. This is Du Gongbu.

Du fu's chronicle

7 12 Zong Rui taiji I (Xuanzong congenital I), Du Fu was born in Gongxian County, Henan Province.

7 17 Ding Si Xuanzong opened the first five years, and Du Fu was six years old. Taste Yancheng and watch Gong Sundaniang dance "Sword" and "Soul Tuo".

7 18 Wu Xuanzong Kaiyuan Six, Du Fu was seven years old. Initiate poetry.

In 720, Emperor Xuanzong of Geng Shen was eight years old, and Du Fu was nine years old. Start learning Chinese characters.

725 B ugly Xuanzong kaiyuan Yi San, Du Fu was fourteen years old. Zhuang You's poem says: "I studied for fourteen or fifteen years and traveled in the calligraphy world. I am gentle, Cui Wei is obedient, and I am like a monitor. Original note: Cui Zhengzhou Shang, Qi Xin, Wei Yuzhou.

726 Bing Yin Xuanzong Kaiyuan 14, Du Fu 15 years old. Prozac got together and said, "I remember when I was fifteen years old, I was as healthy as a yellow calf." Pear and jujube are ripe in August before the court, and the tree day can return to a thousand times. 」

In 730, Gengwu Xuanzong was in the eighteenth year of Kaiyuan, and Du Fu was nineteen years old. Swim to Jin, to yi county (now Yishan County, Shanxi Province), and from Wei Zhijin and Kouxi.

73 1 Wei Xin Xuanzong Kaiyuan Yijiu, Du Fu was twenty years old. Tour the five mountains.

In 732, Shen Xuanzong opened the century for twenty years, and Du Fu was twenty-one years old. Tour the five mountains.

733 Gui You Xuanzong Kaiyuan leap in March, Du Fu was twenty-two years old. Tour the five mountains.

734 jiaxu Xuanzong kaiyuan in 222, Du Fu was twenty-three years old. Tour the five mountains.

735 Yi Hai Xuanzong Kaiyuan leap in November, Du Fu was twenty-four years old. This is the first time to recruit scholars since wuyue returned to Dongdu.

736 Bingzi Xuanzong Kaiyuan 24, Du Fu 25 years old. Swim beside Zhao. Pay Su Yuanming.

737 Ding Chou Xuanzong Kaiyuan 25, Du Fu 26 years old. Swim beside Zhao.

738 Wu Yin Xuanzong Kaiyuan 26, Du Fu 27 years old. Swim beside Zhao.

In 739, Emperor Xuanzong of Ji Dynasty opened the new century in 27, and Du Fu was twenty-eight years old. Swim beside Zhao.

740 Chen Geng Xuanzong Kaiyuan Barr, Du Fu was twenty-nine years old. Swim beside Zhao.

74 1 Xinsi Xuanzong Kaiyuan 29, Du Fu 30 years old. Back to Du Dong. Build the Soul Village of Lu, and offer sacrifices to the distant ancestor Dangyang Jun at the Cold Food Festival.

742 Renwu Xuanzong Tianbao was a year old, and Du Fu was thirty-one years old. In Du Dong. Guwannian Jun died in Renfeng, Tokyo. In June, he was buried in Henan County as a public epitaph.

743 Guiwei Xuanzong Tianbao II, Du Fu is thirty-two years old. In Du Dong.

744 Shen Jia Xuanzong Tianbao was three years old, and Du Fu was thirty-three years old. In Du Dong. On the 5th, Grandmother Fanyang Taijun died in Chen Liuzhi's private residence. In August, Yan was buried as an epitaph. That summer, I met Li Bai for the first time in Dudong. In autumn, You Liang, Song, Li Bai and He Gao went to the podium to play the piano. I crossed the river and visited the King of Wu. I visited the Taoist Hua Gaijun, but he was already dead.

