There is an urgent need for information about houses in southern Anhui, Beijing quadrangles, yurts and Tujia diaojiao buildings.

Beijing quadrangle is a Beijing quadrangle building with brick and wood structure. Purlins, columns, beams (rafters), window sills, rafters, doors and windows, partition fans, etc. They are all made of wood, and the walls around the wooden shelf are made of bricks. Beams, doors, windows and rafters should be painted with colored pictures. Although they are not as brilliant as the palace gardens, they are also colorful. Walls are used to building walls with floor bricks and broken bricks. As the saying goes, "there are three treasures in Beijing ... rotten bricks can't build walls." Most of the roof tiles are blue tiles, which are interlocking. Before the eaves are dripped, or the tiles are not laid, all the roofs are painted with blue ash, which is called "grey shed".

Mongolian yurt:

Traditional residence of Mongolian nomads. In ancient times, it was called vault, also known as felt tent and nomadism. It has appeared since the Xiongnu period and has been in use ever since. The yurt is round, and the surrounding side walls are divided into several pieces, each about 13 meters high, and covered with wooden strips. Most nomadic areas are dominated by swimming. Swimming can be divided into separable and inseparable types. The former is carried by livestock, while the latter is carried by herdsmen such as Niu Cheke, who also live in yurts when they are nomadic.

Mongolian yurt is mainly composed of wooden frame, felt and rope. No cement, adobe and bricks are used for production, and the raw materials are either wood or wool, which is a wonder in the history of architecture and a great contribution of nomadic people.

Folk houses in southern Anhui:

Xidi and yi county Hongcun are the most representative folk houses in southern Anhui, which were listed in the World Heritage List in 2000.

Hongcun has more than 40 well-preserved ancient dwellings in Ming and Qing Dynasties/KLOC-0. Rows of stacked courtyards in the village are in harmony with the beautiful lakes and mountains, with appropriate movements, scenery everywhere and step by step. Hongcun has wonderful rural scenery and is known as "the village in Chinese painting". Xidi has 124 ancient Ming and Qing dwellings and 3 ancestral halls. The "three wonders" (houses, ancestral halls and memorial archways) and "three sculptures" (wood carving, stone carving and brick carving) representing the architectural style of Huizhou folk houses have been well preserved here.

Tujia diaojiao building:

A simple example of the combination of architectural technical beauty and artistic beauty. It is mainly embodied in three aspects: practicality, regionality and technicality. Practically speaking, Tujia Diaojiaolou, as a symbol of national material culture, fully meets the needs of people's material and cultural life as well as their spiritual and cultural life. Regionally speaking, Tujia Diaojiao Building always embellishes the beauty of its natural environment with its unique and beautiful form and artistic characteristics, which not only plays the role of finishing touch, but also sublimates the scenery of the whole Tujia hut to the realm of beauty through mutual contrast, contrast and care. Technically speaking, Tujia Diaojiao Building adopts the advantages of dry, bucket and hanging beam of Chinese wooden structures, which is beautiful, solid and practical. The whole frame is connected by tenons and mortises, without nails and bolts, and from conception and design to the completion of each process, drawings, their forms, the size and length of hundreds of melon-column beams and tenons, and complicated mechanical estimation are not needed. Because of this, the position of Tujia Diaojiao Building in China's architectural national form deserves our attention.

Ancient villages in southern Anhui refer to ancient villages located from the Yangtze River to Nanshan District in Anhui Province, represented by Xidi and Hongcun. They are historical and traditional villages with the same regional cultural background and rich Huizhou cultural characteristics.

The mountainous area in southern Anhui has a long history and profound cultural accumulation, and a large number of traditional buildings and their villages with similar forms and distinctive features have been preserved. The ancient villages in southern Anhui are not only ingeniously combined with topography, landforms and mountains and rivers, but also with the strong economic strength of Huizhou merchants in Ming and Qing Dynasties, culture and education are increasingly prosperous. After returning home, those Huizhou merchants conceived to build houses with elegant, cultured, lofty and detached mentality, which enriched the cultural environment of ancient villages and made the village landscape more prominent.

