Appreciation of Spring Festival couplets and cross reviews (10) is urgent! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Couplets have a long history, and it is said that they originated from Meng Chang, the master of Shu after the Five Dynasties. His inscription "New Year's Eve, Qing Yu, No.1 Festival". The word "Changchun" on the peach symbol board on the bedside door is "inscribed with peach symbols" (see Shu Lang). This is the earliest couplet in China and the earliest Spring Festival couplets. (See Applied Writing,No. 1987, Random Talk on Couplets)

Couplets, also called couplets, commonly known as couplets, are a unique Chinese language, literature and art form in China, and are deeply loved by people from all walks of life. To sum up, the joint law is six elements, also called "six phases", which are described as follows:

First, the number of words should be equal. The number of words online equals the number of words offline. The number of words in each clause of the long couplet is equal. There is a special case that the number of words in the upper and lower couplets is intentionally different. For example, during the Republic of China, some people ridiculed Yuan Shikai's couplets: "Yuan Shikai is eternal; Long live the people of China. " The first part of "Yuan Shikai" and the second part of "China people" are "sorry", which means that Yuan Shikai is sorry for the people of China.

Overlapping or overlapping words are allowed in sentences. Folding in half and overlapping words are commonly used rhetorical devices in couplets, but attention should be paid to the consistency of the upper and lower couplets when overlapping. For example, in the Ming Dynasty, Gu Xiancheng titled "Wuxi Donglin Academy Union:

The sound of wind and rain reading is in the ear;

Family affairs, state affairs and everything in the world care about everything. ：

However, we should try to avoid "homophony" and "homophony" in couplets. The so-called homonym means that the same word is opposite in the same position of the upper and lower parts. The so-called ectopic reduplication refers to the fact that the same word appears in different positions in the upper and lower links. But some function words are allowed to have homonyms, such as Gelinglian of West Lake in Hangzhou:

The song of peach blossom and flowing water;

Between the shade and the grass.

The word "Zhi" in the upper and lower couplets is repeated in the same place, but it is OK because it is empty word. However, there is a special form of "ectopic mutual weight" (called "transposition case"), such as Lin Sen's couplet with Dr. Sun Yat-sen:

A person is eternal;

One person through the ages.

Second, equivalence of parts of speech. There are two types of parts of speech in modern Chinese, namely, notional words and function words. The former includes nouns (including locative words), verbs, adjectives (including color words), numerals, quantifiers and pronouns. The latter includes adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words, exclamations and onomatopoeias. Part of speech equivalence means that words or phrases with the same position in the upper and lower parts should have the same or similar parts of speech. The first is the rule of "real to real, virtual to virtual", which is the most basic rule and has the widest meaning. In some cases, just follow this. Secondly, the corresponding rules of parts of speech, that is, the words 12 above correspond to each other. This rule should be observed in most cases. Thirdly, the semantic correspondence rule refers to putting things of the same type represented by Chinese characters together for confrontation. The ancients noticed this rhetorical method long ago. In particular, nouns are divided into many subcategories, such as astronomy (sun, moon, wind, rain, etc. ), season (day and night, etc. ), geography (mountains and rivers, etc. ), government offices (towers, doors, etc. ), vegetation (trees, peaches, plums, etc. ), birds (chickens, birds, cranes, etc. ) and so on. Finally, the corresponding rules of adjacent categories, that is, words in adjacent categories can be paired with each other. For example, astronomy returns to the season, astronomy to geography, geography to the palace and so on.

Third, the structure is commensurate. The so-called structural symmetry means that the grammatical structure of the upper and lower conjunctions (or the structure of their phrases and sentence patterns) should be as same as possible, that is, the subject-predicate structure is opposite to the subject-predicate structure, the verb-object structure is opposite to the verb-object structure, the partial structure is opposite to the partial structure, and the coordinate structure is opposite to the coordinate structure, and so on. For example, Li Bai's topic is Hunan Yueyang Loulian:

Water and the sky are one color;

The wind and the moon are boundless.

