What are the architectural features of yurts?

Abstract: Mongolian yurt is a kind of house where Mongolian herdsmen live, which is suitable for animal husbandry production and nomadic life. The yurt is spacious and comfortable. It is wrapped in two or three layers of wool felt with a special wooden frame (supported by a yurt fence), and then tied with a rope made of horse hair or camel hair. The top is supported by "Wu Nai" and covered with "Blissfulness" to show the sky. Next, let's learn more about the architectural features of Mongolian yurts! Mongolian yurt is the name of Mongolian herdsmen's house. "Treasure" means "home" and "home". Traditional folk houses of Mongolian and other ethnic groups. In ancient times, it was called vault, also called felt tent, tent and felt bag. Mongolian is called Geer and Manchu is called Mongolian yurt or Mongolian blog. The residence created by this nomadic people to adapt to nomadic life is easy to disassemble and assemble, which is convenient for nomadism. It has appeared since the Xiongnu period and has been in use ever since. The yurt is circular, and the surrounding side walls are divided into several pieces, each of which is 130 ~ 160 cm high and about 230 cm long. It is a net made of wooden strips, and several pieces are connected to form a circle. The umbrella-shaped dome covers and is connected with the side wall. The top and four walls of the tent are covered or surrounded by felt and fixed with ropes. A wooden frame with door panels is left on the southwest wall, and a circular skylight is left at the top of the tent for lighting, ventilation and smoke exhaust, and it is covered with felt at night or in stormy days. The smallest diameter of the yurt is more than 300 centimeters, and the big one can accommodate hundreds of people. During the Mongol khanate, Khan and the king's tent could accommodate 2000 people. There are two kinds of yurts: fixed and swimming. In semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas, more fixed buildings will be built, surrounded by earth walls and covered with reeds; The latter is pulled by an ox cart or carriage. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the number of Mongolian immigrants increased, and only in nomadic areas were there yurts, which were called "Geer" by the Mongols. Since there were Mongols, people began to use yurts. Long time no see. But when did you start using it? Nobody knows the exact time. Mongolian yurts have become the daily residence of Mongolians. Most Mongolians are nomadic tribes, and they drive their goats, sheep, yaks, horses and camels to find new pastures all year round. Mongolian yurts can be packed into luggage, carried by several humped camels, transported to the next station, and then set up Mongolian yurts again.

I. Basic characteristics

1. High cost performance.

Using steel-framed yurts, first of all, in terms of price comparison, the price of using wood for yurts with the same diameter is more than 3 times more expensive than that of our steel-framed yurts. The steel pipes we use are galvanized steel pipes that never rust.

2. Construction and demolition

In terms of erection and installation, any yurt is incomparable in the past. The smallest steel yurt, 15 minutes, can be set up by two people. This feature greatly attracts the merchants who do night market barbecue, which is convenient and fast.

3. Good warm keeping effect

The yurt has four layers of heat insulation. The first layer is rain-proof large chemical fiber canvas, which is the best rain-proof canvas with anti-aging and long service life. The second and third floors are white thermal insulation wool felt and thermal insulation layer, so that the yurt can be used all year round. Finally, the golden interlining makes people enter a magnificent palace. Feel comfortable.

Two. Composition of Mongolian yurts

Mongolian yurt is mainly composed of wooden frame, felt and rope. The raw material for making adobe bricks without mud is either wood or wool.

1. Jia Mu

The wooden frame of the yurt includes Taonao, Wuni, Hana and threshold.

2. Tao nao

There are two types of yurts: connecting type and inserting type. Need good wood, generally made of sandalwood or elm. The difference between the two kinds of cladding is that the crossbars of the composite cladding are separated, and the inserted rafters are not separated. There are three rings in the coupling sleeve, and many small sticks protrude from the outer ring to connect Wuni. This set of nao and Wu Ni are connected. Camels are very convenient to transport because they can be divided into two parts.

3. Unni

Unautong is translated into rafters, which are the epaulettes of Mongolian yurts, covered with nau and connected with Hana. Its length, size and thickness should be unified, and the requirements for wood should be consistent. The length should be determined by the number of sets of nao, and its number should also change with the number of sets of nao. Only in this way can the yurt be shoulder-length round. Black mud is a slender wooden stick, oval or round. The upper end should be inserted into or connected with the sleeve, and the head must be smooth and slightly bent, otherwise the felt bag will be prone to deflection and dumping. There is a rope buckle at the lower end to put Hannah together. The thickness is determined by Hana, and it is usually stuck in the fork at the end of Hana, and the upper end is just flush. Black mud is usually made of pine or red willow.