745 Yi You Xuanzong Tianbao IV, Du Fu was thirty-four years old. Swim together and land again. At that time, Li Zhifang was the Sima of qi zhou. In summer, Li Yong came to qi zhou from Beihai County, which was full of public interest and tourism, accompanied by Li Xiating and Heshan Lake Pavilion. It was like Linyi (qi zhou) for a while. After arriving in Yanzhou in autumn, Li Bai fled to Donglu. Travel with the public, love kindness and kiss. Gong presented Baishi, saying, "I am also a guest, and I pity you like a brother." The same is true of people who are drunk in autumn and walk hand in hand with the sun. Russia and workers went to the west, and there was a trip to Jiangdong in vain, but there was no day to meet each other at Shimen in the east of the city.

746 Xu Bingxuan lived in Tianbao leap in October, and Du Fu was thirty-five years old. Since Qi, Lu returned to Chang 'an. From Ruyang Wangfu and Hezheng.

747 Dinghai Xuanzong Tianbao Six, Du Fu was thirty-six years old. In Chang 'an.

748 five sons Xuanzong Tianbao seven, Du Fu thirty-seven. In Chang 'an. Repeatedly to Wei Ji's poems, asking for quotations. It's probably time to get engaged to calligrapher Gu Jiegang.

749 ugly Xuanzong Tianbao eight, Du Fu is thirty-eight years old. In Chang 'an. Go back to Dongdu in winter to visit Emperor Xuanyuan Temple and see the wall painted by Wu Daozi.

750 Geng Yin Xuanzong Tianbao nine years, Du Fu thirty-nine years old. Come to Chang' an I met Zheng Qian for the first time.

75 1 Xin Mao Xuanzong Tianbao 1 0, Du Fu is forty years old. In Chang 'an. Into three gifts. Xuanzong was strange and ordered him to be a sage collection. Autumn, malaria. My friend Wei Jun's visit in the rain was delayed by his autumn talk. After his illness, Wang Yizhi and Wang enjoyed the wine and thanked him for giving it as a song. That year, I lived in Dewey Building.

752 Ren Chen Xuanzong Tianbao XI, Du Fu was forty-one years old. In Chang 'an. Call a test article and send it to a company to participate in the selection sequence. In late spring, I temporarily returned to Du Dong. In winter, Gao Shi entered the DPRK with the Song Dynasty, and temporarily got together with others. If I don't go back, I'll give it to the public.

753 Guisi Xuanzong Tianbao Yier, Du Fu is 42 years old. In Chang 'an. The first summer, I went to General He's mountain with him. The second son, Zong Wuyue, was born this autumn.

Wu Jia Xuanzong Tianbao leap in November, Du Fu was 43 years old. In Chang 'an. Seal Xiyue House. Moved from Du Dong to Chang 'an and lived in the capital under Cheng Nan. Because there are autumn poems and Song poems, our special envoy is in Hexi. In the middle of the year, Zhang? After calling him back, he moved to Taiqing Palace and wrote a poem for help. Also into the carving fu, expressing benefits and sadness. After autumn, the rain was harmful to crops, the price was expensive, and the livelihood of the public was difficult, so I took my family to Fengxian and stayed at school.

755 b is not Xuanzong Tianbao 14 and An Lushan. Du Fu is forty-four years old. In Chang 'an. In the middle of the year, I went to Baishui County, where my uncle Cui stayed for nineteen years. In September, Cui was the first to serve. In October, he returned to Chang 'an, awarded Hexi Wei (the old city of Hexi County is in Hexi County, Yunnan Province), and instead of worshipping, he changed to Youwei to lead Cao to join the army. 1 1 month to visit his wife in Fengxian, and recite 500 words from Beijing to Fengxian. At the end of the year, I lost my young son.