This conjunction is both a subject-predicate structure. Among them, "water sky" and "romantic moon" are both parallel structures, and "one color" and "boundless" are all positive structures.

However, in the case of equivalent parts of speech, the requirements for some similar or special sentence structures can be relaxed appropriately.

Fourth, the rhythm corresponds. That is, the places where the up and down links stop must be consistent. : such as:

Don't let the spring and autumn pass; It's the hardest for an old friend to come once.

This is a seven-character short couplet, and the rhythm of the upper and lower couplets is exactly the same, both of which are "223". Longer couplets must have corresponding rhythm.

The fifth is uniformity and harmony. What is leveling? The classification of flat tones in Putonghua is, in short, flat tones and upper tones, flat tones and flat tones. In the ancient four tones, the flat sound is flat, and the rising, going and entering sounds are silent. Even peace and harmony include two aspects:

(1) The upper and lower links are opposite. Generally speaking, word alignment is not required, but attention should be paid to the alignment of the upper and lower tails (feet), the upper part is different and the lower part is flat; The words at the end of the sentence or at the rhythm point should be flat and opposite; The ending (foot) of each clause in a long couplet should be flat, right.

(2) The upper and lower couplets alternate in the sentence. Yu Dequan, a contemporary couplet writer, summed up a set of "horseshoe rhyme" rules. Simply put, it is "smooth and steady, smooth and steady", just like the rhythm of horseshoes, such as:

Shushan has a road service as its path.

○○●●○○●

There is no limit to learning the sea.

●●○○●●○

(○ is flat, ● is flat. The word "Xue" is based on Pingbu)

The problem of alignment is not absolute, and it can be flexible in many cases. If there are overlapping words, compound words, palindromes, humor, phonology, etc. in couplets, it can be decided according to the specific situation. There are some exceptions if the trade union thinks it is necessary.

Sixth, the content is relevant. What are couplets? It is both "right" and "related". The words mentioned above are all "right", with the same number of words, equivalent parts of speech, the same structure, corresponding rhythm and even harmony, but they still lack a "couplet". "Lian" is about content relevance. Between the upper and lower couplets of a couplet, the content should be related. If the upper and lower couplets each write an irrelevant thing, and the two can't reflect, connect and echo, it can't be regarded as a qualified couplet, or even a couplet.

But there are exceptions to any law of couplets, and so is "content-related". There are two extremely special couplets in couplets. First, "there is no love for each other." The upper and lower couplets are neat word for word, but the content is irrelevant (or specious), and the comparison of the upper and lower couplets can arouse unexpected interest. For example:

The tree is half looking for an axe;

Really irrelevant.

In the upper and lower links, "tree" and "fruit" are both vegetation; "Already" and "naturally" are both function words; "Half" and "one" are numbers; Both "search" and "point" are escaped as verbs; "Hugh" and "no" are function words; "Vertical" and "phase" are all function words; "Axe" and "dry" are ancient weapons. The All-China Federation is more unexpectedly interested in using spoken English than poetry.

The second is to recite the poem clock alone. The upper and lower couplets recite two unrelated things respectively; Word for word, word for word, neat; Connect two things from a certain point through a conjunction. There are some similarities between the poem in the poem and the bell, and also similar to the riddle, but there are also many differences. Interested friends can further study.

Couplets emphasize the relevance of content, but they are forbidden to be synonymous, which is called "fighting". The so-called "avoiding synonymous opposition" refers to the relative sentences of the upper and lower parts, and its meanings should be avoided as far as possible, such as "rising sun" to "rising sun", "history books" to "history books", "China's past dynasties show" to "Chi county magistrate gives birth to spring", "business is booming all over the world" to "financial resources are expanding into the three rivers" and so on. Of course, the crossing of individual non-central words, or the crossing of hands, accounts for a small proportion in couplets, which is harmless.