The biggest difference between ancient villages in southern Anhui and other villages is that the construction and development of ancient villages in southern Anhui have been separated from the dependence on agriculture to a considerable extent. The consciousness, lifestyle and taste of residents in ancient villages have greatly surpassed the ideology of farmers and the ordinary citizen class, and pursued the same taste of life as the literati class, so they have a strong cultural atmosphere. On the basis of the basic pattern, ancient villages in southern Anhui adopted different decorative techniques, such as building small courtyards, digging pools, arranging leaky windows, skillfully setting bonsai, carving beams and painting buildings, and creating elegant living environment, which all reflected the extremely high cultural quality and artistic accomplishment of local residents.

The site selection and construction of ancient villages in southern Anhui followed the geomantic theory of Zhouyi, which has a history of more than 2000 years. It emphasizes that man and nature live in harmony and fully respect the ideal realm of the natural environment. Paying attention to material and spirit is a dual demand, with scientific basis and high aesthetic concept. The architectural features of ancient villages in southern Anhui developed with the prosperity of Huizhou merchants in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which can reflect their exquisite thoughts and superb skills to the greatest extent in limited architectural space. This is really a clever architectural form. Later, Huizhou merchants gradually declined, but this Huizhou-style residential building retained its architectural characteristics because it was attached to ancient residential villages, so it has important historical and architectural value.

Mongolian yurt is a kind of house where Mongolian herders live. Convenient construction and relocation, suitable for animal husbandry production and nomadic life. In ancient times, Mongolian yurts were called vaults, "felt bags" or "felt tents". According to "A Brief Introduction to Black Tatar", "There are two kinds of vaults: Yanjing's system, with Vitamin bone, just like southern thinking, can be rolled up, opened in front of the door, like umbrella bone, and opened at the top, which is called skylight. Both of them are made of felt and can be installed immediately. The grass is made of willow and the diameter is fixed with felt. Can't be rolled up and carried in the car. " With the development of animal husbandry economy and the improvement of herdsmen's living standards, domes or felt tents are gradually replaced by yurts. The yurt has a circular spire, and the top and periphery are covered with a thick layer or two of felt. The roof height of an ordinary yurt is 100- 150 feet, the wall height is about 50 feet, and the door faces south or southeast. The four major structures in the bag are Hana (Mongolian yurt fence support), skylight (Mongolian "brain cover"), rafters and doors. Mongolian yurts are usually divided into 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 hanas according to the number of hanas. 120 Hana's yurt is rare on the grassland, covering an area of more than 6,000 square meters, and looks like a castle from a distance. In the past, dozens of such big yurts got together, which was very spectacular.

Traditional residence of Mongolian nomads. In ancient times, it was called vault, also known as felt tent and nomadism. It has appeared since the Xiongnu period and has been in use ever since. The yurt is round, and the surrounding side wall is divided into several pieces, each about 1600 meters high, and the cover is built with wooden strips. Most nomadic areas are dominated by swimming. Swimming can be divided into separable and inseparable types. The former is carried by livestock, while the latter is carried by herdsmen such as Niu Cheke, who also live in yurts when they are nomadic.

On the vast Mongolian plateau, the cold wind roared, and many white tents were dotted on the ground. They are yurts.

Mongolian yurts are the daily residence of many Mongolians. Most Mongolians chase their goats, sheep, yaks, horses and camels all year round, looking for new pastures. Mongolian yurts can be packed into luggage, transported to the foothold by several camels, and tents can be set up again.

Traditional folk houses of ancient people. Popular in pastoral areas such as Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. A smoky round sky. The door is small and faces south or southeast. It has the characteristics of simple manufacture, convenient transportation, cold resistance and suitability for grazing. Often used in the meaning of "home" and "home". In ancient times, yurts were called "vault", "felt tent" or "felt house".

Mongolian yurts are round, large and small, and large ones can accommodate more than 600 people; Small enough to hold 20 people. The construction of yurts is very simple. It is generally built in a place suitable for the growth of aquatic plants. Draw a circle according to the size of the yurt first, and then you can start building it according to the size of the circle.

After the yurt was built, people decorated it. Spread a thick carpet and hang picture frames and posters around it. Now some furniture and electrical appliances have also entered the yurt, and life is very comfortable and happy.