In 756, the soldiers lived in Deyi (the fifteenth year of Tianbao in Xuanzong) and changed their name to Yuan in July. An Lushan is known as the Great Emperor Yan. Xuanzong went to Shu. Kill Wang Guozhong and Yang Guifei. Du Fu is forty-five years old. At the beginning of the year, in Chang 'an. I arrived in Fengxian in May, went to Baishui with my family and lived in Gao Zhai of my uncle Cui Shaofu. In June, I took the road from Baishui to Huayuan and arrived in Yanzhou (now Jixian County, Shaanxi Province). In Tongjiawa, Sanchuan County, I lived with my old friend Sun Zaijia. When he heard about Su Zong and A Lingwu, he left his wife in Sanchuan, died there and ran away from Luziguan. On the way, I got it from a thief and went to Chang 'an. In September, Yu Chang 'an met the children of the imperial clan at the corner of the road, begging for his life as a slave, and mourning for the grandson of Wang.

In July 757, Ding Yousu went to Germany on August 2nd, and An Qingxu killed Lushan Mountain. Zhang Xun and Xu Yuan died in battle. Guo Ziyi to Tokyo. Shi Siming, etc. Du Fu is forty-six. In spring, I caught a thief. When I was in Chang 'an, I came from Zangong Hotel. In April, I fled from Jinguangmen and underpants to Fengxiang. On may 16, I left to pick up the plane. It is the month when the housing management offended and the public resisted the rescue. Su Zong was furious and ordered the third division to ask, but Zhang Gao, Wei Yan and others saved him and let him go. In June, Pei Jian and other four people recommended Cen Can. In August, the ink system was released to the country and province. So he went out of Fengxiang to Taizhou and only borrowed a horse from Li. Please go home sick for a few days. Carry out the northern expedition. In November, from Zhangzhou to the capital.

In 758, Emperor Yuan Yi (Zhi De San) changed to Yuan Yuan in February for one year. Shi Siming objected. Du Fu is 47 years old this year. Ren Zuo gleaned. In spring, Jia Zhi, Wang Wei and Cen Can are all remonstrating with the province. They sing * * *. At that time, Bi Yao was also in Beijing, living in Gong's neighbor's house. In April, Xuanzong enjoyed the Ninth Hall, and the public had to accompany him. In June, because Helan entered the Ming Dynasty, the general manager of the government was demoted to Yizhou secretariat. Take charge of the political party and join the army in Iowa. It was autumn, and I visited Cui Xingzong and Wang Wei in Lantian County. At the end of winter, I went back to the Shandong-Shandong mixed village and met Meng Yunqing in the east of the lake.

759 Ji Hai Su Zong Gan Yuaner, Shi Siming called the Prince. Du Fu is forty-eight years old. In spring, I returned to Huazhou (Huaxian County, Shaanxi Province) from the East, and made three farewell songs on the way. It was a famine in Guanfu. So he gave up his official position and went to the west in July. Dulong, go to Qin Zhou (Tianshui, Gansu). At that time, I dreamed of two poems by Li Bai, and gave Li Bai 20 rhymes at the end of the sky. There are also poems written by Gao Shi, Cen Can, Jia Zhi, Yanwu, Zheng Qian, Bi Yao, Xue Zhi and Zhang Biao. At that time, Zangong was still in exile in Qin Zhou, and he tasted the victory of Xizhi Village for Gonggong, because he made a plan to get rich. The thatched cottage was not built, so I went to Tonggu in October. The poems pass through Gu Chi, Tietang Gorge, Yanjing, Xia Han, Fajing Temple, Qingyang Gorge, Longmen Town, Shidong, Jicaoling, Nigong Mountain and Phoenix Terrace. Go to Tonggu and live in chestnut pavilion. Poverty is very beneficial, and it is self-sufficient to pick up oak chestnuts and dig yellow. I lived for less than a month and then went to Chengdu. 1 February1day on the road, passing through Mupiling, Baishadu, Feixian Pavilion, Shiguige, Jubaidu, Jianmen and Reuters Mountain. Arrived in Chengdu at the end of the year and lived in Huanhuaxi Temple. I stabbed Pengzhou when I was in high physical fitness. When I arrived in Chengdu, I sent a poem to ask.