[Edit this paragraph] The characteristics of couplets

Mr. Ji Shichang and Mr. Zhu Jingzhi once summarized the characteristics of couplets in The Study of China Couplets as: distinctive nationality, strong times, rigorous rhythm, high generality and wide practicability. A distinctive nation means that couplets vividly reflect our own national traditions and characteristics. A strong sense of the times means that couplets, like all literary forms, are bound to bear the imprint of the times. Strict meter means that couplets have their own unique meter. A high degree of generality means that couplets have stronger artistic generalization power than other literary forms, and can often reflect profound and extensive life content with extremely limited words. Extensive practicability refers to the universal application of couplets in social life, which can be described as ubiquitous in all walks of life, all kinds of people and all kinds of occasions.

Fu's On the Characteristics of China Couplets summarizes the characteristics of couplets into five opposites:

Unity of uniqueness and universality: It is generally believed that couplets are the most unique literary form in China. What is unique about it? Mainly in structure and language. Couplets can be called "dual structure" style. Standard couplets always consist of two opposing parts. The former part is called "Lian", which is also called "sentence", "antithesis" and "antithesis". The latter part is called "bottom link", which is also called "antithesis", "antithesis" and "antithesis". These two parts are paired. Only the upper part or the lower part can be regarded as semi-joint. Of course, many couplets, especially those written and hung, have horizontal comments in addition to the upper and lower couplets. Horizontal criticism is an organic part of this kind of couplets, which is often a summary, the finishing touch or compatible with couplets. Generally, it is four words, but also two, three, five and seven words. From the linguistic point of view, the language of couplets is neither a verse language nor a prose language, but a special language that pursues antithesis and is full of musicality. The special "language structure" of couplets is completely determined by the special nature of Chinese and its characters. The uniqueness of this "language structure" makes the creation of couplets different from other literary forms in conception, conception, layout and planning. With the same objective object and content, we always try to observe and describe things from two aspects and angles, and strive to "shape" the language into a binary and symmetrical structure.

Couplets have the above-mentioned uniqueness, but it is still a literary form with general and universal characteristics of literature. It is also the art of using language to shape literary images, reflect social life and express thoughts and feelings. It has the characteristics of image, authenticity and inclination of literature, and also has the cognitive, educational and aesthetic functions of literature. Couplets can be narrative, tangible, lyrical and argumentative. To mourn the dead, you can write a eulogy, a poem, or a couplet, which shows that the couplet is a member of the literary family, but its form is unique.

Unity of parasitism and tolerance: The so-called parasitism refers to couplets developed from parallel prose in China's ancient ci and fu. In short, they are a pair of compound sentence, so they can be parasitic in various styles. Isn't there a neat antithesis in poems, words, songs, fu, parallel prose, and even prose, drama and novels? On the other hand, couplets are extremely inclusive. It can combine the characteristics of other styles, absorb the expressive techniques of other styles, especially long couplet and super-long couplet, and simply combine the achievements of Chinese stylistic techniques. For example, the refined meaning of poetry, the exaggeration of fu, the long tone of words, the significance of songs, the free and easy prose, the short rhyme of scriptures, etc., are all eclectic and innovative.

Couplets are like words, such as Xu Taimei in Qing Dynasty and Hua Miao in Jiading, Shanghai.

What a beautiful day it was when Haitang bloom and Swallow came. Grassland, I am drunk and sleepy. This is a breeze, and it is very slow;

Spring break, gold buys the night, and the cold food is over. Du Fu said, it is better to go home. Huang Li said, it is better to live less.

This couplet can be read as a fresh and beautiful, gentle and sad word.

Couplets are like songs, such as Qing anonymous satirizing a county magistrate's couplet;

Breathe out when you see a county, and bow your head when you see a fan. When you saw the governor talking about tea, you only explained a few things: "Yes! Yes! Yes! "

With servants as slaves, bookkeepers as wings and local gentry and directors as gifts, I suddenly said, "Oh! Oh! Oh! "

The colloquialism and banter of this couplet are quite melodious, which vividly depicts the ugliness of feudal bureaucrats.

Couplets like prose writers are anonymous. Taiwan Province Arctic League of Qianfo Mountain in Jinan, Shandong;

When you go out, look at dozens of screens. Please look at some Buddhist buildings, with red maple and cypress alternating, red and fiery red, white and white, indigo and green.