The biggest advantage of yurts is that they are easy to assemble and disassemble. Easy to move. When it is erected, the Hannah will be opened to form a circular fence. When dismantled, Hannah will be reduced in size when folded back, and can also be used as a cow and a board. A yurt only needs 40 humped camels or 10 two-wheeled ox carts, and it can be built in 20 hours.

Although the yurt looks small in appearance, it has a large use area, good indoor air circulation, good lighting conditions, warm in winter and cool in summer, and is not afraid of wind and rain. It is very suitable for people who often move to pasture to live and use.

The so-called four in one, "four" means east, west, south and north, and "combination" means that all houses are surrounded together to form a "mouth" shape. After hundreds of years of construction, Beijing quadrangles have formed a unique Beijing style from plane layout to internal structure and detail decoration.

Regular quadrangles in Beijing generally face south according to the east-west hutongs. The basic shape is the north room (main room), the south room (inverted room) and the east and west rooms, which are separated on all sides and surrounded by high walls to form a four-in-one and open a door. The gate is located in the southeast corner of the house. Generally, there are 3 rooms in the north room, 5 rooms in the front room, 3 rooms in the east room, 3 rooms in the west room and 4 rooms in the south room, including door openings and hanging doors *** 17. If each room 1 1- 12 square meters, the total area is about 200 square meters. There is a yard in the middle of the yard, which is very spacious. There are flowers and trees in the courtyard and goldfish in the fish tank. It is the center of the courtyard layout, and it is also the place where people walk, light, ventilate, enjoy the cool, rest and do housework. Siheyuan is a closed house with only one street gate leading to the outside. The closed door comes from Chengtiandi, which has strong privacy and is very suitable for exclusive residence. In the yard, the houses on all sides are open to the yard, and the family is happy. Because the yard is spacious, you can plant trees and flowers, feed birds and fish, and pile stones to beautify the environment. Residents not only enjoy comfortable housing, but also share the beautiful world endowed by nature.

Although it is a residential building, it contains profound cultural connotation and is the carrier of China traditional culture.

The construction of quadrangles pays great attention to geomantic omen. From site selection to determining the specific scale of each building, it must be carried out according to the theory of geomantic omen.

Beijing quadrangles are famous all over the world. In old Beijing, besides the Forbidden City, royal gardens, temples, temples and palaces, a large number of buildings are the homes of countless people.

An Examination of Old News in the Sun quoted a poem from the Yuan Dynasty: "Clouds open and close three thousands of feet, and there are ten thousand pagodas in the fog." This "one million family" house is now called Beijing Siheyuan.

Why is it called "Siheyuan"? Because this kind of house has four rooms: the main room (north room), the inverted seat (south seat), the east wing and the west wing, which are surrounded on all sides to form a zigzag shape with a central courtyard inside, this quadrangle-style house is called quadrangle.

Siheyuan has a long history in China. According to the analysis of existing cultural relics, quadrangle architecture appeared as early as 2000 years ago.

In the process of historical development, China people especially like quadrangles, which are not only used in palaces, temples and government offices, but also widely used in local houses. However, as long as people mention quadrangles, they will naturally think of Beijing quadrangles. Why?

This is a regular and typical quadrangle in Beijing. Among all kinds of quadrangles, Beijing quadrangle can best represent its main characteristics.

First of all, the central courtyard of Beijing Siheyuan is basically square in plan, but some houses in other areas are not. For example, the courtyards of quadrangles in Shanxi and Shaanxi are vertical rectangles long from north to south and narrow from east to west, while quadrangles in Sichuan and other places are mostly horizontal rectangles long from east to west and narrow from north to south.

Secondly, the houses in the east, west, south and north directions of Beijing Siheyuan are independent, and the east and west wing rooms are not connected with the main building and the inverted building itself. Moreover, the main building, wing room, inverted building and other houses are all on the first floor. There are no buildings, only the veranda at the corner connects these houses. In this way, the Beijing quadrangle has a bird's eye view from the air, just like four small boxes enclosing a yard.