4. Hana

Hana sockets are equipped with nau and uni, and the size of felt bags is determined, at least four, and the number is determined by the size of nau. Hana has three magical features:

One is its flexibility. The height can be adjusted relatively, unlike the fixed size of peach brain and black mud. Generally speaking, it is customary to say that there are many heads and nails, not to mention a few feet and inches. Leather nails generally have ten leather nails, eleven leather nails and so on (referring to a Hannah). The more leather nails, the higher Hana stands, and the less likely it is to be stretched; The fewer leather nails, the lower Hana stands, and the greater the possibility of elongation. There are generally fourteen, fifteen and sixteen heads. Add a header, the grid will increase and the width of Hana will also increase. This function provides the possibility of expanding or contracting yurts. When making Hana, wickers with the same length and thickness are alternately arranged at equal distance to form many small parallelogram grids, and the intersections are nailed with leather nails (preferably camel skin). In this way, yurts can be large or small, high or short. If the yurt is to be built high, the mesh of Hana will be narrow and the diameter of the yurt will be small; If you want to build it short, Hana's mesh will be wide and the bag's diameter will be large. The rainy season should be set higher and the windy season should be set lower. Mongolians are nomadic all the year round, so they don't have to worry about the choice of yurt foundation. This kind of house is incomparable in any case. Because of this feature of Hana, it is very convenient to load, unload, carry and cover.

The second is huge support. Hana's ya-shaped branch mouth, which crosses outward, accepts Wuni's call above, and the one that touches the ground below is called leg, and both sides are juxtaposed with other Hana's calls. After Hana's head bears the gravity from Wuni evenly, it spreads evenly to Hana's legs through each grid. This is the secret that wicker with thick fingers can withstand two or three thousand kilograms of pressure.

Third, the appearance is beautiful. Hana's wood is made of red willow, which is light but not broken, perforated and not cracked, not deformed when it is wet, and has the same thickness, height and mesh number. The felt bag made in this way not only meets the mechanical requirements, but also has a symmetrical and beautiful appearance.

Pay special attention to the radian of Hana. Generally, there are special tools, the head should be bent inward, the face should protrude outward, the legs should be curled inward, and the upper part should not be more upright than the lower part. This can stabilize Wuni, and the bag is round and convenient to tie with three ropes.

5. Felt door

After Hana stands up, resize the grid. The height of Hana is the height of the door frame. The door is framed. Therefore, the door of the yurt should not be too high, and people have to bend down to get in. Felt doors should be hung outside.

6. Pillar

The yurt is supported by eight Hana pillars. The yurt is too big and its weight increases. A windy day will bend a part of Tao's brain. This is usually the case with connection sleeves. Eighty hana yurts need four pillars. In the yurt, there is a wooden frame surrounded by fire brackets, and holes are made in its four corners for inserting the column feet. At the other end of the column, it is supported on the tie wood on the nao group. Cylinders are round, square, hexahedron, octahedron and so on. The patterns on the pillars include dragons, phoenixes, water and clouds. Your majesty can usually use dragon patterns.

7. tailoring industry

It consists of top felt, ceiling, surrounding felt, outer cover, felt door, felt door head, felt wall root, felt curtain, etc.

8. Top felt

The top felt is the top decoration of Mongolian yurts, which has always been valued. The top felt is square, and the four corners should be taped, which can adjust the old and new air, the cold and warm inside the bag and the intensity of light. The size of the top felt is determined by the diagonal length of the square. When cutting, start from the middle of the crossbar and measure one by one on both sides. The four sides should be covered with twisted camel hair, and all kinds of patterns should be taken out at the four corners, or two horsehair and ponytail ropes should be sewn side by side at the four sides, and belts should be nailed at the four corners.

9. ceiling

The ceiling is the part of the yurt that covers Wuni. Each half is like a fan and usually consists of three or four layers of felt. The inner layer is called its bouguer or its daily bouguer. Take the distance from the center of Tao nao to Hanatou (half crossbar and Wuni) as the radius, draw the felt as the front of the ceiling, use the part drawn by half crossbar as the collar of the ceiling, and dig a circle equivalent to Tao nao in the middle to cut out the ceiling. Don't show your head when cutting the collar. The production of tarpaulin pays attention to auspicious days. When cutting, it is divided into two pieces, and the seams are not completely aligned, so the cutting must be staggered. Only in this way can we prevent the influx of rain, wind and dust. The felt inside must be wrapped at the intersection of Hana and Wuni's feet, so that the felt outside will not be so tight and the appearance of the yurt will remain unchanged.