Think about it when you get back to Taiwan Province. Thousands of people in Jiangshan can be traced back to Zhumen Huangge, which is near the thatched cottage. Legalists strive for fame, while those who benefit gain, while saints gain, and mediocrity is even more mediocrity.

Even the unique scripture style is used in couplets. Try to read the anonymous title "Zhaitang Couplet of Jinshan Temple in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu";

One room, one rafter, one porridge and one meal, Tan Yue cream, pedestrians sweating, you don't do it, you don't do it, you can be afraid, you can worry, you can sigh;

Once a day, every January, the water is changeable, the young shadow is not firm, the mortal heart is not exhausted, and the holy fruit is not round, which is shocking, terrible and sad.

Unity of practicality and artistry: As mentioned above, antithetical couplets are a form of China classical literature, which is naturally literary and artistic. It embodies the artistic style of Chinese characters in China with unprecedented flexibility and perfection in poems, words and songs. The beauty of couplets lies in symmetry, contrast and unity of opposites. Wang Li said in the article "The Beauty of Language Form in China's Classical Literary Theory" that "the beauty of language form in China's classical literary theory is mainly composed of two things: the first is duality, and the second is temperament (Collected Works of Dragon Insect Carving and Zhai, page 456). Couplets pay attention to antithesis and levelness, which embodies the formal beauty of classical literature. Yan Shu, a poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, wrote a famous poem "Huanxisha": "A new song, a glass of wine. The weather was old last year. When did the sun set? Helpless, let the flowers fall, as if I had met Yan's return, and Xiaoyuan Xiangjing wandered alone. Among them, "I can't help spending money, but I seem to know my face" is a famous sentence throughout the ages. It is this famous sentence that makes this poem one of Yan Shu's masterpieces. In fact, this famous sentence was first created as a couplet. In Song Dynasty, Hu Zai recorded it in Fu Zhai Man Lu, the last volume of Tiao Xi Yu Yin Cong Hua. Yan Shu once invited Wang Qi to dinner and said his last sentence: "I can't help spending it", but I hated it. Wang Qi replied, "I have seen Yan before. Yan Shu was overjoyed, so she put this quatrain into Huanxisha Ci. Yang Shen called this antithesis "a beautiful second language, a natural equivalent". This is the artistic charm of couplets.

A pair of couplets by Mr. Bai, a contemporary scholar, can summarize the artistry of couplets;

For the non-trail, true and sincere, it can be satirized and sung, comparable to poetry and prose, like a pearl reflecting Baoyu;

Combining this grand view has a long history and is also interesting. It adds luster to halls, mountains and rivers and people, just like old trees and new flowers.

Couplets are very artistic and practical. You can write, engrave, paste and hang; You can compose music, donate, collect and assemble; Can be used for stone calligraphy and painting, tourist attractions, weddings and funerals, interior design, stage props, news headlines, advertisements, novels and word games; There is a saying that it can penetrate into all fields of society.

The ingenious unity of practicality and literariness of couplets is completely absent from other literary forms and practical writing. The reason for this wonderful unity is that couplets have characteristics that other literary forms do not have. Because couplets are composed of opposite upper and lower couplets, which have external symmetry and harmony beauty, writing them on both sides of the main entrance of buildings and structures in specific social environment, natural environment and specific scenes of human life can produce distinct decorative and beautification functions, social communication functions and advertising functions. Its use has spread all over the world, and it has become a real and main social life application text for celebration, hanging and decoration. Perhaps some people think that carving poems on the forest of steles on the wall can also play a practical role. Yes, but poetry is a whole. Can't be divided into two halves and displayed in a symmetrical form. You can't write on both sides of the door. The "door" is the center of the building and its golden position, just like a human face. In fact, the couplets hung on both sides of the gate and the poems carved on the wall have very different functions.