In many quadrangles in the south, the surrounding houses are mostly buildings. At the four corners of the courtyard, the houses are connected together, and the houses in the east, west, north and south do not exist independently. Therefore, southerners call the courtyard "patio", which shows that the courtyard in the south of the Yangtze River is as small as a well, which inevitably reminds people of the idioms of "frog in the well" and "sitting in the well and watching the sky".

Beijing quadrangle is a veritable quadrangle, spacious and open, with plenty of sunshine and broad vision.

Another point is that the cultural connotation of Beijing Siheyuan is rich, which fully embodies the traditional living concept of China.

For example, the quadrangles of the Han nationality in Northeast China (rural quadrangles in Northeast China) conform to the first two characteristics of Beijing quadrangles, but do not have the characteristics of rich cultural connotations.

For example, the single-door quadrangle in Northeast China (in China, the tradition is mostly in the form of double doors) and the practice of setting an "inverted door" behind the hall as a storage room all make people feel that it is a continuation of the poor habits brought by immigrants who "ran to Kanto" in Shandong and other places in the Qing Dynasty.

It is precisely because of the above characteristics that people often regard Beijing Siheyuan as a typical representative form of China Siheyuan dwellings.

Diaojiaolou is the place where Tujia people live and live. It is built on the mountain and looks like a tiger. The best house is "Zuo Qinglong, Right White Tiger, Former Suzaku, Later Xuanwu". Later, it paid attention to orientation, either sitting west facing east or sitting east facing west. Diaojiaolou, built on the mountain, is divided into two floors with wooden columns on the flat ground. The upper floor is ventilated, dry and moisture-proof, which is the living room; The lower floor is a pigsty or used for stacking sundries. The average house type is 4 rows of 3-room houses or 6 rows of 5-room houses. The average house is 5-column 2 riding, 5-column 4 riding, and the big house is 7-column 4 riding and 4 courtyard. There are four rows of fans with three rooms, with a hall in the middle and a spare room on the left and right sides, which are used for living and cooking. Rao's room is divided into two halves by the pillar, with the fire kang in front and the bedroom behind. There is an arc corridor around the building on the diaojiao building, and the arc corridor is also equipped with railings. In the past, diaojiao building was usually covered with thatch or fir bark, but it was also covered with slate. Now the diaojiao buildings in western Hubei are mostly covered with mud tiles. The construction of diaojiao building is an important event in Tujia people's life. The first step is to prepare wood. Tujia people call it "cutting green hills", and generally choose Toona sinensis or purple trees. Toona sinensis and purple tree are auspicious because of homophonic "spring" and "zi", which means that spring is always big and future generations are prosperous; The second step is to process the material of large beams and columns, which is called "frame size", and draw bagua, Taiji and lotus seeds on the beams; The third process is called "fan arrangement", that is, the processed beams and columns are connected with tenons and arranged into wooden fans; The fourth step is "building a strong column". The host chose the ecliptic as an auspicious day and asked all the neighbors to help him. Before releasing the beam, he will make a sacrifice to the beam. Then everyone Qi Xin worked together to erect rows of wooden fans. At this time, firecrackers will explode and neighbors will send gifts to congratulate him. After the vertical house is reinforced, nail the rafters, cover the tiles and install the board wall. Wealthy families have to decorate eaves on roofs, carve dragons and draw phoenixes under corridors, and decorate balcony railings. Tujia people still plant flowers and various fruit trees in front of and behind their houses, but it is unlucky not to plant mulberry before and peach after, because it is homophonic with "mourning" and "fleeing". Diaojiaolou has many advantages. Hanging on the ground is ventilated and dry, which can prevent poisonous snakes and wild animals, and sundries can be placed under the floor. Diaolou also has distinctive national characteristics. Elegant "silk eaves" and wide "walking columns" make the diaojiao building unique. Compared with "Gan Lan", this diaojiao building successfully got rid of the primitive and has a higher cultural level, so it is called the "living fossil" of Bachu culture.

