Where is Shan Yan Goba located?

Rock means "dangerous terrain" in Tibetan. Located in the south of White County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, it is said to have the largest virgin forest in the upper reaches of Jinsha River. Across the river is Tibet, and here is Sichuan. Jinsha River is the natural river boundary between Sichuan and Tibet in this section. The fast-flowing river and the high mountains of Hengduan Mountains have isolated this area from the outside world for a long time and become a secret place. The rocks face Tibet across the river, and the mountain road along the river is more than 2000 meters above sea level. The swift rivers and the steep mountains of Hengduan Mountains make this area a secret place. From White County to Shan Yan, the 56-kilometer-long highway has to cross Dalong Snow Mountain at an altitude of more than 5,000 meters, pass through virgin forests, bushes, grasslands, Rocky Mountains and snow peaks, and also cross several temperature zones and 5 1 sharp turn.

"History of Qing Dynasty" records: Shan Yan "took advantage of his danger to attack people,

For more than 200 years, people in a tiny place have been worried, and the court has repeatedly used soldiers. "Historians' evaluation of this area is:" Turn the field into a wild fan and don't violate the king. " Until the second year of Xuantong in the late Qing Dynasty (19 10), Zhao Erfeng, the minister of Sichuan-Yunnan border defense, sent Fu Song to lead the fifth road. With the support of Dege Tusi Dorje Sanger, he conquered this area, changed rocks into soil and set up a rock committee, which finally made this long-term independent tribe become "Wang Hua". There are all kinds of legends about this rock: some people say that this rock has a tough folk customs, houses are blockhouses, watchholes and gun holes, and it has been maintained by the "Goba" organization for a long time. "Goba" is generally composed of hundreds of large families, with only seven or eight small ones. It has clan characteristics and tribal functions, and is basically a patriarchal society. Others say that "Goba" takes theft and robbery as its main source of income, and whoever robs more is the most respected.

Legend remains to be verified, but what is certain is that Shan Yan has long been an "independent kingdom", not ruled by the central dynasty, nor conquered by local governments.

After 1949, Shan Yan really settled down, but it is still one of the poorest areas in White County.

The most mysterious thing about Shan Yan is its "Goba" organization. In Sede village, there was a man who used to be the leader of Goba-Zhu Ji, 59 years old. Judging from his clothes, he is no different from ordinary rock residents. His Xiage "Goba" has 65,438+000 households, which are distributed in White, Batang, Litang in Sichuan and Gongjue in Tibet. This is a bigger "goba" in the rock area.

Zhu Ji said that in the next brother "Goba", the leader was elected by everyone at a meeting, and he was a fair and capable person. Usually leaders have no privilege, and the distribution of wealth is equal for all. When there is a dispute, he plays the role of mediation and arbitration. When fighting, the leader has the final say. Goba is also divided into nine small systems. These nine little Goba are relatively independent. In case of major events, the General Goba will be under unified command.

Zhu Ji does not deny that before the 1950s, there were frequent battles in Loki. Common reasons are family hatred, marriage disputes, grassland disputes, theft, robbery and so on. People who die in battle must be cremated. The ashes are usually placed in the Mani heap with the soil, and some are scattered in the river, on the grassland with flowers in full bloom or under the scenic cliff. The location of cremation also depends on divination. The specific place depends on divination, whether it is in front of the house or behind the house, or where the dead are killed. People who die of natural causes are usually cremated on an auspicious day in a year or two. Besides cremation, there are rock burials, water burials and so on. But strangely, no one here is the most common in Tibetan areas.

In rocks, there are also tree burials: after the death of a child under 13, the child is tied up like when he was born, and then put in a wooden box just enough to hold the body, and then divination is carried out to find a lucky place, and then hung on a big branch. Tree burial is generally concentrated and looks like a bee pupa from a distance. This burial method is more common in Gaiyu Township, White County, on the other side of Huolong Mountain. It is said that it can curb the reincarnation of short-lived ghosts and prevent another child from dying.