Unity of vulgarity and elegance: it is often said that it is true that both elegance and vulgarity enjoy each other. Imagine that there is another literary form, like couplets, which is dominated by scholars and elegant people. The obedient son of a woman likes listening to music. It can not only enter the ivory tower, but also enter the people of Long Mu, which is both a Chun Xue and a beautiful chin. What is this wonderful unity? The reason is that couplets are a simple and complex, pure and rich art. As mentioned above, the rules of couplets are not complicated, especially the color and style of language, and there is no requirement for theme and content. They are generally short and pithy, and are widely used in social life. Unlike other literary forms, they have an elegant face, and they are easy to learn, understand, remember and write. As long as it is right, regardless of the vulgarity and elegance of the language, the size of the theme and the depth of thought, it will become a couplet. But other literature is not inevitable. Poetry is elegant and connotative, such as "mountains and rivers are blurred, wells are dark, yellow dogs are white, and white dogs are swollen", which can only be called "doggerel". Most people are afraid to ask poetry for fear of writing limerick. And couplets, if written by every family and posted on holidays, are the most popular in literature. However, couplets are both vulgar and elegant. The rules of couplets are simple and the form is pure, but they are profound and infinite in terms of Tao and art, short and meaningful, and the word is natural, which is beyond the reach of vulgar hands; The long giant is embroidered, just like an epic. Unless it is big, it can't be done. Those excellent places of interest reflect the mountains and rivers and shine forever; Those famous philosophical aphorisms are handed down to the world and will last forever; Isn't it elegant that those people with lofty ideals are generous and aboveboard?

Unity of seriousness and playfulness: Generally speaking, literature and art are serious, and people oppose the casual creative attitude of game literature and game language. But for couplets, the situation is different. Couplets have always been regarded as a pen and ink game by many people. Although it is biased, it also shows the characteristics of couplets as games. Because couplets pursue antithesis, it is natural that the more stable the better. This is not only a literary creation, but also contains elements of thinking the game and language games. If you simply develop the right job and skills, it will become a Chinese-style, ideological struggle. In fact, many game couplets are purely for recreation and wits. They are often written by various rhetorical devices and ingenious ideas with the help of the special situation of sound, form and meaning of Chinese characters. Game couplets were very common in the Song Dynasty. Su Shi once wrote many game couplets, leaving many anecdotes. Since then, antithesis has become a main way for scholars and even ordinary people to fight for their wisdom and become a part of our traditional culture. Zhu Yuanzhang, Liu Ji and Jie Jin in the Ming Dynasty, and Gan Long and Ji Yun in the Qing Dynasty were all masters who were keen on game couplets.

Couplets are gamified, but this does not mean that couplets have become games. In fact, couplets can be harmonious, which is not only a playful language art, but also a literary seriousness. Those extremely solemn and elegant occasions, such as places of interest, ancestral tombstones, such as academy halls and government offices, are all linked by couplets. People use couplets to express their feelings, comment on people's history and write about scenery. At the end of Qing Dynasty, a man named Zhao Fan wrote a couplet in Wuhou Temple in Chengdu. Li Anyun:

The couplets of Wuhou Temple can attack the heart, but they are self-defeating. Since ancient times, they have known that soldiers are not good at fighting.

It is wrong to combine leniency with severity without judging the situation. You should think hard about governing Shu in the future.

This pair of couplets not only summarizes the characteristics of Zhuge Liang's use of troops in Sichuan, but also summarizes Zhuge Liang's general plan of governing Sichuan, thus putting forward his own political views of pros and cons, combining leniency with severity, peace with war, and being both civil and military. It is very philosophical and contains profound dialectics, which is thought-provoking. Compared with any excellent philosophical poem in history, it shows no weakness. Since its publication, the association has received rave reviews. What people "value" is the profundity and seriousness of this connection. When Mao Zedong visited Wuhou Temple on 1958, he read this couplet carefully and spoke highly of it.

This is China's couplet, a special art form full of contradictions and unity of opposites.

[Edit this paragraph] Ancient classic couplets

Part I: Good reading is not good reading. antithetical couplet

Bottom line: A good book is not a good book.

This couplet was written by Xu Wei in Ming Dynasty. The first couplet refers to reading when I was young, but I don't like reading. I like reading when I am old, but I can't read well.