Diaojiaolou has many forms, and its types are as follows:

Single hanging, which is the most common form, is called "hanging at one end" or "key head". It is characterized in that only the wing on one side of the main room is hung, and the lower part is supported by wooden columns. Double crane, also known as "double crane" or "dustpan mouth", is the development of single crane, that is, there are hanging wings at both ends of the main room. Single cranes and double cranes are not formed in different regions, mainly depending on economic conditions and family needs. Single crane and double crane are often in the same place.

Four-in-one-water type is developed on the basis of double-hanging type, which is characterized by connecting the upper parts of the hanging feet on the two wings of the main house into a whole to form a quadrilateral. The downstairs of the two wing rooms is the gate. After entering the gate, this quadrangle must climb several stone steps to enter the main house.

Double-chamber crane is developed on the basis of single crane and double crane, and it is added with a layer on the basis of general hanging foot building. Single crane and double crane can be used. The form of flat crane and diaojiaolou is also developed on the basis of single crane, which has both single crane and double crane. Its main feature is that it is built in a flat dam. According to the terrain, it didn't need to hang its feet, but it just lifted its wings and supported them with wooden posts. The ground supporting the wooden column is flush with the ground of the main house, so that the wing is higher than the main house.

brief introduction

Also known as "Diaolou", it is the traditional residence of Zhuang, Buyi, Dong, Shui and Tujia, and there are also many Diaojiaolou in Xiangxi, Hubei and Guizhou. Diaojiaolou is built on the mountain and looks like a tiger. The best house is "left green dragon, right white tiger, before Suzaku and after Xuanwu", and later it faces, either sitting west to east or sitting east to west.

Diaojiaolou is a dry fence-style building, but it is different from the general dry fence. Stilts are suspended, so they are called semi-stilt buildings.

build

In the past, diaojiao building was usually covered with thatch or fir bark, but it was also covered with slate. Now the diaojiao buildings in western Hubei are mostly covered with mud tiles. The construction of diaojiao building is an important event in Tujia people's life. The first step is to prepare wood. Tujia people call it "cutting green hills", and generally choose Toona sinensis or purple trees. Toona sinensis and purple tree are auspicious because of homophonic "spring" and "zi", which means that spring is always big and future generations are prosperous; The second step is to process the material of large beams and columns, which is called "frame size", and draw bagua, Taiji and lotus seeds on the beams; The third process is called "fan arrangement", that is, the processed beams and columns are connected with tenons and arranged into wooden fans; The fourth step is "building a strong column". The host chose the ecliptic as an auspicious day and asked all the neighbors to help him. Before releasing the beam, he will make a sacrifice to the beam. Then everyone Qi Xin worked together to erect rows of wooden fans. At this time, firecrackers will explode and neighbors will send gifts to congratulate him. After the vertical house is reinforced, nail the rafters, cover the tiles and install the board wall. Wealthy families have to decorate eaves on roofs, carve dragons and draw phoenixes under corridors, and decorate balcony railings.

trait

The most basic feature is that the main house is built on the ground, and the wing is supported by pillars on three sides except one side leaning on the ground, which is connected with the main house. Diaojiaolou has many advantages. Hanging on the ground is ventilated and dry, which can prevent poisonous snakes and wild animals, and sundries can be placed under the floor. Diaolou also has distinctive national characteristics. Elegant "silk eaves" and wide "walking columns" make the diaojiao building unique. Compared with "Gan Lan", this diaojiao building successfully got rid of the primitive and has a higher cultural level, so it is called the "living fossil" of Bachu culture.

People still plant flowers and various fruit trees in front of the house, but it is unlucky not to plant mulberry before and peach after, because it is homophonic with "mourning" and "fleeing"

structure

Diaojiaolou, built on the mountain, is divided into two floors with wooden pillars on the flat ground, which saves land and is cheap. The upper floor is ventilated, dry and moisture-proof, which is the living room; The lower floor is a pigsty or used for stacking sundries. The average house type is 4 rows of 3-room houses or 6 rows of 5-room houses. The average house is 5-column 2 riding, 5-column 4 riding, and the big house is 7-column 4 riding and 4 courtyard. There are four rows of fans with three rooms, with a hall in the middle and a spare room on the left and right sides, which are used for living and cooking. Rao's room is divided into two halves by the pillar, with the fire kang in front and the bedroom behind. There is an arc corridor around the building on the diaojiao building, and the arc corridor is also equipped with railings.