760 Gengzi Su Zongshang (three years) changed yuan in April, and Du Fu was forty-nine years old. In Chengdu. In spring, Buju lives among the flowers in Xiguo. Cousins Wang 15 Sima Yijian, Xu Qing (suspected knowledge), Xiao Shi, He Yong and Wei Ban (should be nephews) planted fruit trees in Sanming House, which started at the beginning of the year and was completed. When Wei Yan lived in Shu, he tried to draw a wall for the public. In early autumn, I made a temporary trip to Xinjin and met Pei Di. I went to Zhou Shu in autumn night and met Gao Shi. In winter, return to Chengdu.

76 1 Xin Chou Su Zong Shang Yuaner, Shi Chaoyi killed Shi Siming. Du Fu is fifty years old. At the beginning of Jucaotang, I went to Xinjin. In February, I returned to Chengdu. In autumn, go to Qingcheng Mountain. Go back to Chengdu At that time, I was ill and had a hard life. Have the idea of moving to another place. In winter, when I arrived in Chengdu, I tasted the thatched cottage with Wang Lun and had another drink.

In July 762, Renyin Suzong Baoying changed to Yuan in April, the emperor and Xuanzong collapsed, and Prince Yu arrived. The poet Li Bai died (70 1-762). Du Fu is fifty-one. I have lived in a thatched cottage since spring in Zhixia. Very close to Yanwu's singing. There are gifts for fighting. In July, I sent Yanwu back to North Korea, took a boat to Mianzhou, went to Jiyi, went ashore and left him. I knew I was against it. I was in Zizhou. At the end of autumn, I went back to Chengdu to welcome my relatives, but I was quite interested in traveling to the east. 1 1 month, I went to Yujingguan, Shehong County, Jin Huashan, looking for the remains of Chen Ziang Reading Hall. He also visited Zi 'ang's hometown in Wu Shan, the northeast county. I visited Guo's former residence in Tongquan County, south of the city, and visited the Xue Ji painting and calligraphy wall of Qingshan Temple. Look at the cranes painted behind the wall of the county government.

In 763, Gui Maodai Zongguang Deyi (the second year of Baoying) was changed to Yuan in July, and Li Huaixian killed Shi Chaoyi in the first month. Du Fu is fifty-two years old. In the first month, I was on the banks of Zizhou and the Yellow River, which were recovered by the imperial army. I wanted to go back to the capital, but I wanted to go east to Wu Chu. I occasionally taste Langzhou (Langzhong, Sichuan) because I visited the temples in Niutou, Doulu and Yi Hui. I went back to Zizi, and I went to Mianzhou because I saw Mr. Xin off. From cotton to catalpa. Go to Hangzhou again. Summer, back to Zizhou. In early autumn, I bid farewell to catalpa and went to Langchang. In September, the housing management was sacrificed. At the end of autumn, I received a letter from home and learned that my daughter was ill because I was in a hurry to return to catalpa. 1 1 month, I will leave the canyon to travel to Wu Chu, so I ordered my brother to occupy Jiao Jiao Caotang in Chengdu.

In 764, Chen Jia's generation was Zong Guangde II, and Du Fu was 53 years old. In the early spring, he went out of the gorge from Zizhou Zijia East and first arrived in Langzhou. The imperial court called Jing Zhao Gong Cao to join the army, and the itinerary was fixed, so it was not called. In February, when I left Langdong, I heard that the military commander of Yan was in Shu town again, and I was overjoyed, so I changed my plan and went to Chengdu. Return to Chengdu in March. In June, Yan was a festival worker, and Yuan Wailang of the Ministry of Industry got a fish bag. Autumn, the curtain, quite unhappy, because the poem Yan Wu Shu chest. So I asked for leave and went back to the thatched cottage temporarily. At that time, Cao Ba was in Chengdu and was recommended by Dan Qing. Brother Ying went to qi zhou. At the end of the year, I sent a poem to Jia Zhi for something. This is the year that Yanwu sang the closest.