The first part: Idle people are not allowed to become sages.

Yuan Right: Thieves don't come to the road.

Xinlian: Fishing people don't come to work.

Wulian: sinners are not allowed to get drunk.

This couplet was written by a monk in Mingdan Mountain.

Part I: Ideal is not enjoyment.

Bottom line: The future is full of money.

Part one: watch plum blossoms sweep the snow.

Bottom line: the mountains are dancing and flowing.

The beauty of this couplet lies in its urgent reading, such as the scale:' Dolemi fasolasi'. The next couplet reads the numbers in dialect: "1234567".

The first part: the summer mouse cools the beam, and the cat strokes scare the summer mouse.

Yuan Right: Hungry chickens steal rice, tell children to pick up stones and beat hungry chickens.

Guyou: thirsty cranes make slaves shoot thirsty cranes.

This couplet is also called' Summer Rat Measuring Beam'.

The first part: the summer mouse cools the beam and the pen wall depicts the cat. Summer rat jumped along the eaves and crashed into a pile and died. Old cats eat corpses.

Yuan Right: Missing!

I was right: the hungry chicken stole rice, the hungry chicken fled with the same child, and died when it touched the shed, and the arrow fell.

This couplet is a new couplet changed by netizens, and Yu Mian is right.

Part one: Chickens are eager to eat beans.

Bottom line: beams are cool in summer.

Part I: xixi Xixi Xixi Xi.

Bottom line: You can swim in the right skunk.

Part 1: Let's spend the summer together tonight.

Part II: Enjoy the flowers tomorrow.

The first part: a scholar, a farmer and a worker (palace).

Bottom line: cold and hot, warm and cool (good), respect and frugality.

Wulian: aluminum, copper, gold, molybdenum (wood), water, fire and earth.

This couplet is also an odd couplet. The first part is divided into two parts: scholars, agriculture, industry and commerce; Gong Shang jiao Yu The former is a four-industry, while the latter is a five-tone, homophonic word repetition. The primitive five virtues of cold and hot are four senses, and gentleness, courtesy and frugality are gentlemen. My aluminum, copper, gold and molybdenum are four metals, and Jin Mu's water, fire and earth are five elements.

Part I: Tour the West Lake, carrying an iron can, which falls to the West Lake, but it is precious to the iron can.

Bottom line: make a deposit, catch bats, bat a deposit, and belittle bats.

Original pair: ancient pair: every Jia Zi, Jia Zi, Jia Zi meets Jia Zi, Jia Zi Jia Zi.

Wulian: After nine years, if you hold the wine bowl, you will lose it and regret it for a long time.

Wulian: crossing the child's eye, shooting the child's eye, killing the child's eye and hurting the child's eye.

Jiuwan: Jiuwan Creek of Three Gorges.

Part I: Mud, fertilizer and grain are still thin.

Bottom line: short nights are long.

This couplet is homophonic' Ni Fei monk is thin'; Ghost short hag long'.

Part one: It's illegal to cut hair again.

Bottom line: becoming a monk with a flail.

This couplet is used to satirize a monk for breaking the law.

Part I: How beautiful are flowers like lotus flowers?

Bottom line: Berries are more sour than plums.

Part I: Draw a temple, a temple, a wonderful temple.

Bottom line: The famous garden is Yuanmingyuan.

Part I: Agate is not a horse brain.

Bottom line: Ji Lang is not a wolf liver.

This alliance was established by Wang Hong of the Ming Dynasty.

Part I: Agate is not a horse brain.

Bottom line: Ji Lang is not a wolf liver. A beautiful sentence.

Part I: When it rains heavily, I'm afraid of mud. Egg tofu is left to the son-in-law, and Mo Yan returns.

Original: None!

According to legend, when it rained in the Qing Dynasty, his father-in-law Zhong took in his son-in-law. It seems ordinary, but in fact it is well-intentioned and wonderful. Because of its clever use of homophonic puns, all couplets are ancient names. For: Xia Dayu: Xia; Ni: Confucius; Ji Dan: Zhou Wuwang's name; Du Fu and Liu Yuxi: poets in the Tang Dynasty; Mozi and Yan Hui: Disciples of Confucius. Because it is too difficult, it is said that no one can answer correctly so far.