Some diaojiao buildings are three stories, except for the tiles on the roof, which are all made of Chinese fir. The pillars of the house are all cut out of big Chinese fir, and the pillars are all connected by straight sleeves with Chinese fir of different sizes, although none of the nails are strong. There is also a hanging building around the house, and the eaves of the building are like wings. The walls of the house are closely inlaid with cedar boards, and the delicate inside and outside are coated with tung oil, which is clean and bright.

The bottom floor is not suitable for people. It is used for raising poultry and placing farm tools and heavy objects.

The second floor is a place to eat and live, with a bedroom inside, and outsiders are generally not allowed to enter. Outside the bedroom is a hall with a fireplace, and the family eats around the fireplace, which is spacious and convenient. Because there are windows, it is bright, well lit and well ventilated. Family members often do manual work and rest here, and it is also a place to receive guests. On the other side of the hall, there is a wide corridor connected with it. There is a railing half a person's height outside the corridor, and there is a row of benches inside. Families often rest here, and mothers will dress up their daughters here during festivals.

The third floor is airy, dry and spacious. In addition to being used as a living room, there is also a small room for storing food and things.

form

Diaojiaolou has many forms, and its types are as follows:

Single hanging, which is the most common form, is called "hanging at one end" or "key head". It is characterized in that only the wing on one side of the main room is hung, and the lower part is supported by wooden columns. Double crane, also known as "double crane" or "dustpan mouth", is the development of single crane, that is, there are hanging wings at both ends of the main room. Single cranes and double cranes are not formed in different regions, mainly depending on economic conditions and family needs. Single crane and double crane are often in the same place.

Four-in-one-water type is developed on the basis of double-hanging type, which is characterized by connecting the upper parts of the hanging feet on the two wings of the main house into a whole to form a quadrilateral. The downstairs of the two wing rooms is the gate. After entering the gate, this quadrangle must climb several stone steps to enter the main house.

Double-chamber crane is developed on the basis of single crane and double crane, and it is added with a layer on the basis of general hanging foot building. Single crane and double crane can be used. The form of flat crane and diaojiaolou is also developed on the basis of single crane, which has both single crane and double crane. Its main feature is that it is built in a flat dam. According to the terrain, it didn't need to hang its feet, but it just lifted its wings and supported them with wooden posts. The ground supporting the wooden column is flush with the ground of the main house, so that the wing is higher than the main house.

One legend is that ...

Legend has it that Tujia ancestors moved to western Hubei because of floods in their hometown. At that time, there were towering old trees, thorns, wolves, tigers and leopards everywhere. The dog claw shed built by Tujia ancestors is often attacked by wild animals. For safety, people lit a tree fire and bamboo was buried in it. Fires and firecrackers scare away the attacking wild animals, but people are often threatened by poisonous snakes and centipedes. Later, an old Tujia man thought of a way: he asked the boys to make a shelf out of ready-made big trees, tie up wood, spread wild bamboo strips, build a roof on it, and build large and small air houses to eat and sleep in. From then on, they are no longer afraid of the attack of poisonous snakes and beasts. This method of building aerial houses later developed into the present diaojiao building.

Cultural connotation

Diaojiaolou has rich cultural connotation, besides the deification phenomenon that Tujia folk houses pay attention to Long Mai and create a land of man and god according to the situation, it also has a very prominent space cosmology. Tujia diaojiao building is not only in the arms of the universe and nature unilaterally, but also in the arms of the universe and nature. This concept of space accommodating the universe is very obvious in Tujia Shangliang's ritual music songs: "In the previous step, look at Baoliang, with a round of Tai Chi in the center, and a line of unity is auspicious. In the last two steps, the word "Gankun" is on both sides, and the sun, the moon and Yong Cheng can both enjoy it ... "The words" Gankun "and" Sun and Moon "here represent the universe. In a sense, Tujia Diaojiao Building is subjectively closer to the universe, thus making the house, people and the universe integrated and inseparable.