In 765, in October of the second generation of Zong Yongtai, Du Fu was 54 years old. On the third day of the first month, he resigned from the post of shogunate and returned to Huanhuaxi. I live in a thatched cottage from spring to summer. In May, I took my family south from the thatched cottage. To history (Leshan, Sichuan). June, to Rongzhou (Yibin, Sichuan). From Congzhou to Yuzhou (Chongqing). Wait for the waiter. If it doesn't arrive, go down the canyon first. I went to Zhongzhou (Zhongxian, Sichuan) in autumn and lived in longxing temple Hospital. In September, I went to Yun 'an County (wearing Baidicheng four times). Due to illness, he stayed in Yun 'an and Shui Ge, Yan Mingfu.

In 766, Zongdali was renamed in November, and Du Fu was 55 years old. In spring, in Yun 'an. At that time, Cen Shenfang was a historian and sent him a poem. Spring Festival Evening, moved to Kuizhou. There was a living room in the mountains. In autumn, I moved to Xige. After the autumn, Bai Maolin was the prefect of Kuizhou, and he was quite wealthy. It's a work of reminiscing about an old trip for many years.

767 Ding lives in Dali II, and Du Fu is 56 years old. In Kuizhou. In spring, I moved to Chi Jia from Xige. In March, I moved to a thatched cottage in Lingxi. The house is connected with 40 acres of orchards, several acres of vegetable gardens and several hectares of rice fields, all in the east of Jiangbei. Brother Guan is from Beijing. In autumn, because of the bumper harvest of rice, I temporarily stayed in Dongtun. The righteousness of Wu comes from Zhongzhou, and the sound of Wu lives in Lingxi Caotang. At the right time, I began to renew the idea of traveling to Jingxiang in the east. 10 19, in Kuizhou, I drove Yuan to see Li Shierniang dancing sword. This winter, I am still sick. In autumn, the left ear began to lose hearing.

In 768, Wu Shenchao lived in March and June, and Du Fu was 57 years old. In the middle of the first month, go to the gorge. When I left, I gave it to Nan Qingge in Lingxi Orchard. In March, to Jiangling. Summer is like a foreign city for a while. I stayed in Jiangling for several months, and I was not proud. In late autumn, he moved to Gongan County. In the case of Gu Jieshao, Li Jinsu (Fu Cong) and monk Taiyi, he stayed in the police station for several months. Years old, to Yuezhou.

In 769, Du Fu was 58 years old. In the first month, from Yuezhou to Nanyue, I visited Daolin Temple and watched the Song Wenzhi Wall. I live in Caoqing Lake and Baishayi. Through Xiangyin, I visited the Xiangfuren Temple. Further upstream, I arrived at Shipu in early February and stayed there. After the mouth of Tianjin, the second empty shore. Xu Shi, Su Hua, the second night on the mainland (in Xiangtan). In March, I arrived in Tanzhou (Changsha, Hunan). Fatanzhou, the second Bai Matan, entered Qiaokou. To Tongguan, stop the wind. Send bronze officers to guard the mouth of Xinkang River. The second time I went to Feng Pu, I went to Hengzhou (Hengyang, Hunan). Summer, afraid of heat, back to Tanzhou. When Su Xun lived by the river, suddenly one day, he visited the public on the boat, invited them to recite poems, and rewarded them, so they met. In Tanzhou all the year round.

In 770, Duke Xu became the patriarch in the Five Dynasties and Du Fu died (7 12-770). Du Fu is fifty-nine. In spring, in Tanzhou. On the 21 ST of the first month, I lost my memory. In the second year of Shangyuan, I wrote poems every day. I gave them to Wang Jun and Jing Chaoxian in Hanzhong as a reward. In late spring, I met Li Guinian. In April, avoid chaos into hengchow. I want to go to Chenzhou according to my uncle's Cui Wei. Because I went to Leiyang, when the river rose, I parked in the field and was not allowed to eat for half a day. Nie Lingchi's book is to cook white wine for cattle. I went back to Pakistan in midsummer, took a nap in Tanzhou in autumn, and then traveled to other relatives and friends' homes, back to Hunan, out of Hubei, from Xiangyang to Luoyang, and back to Chang 'an. In winter, I died in Tan Yue and went to Yueyang.