The first part: I'm afraid of mud when it rains heavily, and I leave eggs and tofu to my son-in-law.

Original: None!

Wu Lian: I hurt my heel. I'm afraid to invade my body. An Qisheng has no medicine and no medicine.

This couplet is another version of the couplet. My homophonic businessman Zu Geng: Wang Shang's name; Ji Qinsheng: the name of Zheng Zhuanggong in the Spring and Autumn Period; Wuyi: General of Shu State in Three Kingdoms; Mei Yan: a character in the list of gods; An Qisheng: Han.

Part I: Wheat seeds are irrigated in heavy rain.

The sky is falling: Tian He will work on the arid plateau.

This couplet is homophonic Xia Dayu; Mozi philosopher in the Spring and Autumn Period (Mai and Homophony); Guan Zhong: a figure in the Spring and Autumn Period; Gaudi: Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang; Tian He, Master of Yi Studies in the Early Han Dynasty, Bigan, Minister of Shang and Zhou Dynasties.

The first part: Sinan women go to Tongren.

Bottom line: the chef will come.

This couplet was written by Wu Jinsan in Qing Dynasty. When friends go out here, it means that Sinan women go to Tongren, which is homophonic: thinking about men and women walking with people; Jin San pointed to the chef who served the food. It turned out that this chef was originally from Shangcai and later lived in Huili. He often goes back and forth between these two places. Homonym: the chef who serves stewed carp.

The first part: Modern scholars are short-sighted, and the imperial capital forbids trying Jinshi, but they wet their necks and wipe them with towels.

Part II: It is an epic poem that began in the street. It is like a stone lion, vowing to erode.

Part I: Looking for edible mussels by the water in Fo Yin.

Bottom line: Take it home from Dongpo River.

This couplet is a day when Dongpo takes his family out to play. He wrote this couplet when he met Fo Yin digging clams by the river. Homophonic: Fo Yin is looking for "delicious" food by the water. When Fo Yin heard this, Dongpo took his family with him. Homonym: Dongpo River brought' cangue'.

Part I: The Yangtze River crosses the Yangtze River.

Bottom line: Jiao Shan lives in Jiao Shan Cave.

This couplet was written by Yang Jisheng (Jiao Shan) in Ming Dynasty and Jiao Shan in Zhenjiang.

Part One: A Bai Lianhua in the sky, holding Buddha in the wind.

Bottom line: There are several chestnut trees in the gorge, and the moon is far from the ape.

The first part: Yulantang, Yulan Mao Lei is at the bar, trying to stop the rest.

Bottom line: the banquet is clear, the lotus fragrance attracts the light swallow, and the mood is clear.

Reading this couplet quickly and repeatedly becomes a mouthful. Yulantang: On the lakeside of Kunming in the Summer Palace, it is the bedroom of Emperor Guangxu. Qing Banquet Boat: Zhou Shi, located at the west foot of Wanshou Mountain in the Summer Palace, is a famous water building in the garden.

The Classification, Norms and Creation Methods of Couplets

Classification of couplets

Liang Zhangju's couplets in the Qing Dynasty, The Three Stories of Conghua, Lianxu and Lianlian, divided couplets into ten categories, namely, stories, British rule, temples, places of interest, aphorisms, anecdotes, couplets, set sentences and miscellaneous affixes. The Integration of Couplets published in the Republic of China divides couplets into 20 categories, namely, celebration, mourning, melancholy, learning, business, guild hall, temple, shrine, theater, first house, garden villa, New Year's Eve dinner, places of interest, gifts, incense, definite words, definite sentences, funny, vernacular and miscellaneous. These two classification methods are classified according to practical scope, but the latter is more detailed than the former. There are forty or fifty kinds of couplets if they are classified according to their literal structure, rhetorical devices and logical relations. For example:

1. Dual forms: word pair, object pair, pair pair, opposition, worker pair, width pair, line pair, palindrome pair, thimble equivalence.