Dong people's diaojiaolou

Diaojiaolou is a kind of residential building with Dong characteristics. Most of the Dong people's houses living in the mountains are two or three-story verandah-style small buildings. There are stone tablets downstairs, firewood and sundries piled up, and livestock are raised. People live upstairs. The first half of the upstairs is full of light, which is a place for rest or physical labor; The second half is the room, in which there is a "fire pond", which is the location of "ancestors" and is also used for heating and cooking. There is a bedroom on the third floor. Generally, there is one building for each family, and some villages, such as Miaojiang, Bajiang and Linxi in Sanjiang County, Guangxi, are inhabited by many ethnic groups. Houses of the same family are connected together, and the eaves are connected, so we can exchange needed goods and celebrate the festival together. They gathered here to hold a banquet to receive the guests. Dong people in Pingba, such as Lianjiang area in Tianzhu, Xinhuang and Rongjiang counties, are mostly two-story buildings with people living downstairs and food and sundries stored upstairs. There is a "shrine" in the hall, with bedrooms and kitchens on both sides, and pigsty and cowshed behind the side room.

The Dong folk houses in Tongdao, Hunan Province still retain the characteristics of Baiyue nationality's "Ganlan" architecture. Most of them are three or more dry partition wood buildings, and the bottom floor is a miscellaneous house for raising animals such as pigs and cows. People live upstairs, and the wooden building has corridors extending outward and railings. There is a fixed bench beside the railing for people to rest, commonly known as "diaojiao building". This five-or six-story-high wooden structure is rigorous, and it is not allowed to use a nail. The whole system is embedded with tenons and mortises, which shows the superb architectural technology of the Dong people.

Indoor layout, there is a fire pit on the second floor, which is a place for cooking and entertaining guests. They also retained the ancient Vietnamese custom of "sitting and squatting" and several cases of eating with short feet. Sitting on a simple wooden stool, it is difficult to find a tall desk and chair. When cooking, put firewood from the west. Because it is said that the west is the origin of the Dong nationality, and the kindling was brought from the west by ancestors. Dong is a nation that loves beauty. He likes to dress up the environment beautifully, such as the stigma of a house, and likes to carve it into the shape of bamboo. Wooden buildings such as corridors and carved railings. The well in the stockade is made of carved bluestone slabs, and there are some red, white and black flowers and fish in the well. There are old trees in front of and behind the village. Even if the roads in the stockade are paved with bluestones or pebbles, people always make them into various patterns, which are very beautiful, so they are called "Flower Street". Therefore, entering Dongxiang makes people feel like entering a gallery.

stilted building of tujia nationality

When we arrive in Zhangjiajie, everyone wants to see Tujia Diaojiao Building. Due to the suppression policy of stationing troops by the imperial courts in past dynasties, Tujia people were driven into the deep mountains and forests, and their living conditions were very bad. "Old Tang Book" said: "There are many poisonous weeds and snakes in the mountains. People live on the first floor and climb stairs to dry the fence." Coupled with a small land and a large population, the family had to build a diaojiao building on a steep cliff.

Tujia diaojiao building is mostly wooden structure. Earlier, the toast king banned the natives from sending tiles, and only allowed Chinese fir bark and thatch, which was called "only buying horses, not sending tiles". It was not until the thirteenth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty that Gaiwa was promoted. Generally, there are four fans, three rooms and one row, three pillars and six riding or five pillars and six riding, with ancestral temples in the middle, which is the core of family sacrifice. Buildings are divided into semi-trailer, semi-trailer, two-handed cart trailer, key trailer, bending ruler trailer, water trailer and crossing gorge and hole trailer. The rich carve beams and paint buildings, and the eaves are high and the stone steps are coiled, which has the artistic conception of poetry and painting in the air.

Yaozu diaojiaolou

In the depths of Nanling Mountain, such a unique landscape can be seen everywhere: between the blue sky and clear water, among the mountains, unique wooden buildings inhabit the mountains, creating a flat human living space in the steep Shan Ye. This is the diaojiao building of Yao people's houses.