"Goba" organization is basically a man's world, and women have no right to speak, so they will not participate in the war unless they have to, so their status is very low. In the past, women could only use cowshed as delivery room when giving birth to children, and were not allowed to be near the fire pit or kitchen after delivery. The child can't move back to his original residence until the full moon. The marriage of a girl is generally decided by her father, and the leader of "Goba" has the final decision. After marriage, if a woman gives birth to two or three girls in succession, her husband has the right to take another wife.

The houses in Shan Yan are all bunker-style buildings, with 6 rooms and 4 floors. They are magnificent in appearance, and the area is no less than that of yamen in some remote counties on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The watchtower is very strong, and the wall thickness exceeds 1 m. The bottom floor is the cowshed, the second floor is the kitchen, the third floor is the living room, and the fourth floor is the warehouse. The roof is a platform, and you can see everything around. These floors are connected by stairs made of logs. If you take down the ladder, it will be "one person guards it, and ten thousand people can't force it". It will take four or five years to build such a house. The water tank in the bunker is very large, and the stored domestic water can maintain the use of a family in January, which is the embodiment of building a high wall and accumulating "water".

The temple in Shan Yan Township should be said to be the smallest and simplest temple in Tibetan areas. It looks no different from ordinary houses, even worse than the style of some Shan Yan residents' towers. Shan Yan people generally believe in the Nyima Sect of the Red Sect, but unlike other places, it is rare to find scriptures here-everyone finishes them while drinking. In other Tibetan areas outside the rock, chanting is essential when holding Buddhist activities.

Before every war, all the adult men in Goba would get together to kill cattle and soju. After drinking, the most important ceremony is to take an oath, and another is to play divination. Guagua also made it himself. The tools and procedures are very simple, just a rosary or a stone. Guagua is not only used to predict good luck or bad luck, but also to choose a good day to plant and harvest crops.

Another notable feature of Shan Yan is its unique homemade Tibetan wine, which is a kind of hard liquor. More than one third of highland barley in Shan Yan is used for brewing, and every family has brewing tools. At the same time, Shan Yan has a long tradition of routine dance, which is not found in other Tibetan areas.

Shan Yan also has another "Goba" leader-Dorje Ongxiong, "Goba" in Xia Guo. Xia Guo is a "goba" with more than 50 families and three leaders, but Dorje Wengxiong has the greatest power and absolute right to speak. Dorje Weng Xiong was appointed as the leader by the acting leader and his own uncle. There is an election or briefing ceremony to establish the leadership status of Xia Guo "Goba", which is usually held at the same time as the funeral of the previous generation of leaders. After the announcement of the last words of the previous generation of leaders, the designated newcomers will accept the items handed down from the previous generation as symbols of their rights, which may be the most precious things of the local "Goba", such as a scripture, a dart and a Buddha statue, and a new leader will be born.

The contact between "Goba" families in Xia Guo is mainly conducted through two gatherings. One was a five-day party held in Zongguo Shenshan in early July. All the people were engaged in horse racing, running, wrestling and tug-of-war, and the winner was rewarded. The other time was in the leader's home in June, 1 1. Each family invited at least one person, all concentrated. After everyone gave a banquet, sang and danced, and talked about the past and the present, Dorje Weng Xiong summarized the recent situation of "Goba" and handled the dispute. Xia Guo's "Goba" stipulates that every household in the organization will be fined 200 yuan for getting sick because of quarreling, and 600 yuan for fighting. Money and goods are delivered by the unreasonable party to the reasonable party. The cost of the party is shared by everyone. Although Dorje Weng Xiong's leadership position is hereditary, he has no economic privilege. Life is not good, others will take the initiative to subsidize some.

The mountain rock has now been connected to the highway, and a satellite relay station has been built to let the villagers watch TV and learn about the outside world.