2. Rhetoric: metaphor, exaggeration, backchat, pun, rhetorical question and homophonic.

3. Wording skills: embedding words, Tibetan words, compound words, reduplicated words, radicals, word analysis, word segmentation, numbers, etc.

4. Logical structure: juxtaposition, turning, choice, cause and effect.

With the development of society and culture, the theme of couplets will be more complete and perfect.

Standardization and creation of couplets

As the name implies, couplets should be "paired", that is, they are composed of upper and lower couplets. The upper and lower couplets must have the same number of words and the same content, that is, the upper and lower couplets can be "linked", and two unrelated sentences cannot be casually combined to form a couplet. Couplets are a comprehensive subject, with complex contents and various forms, and strict requirements on antithesis and leveling. This book will tell and analyze the creative methods according to the norms of couplets for the reference of those who learn to write couplets.

The number of words in couplets must be equal. Generally, couplets are written vertically, with the last word (tone) of the first couplet posted on the right (hand) and the last word (tone) of the second couplet posted on the left (hand).

Although antithesis of couplets has something in common with poetry, it is more demanding than poetry. Couplets can be divided into wide pairs and narrow pairs. Wide pairs can only be formed if the contents of the upper and lower couplets are related, while narrow pairs should be written in strict accordance with the standards of Li Weng Dui Yun. However, in practical couplets, wide couplets are often used, while narrow couplets are rarely used, because the requirements for antithesis are too strict, which restricts people's thinking and is suspected of harming righteousness because of the text.

Third, China's four tones and couplets.

The level and level of couplets are basically the same as poems. One yin applies the basic laws of poetry, with no distinction between 135 and 246.

How to judge the couplets? Besides distinguishing from the content of couplets, it is more important to judge from the flat sound at the end of couplets. It is strictly stipulated in couplets that the last word of the first couplet should be flat and the last word of the second couplet should be flat. Later generations called this rule "flat rise and flat fall". It must be noted that the "four tones" in ancient Chinese and modern Chinese are somewhat different. Since the popularization of hanyu pinyin and the use of Beijing pronunciation as the national common language, the level of the same Chinese character has changed. For example, according to the phonological standard of Pei Fu, the four tones are flat, up, down and inside. Pingsheng is listed as "Ping", and going up, going and entering are all listed as "Nuo". According to Beijing's intonation, it can be divided into flat tone, rising tone, rising tone and falling tone. In this way, there are more flat words, and some falling words are classified as flat words, which is worthy of attention of comrades who learn to write couplets. In ancient times, many linguists elaborated on the four tones of ancient Chinese in detail. For example, in the book Jade Key Song, Shi Vacuum made the following analysis:

1. Ping-Ping lived a low life. When reading, the pronunciation is peaceful, with a long ending and aftertaste.

2. Go up-go up and shout. Pronunciation is loud, voice is short, and there is no ending.

3. It's a long way to go-to sound and mourn. The ending sound is short and high.

4. Input-Input a short and urgent set of sounds. The entrance is simple and urgent, the reception is short and deep, and there is no ending.

[Edit this paragraph] couplets

Cao Chun Man Ting Tuxiu

Flowers are everywhere, and the fragrance is overflowing.

The east wind blows Qian Shan green.

Spring rain brings new life to all things.

Spring has come to the peach tree.

In front of Ying Ge Lvliu Building

A few lines of willow, green mountains and rivers show

A tree is plum blossom, and heaven and earth are spring.

The spring tide surges in thousands of Jiang Xue.

Wan Hu Pearl comes from the sea area.

Qianshan sings Spring Festival songs together.

All the water sings a happy song together.

Dongfeng welcomes the new year.

Timely snow indicates a good harvest.

Jade Dragon Bunny celebrates auspicious day.

Jinfeng wears pearls for the New Year.

Di Nong mei Hua ge

Ti Ying Feng

The jade emperor's flowers are bright in spring and willow green.

Tian Yao Ri Li Xiaoxia Dan