Yao nationality is a mountainous nationality, and its dwellings are often built by mountains and rivers. Its masterpiece is the diaojiao building where man and nature live in harmony. Most Yao people live in mountainous areas, and there is almost no flat land to build houses, so they choose a place with a relatively gentle slope, half of which is flat, and the other half is supported by Chinese fir stigmas with different lengths according to the mountain situation, and the wooden boards and the flat homestead are combined into a flat whole, and then they build houses on this whole. The climate in mountainous areas is humid, rainy and hot, in order to ventilate and avoid the tide and prevent wild animals.

There are also diaojiao buildings of other nationalities that are also very distinctive.

& lt Tujia Architecture-Diaojiaolou >

Diaojiaolou architecture is the embodiment of Tujia wisdom.

Diaojiaolou is the place where Tujia people live and live. It's built on the mountain, and it's a sitting tiger, three into the courtyard. Pay attention to the direction, or sit west to east, or sit east to west There are three long rooms, five long rooms and seven long rooms in the main room. Most large and medium-sized households are five or seven rooms long, and small households are generally three rooms long. The structure is 3 columns, 2 melons, 5 columns, 4 melons, 7 columns and 6 melons. The L room in the middle is called the "main room", which is used for ancestor worship, welcoming guests and arranging weddings and funerals. The left and right rooms on both sides of the hall are "people's living rooms", which are divided into two small rooms, with a fire room with two or three eyes in front. There is a fire shop in front of the stove, a fire pit 3 feet square, surrounded by 3 to 5 inches of bluestone. In the middle of the fire pit is "three feet" for cooking and frying. The height of 1 person above the fire pit is a wooden kang frame suspended from the upstairs, which is used to roast bacon and dried tofu. The small intercropping bedroom in the back has a moisture-proof floor. My parents live in Dalitou (left) and my daughter-in-law lives in Xiaolitou (right). The brothers are separated, the elder brother lives in Dalitou, the younger brother lives in Xiaolitou, and the parents live in the "rob room" behind the shrine in the main room.

No matter the size of the house, there are sky buildings, which are divided into plate buildings and strip buildings. Above the bedroom is a banlou, a floor paved with wooden boards, cabinets for putting all kinds of objects and food, and bedrooms can also be arranged; Above the fire is a building, which is paved with bamboo strips with gaps. It is specially used to put corn cobs and melons, and the smoke from the fire can be discharged smoothly through the gaps. In front of the main building, there is a diaojiao building in the wing, and a pigsty and toilet are built behind the building. Building a diaojiao building pays attention to bright feet (that is, the pillars should be straight and long), and the roof pays attention to cornices and angles. Diaojiao building is often three stories, with firewood, grinding and stacking downstairs; In the middle building, grain and farm tools are piled up, and upstairs is the girl building, where Tujia girls embroider, cut paper, make shoes, read and write. There are wooden fence corridors outside the middle building, upstairs and around the building for viewing and drying clothes. In the harvest season, corn cobs are often worn in long strings, or soybeans and peanuts pulled out of the ground are tied up and hung in the corridor to cool. In order to prevent thieves, the house is surrounded by stones and dirt. In front of the main house is the courtyard dam, and there is a splayed gate on the left side of the courtyard dam. Most houses are planted with bamboo, fruit trees and landscape trees. But it is unlucky not to plant mulberry before planting peach, because it is homophonic with "mourning" and "fleeing"

The carving art of window grillage in Tujia Diaojiao Building is an important symbol to measure the level of architectural technology. There are many carving techniques such as relief and hollow carving, and the carving skills are exquisite and rich in connotation. Some symbolize status, some pray for good luck, some show farming, some reflect life, some educate future generations, and some record customs. Birds, animals, flowers, birds, insects and fish, singing and dancing competitions, myths and legends are vivid.

Diaojiaolou has many advantages. Hanging on the ground is ventilated and dry, which can prevent poisonous snakes and wild animals, and sundries can be placed under the floor. Diaolou has distinctive national characteristics, and the elegant "silk eaves" and wide "rows of columns" make Diaojiaolou unique. Compared with "Gan Lan", this diaojiao building successfully got rid of the primitive and has a higher cultural level, so it is called the "living fossil" of Bachu culture. The Yinjiang River is now well-preserved, and there are representative Tujia diaojiao buildings in langxi and Heshui.