After the ceiling is cut, the periphery of the outer layer should be trimmed and pressed. The front should be four fingers wide and the collar should be three fingers wide. Two connected straight lines should also be edged. This can fix the felt edge firmly and look beautiful.

10. Blankets

The felt around Hana is called a blanket. An ordinary yurt has four blankets. There are three layers inside and outside, and the inner layer is called Hanabuch, which is rectangular.

The tailor was a little taller than Hannah when he wrapped the felt. The collar of the felt should be left with holes and belts. There are also ropes on the felt legs. The exposed part of the felt should be edged and flattened. The northeast carpet intersects with the east crossbar with a layered feeling. Felt with layering should be pressed on felt without layering. Felt lapels have no layering and hemming.

1 1. Tire

The outer cover is called Huleturige in Mongolian, which is the part covering the ceiling. It is an ornament of Mongolian yurts and a symbol of rank.

When tailor Huleturige, his collar was just as big as the outer ring of Tao nao. Huleturige has four legs, which are flush with Wuni's. There are many belts tied on the front of the outer cover. Its collar and lapel should be rimmed. There are moire patterns, lotus flowers and auspicious patterns, and the embroidery is very beautiful. The origin of Huleturige is very early. It used to be owned by ordinary people, and later it became the patent of noble lamas.

Door, originally referred to as felt door, is made of three or four layers of felt. The length and width are measured according to the outside of the door frame. Accept two sides on all sides, there are all kinds of patterns. Ordinary doors are white, blue and red. Hanging on the door. The gap between the door head and the ceiling should be blocked with felt, with three tongues (three protruding felt strips), and it should also be wrapped and patterned.

12. Tape

The belt, rope, pressure rope, binding rope and falling rope of the yurt are used to keep the shape of the yurt, prevent Hana from exploding outward, and prevent the ceiling and felt from slipping and raising in the wind. In a word, keeping the yurt firm has a lot to do with prolonging life.

13. Surrounding rope

The rope is the rope that binds Hannah. It is made of horse hair and ponytail. Divide the inner rope and the outer rope. Twist the horse's mane and ponytail into six thin strands, three left strands and three right strands into a rope, and then sew two, four and six strands side by side into a flat one. The advantage of this kind of rope is that it can eat hard and does not stretch. The inner rope is a wool rope tied in the middle of naked Hannah when the yurt is erected. Asiana is under great pressure, and the quality of the inner rope must be particularly strong. Once the inner rope is broken or not fastened, Hana will be pulled out and the yurt will be in danger of collapse. The peripheral rope is tied outside the felt and divided into three sections: upper, middle and lower. Some ropes are very colorful. The outer rope can not only prevent Hannah from bulging out, but also prevent the felt from slipping off.

14. Press the rope

Pressure rope, also called belt, is divided into internal pressure rope and external pressure rope. When erecting a tree, the rope tied around the naked uni is called a pressure rope. There are four or six inner pressure rope yurts, also made of horse hair and ponytail, which are relatively thin. These pressure ropes are as thick as the Wuni pressure ropes to prevent the sleeve from sinking or warping and keep the original shape of the top of the yurt.

External pressure rope can be divided into three types: ordinary eight pressure rope, mesh belt and cover belt. Ordinary pressure rope is thicker than internal pressure rope, and external pressure rope is used outside the felt. Four in the front and four in the back. Different from the common pressing rope, the mesh belt is sleeved on the ceiling and hangs around the bag like a tassel. In particular, the production of the hem of the ceiling is more exquisite, hanging down and sewing on the carpet. The outer cover belt is only suitable for yurts with outer covers. The felt bag with the outer cover does not need other external pressure ropes, and the outer cover itself plays the role of pressing the rope at the top of the bag. The outer cover is not so much a felt as a pressure rope. The feet of the outer cover and the straps nailed on the collar are more suitable for pressing the inner bundle of the ceiling, so that the strong wind cannot blow.

15. Rope falling

Binding rope is a thin rope that binds the mouths of two adjacent Hannah chess pieces together to make them into a whole, which is made by rubbing the hair on the camel's knee with horse hair and ponytail. A falling rope is a rope pulled down from the highest point of the rope. Mongolians attach great importance to this kind of belt, which is made of the knee hair or mane tail of male camel and male horse. When the wind is strong, tighten the descending rope to prevent the strong wind from pouring in and blowing the felt house away.

16. Hayabusa

Hayabuqi is the part that rotates around the felt and compresses the bottom to seal it. Spring, summer and autumn are mainly made of Achnatherum splendens (dead branches), small reeds, wood, felt and other materials. In the warm season, the falcon is rolled into a round stick, folded away on windless days and surrounded when there is wind. Hayabuqi used in winter is made of several layers of blankets with patterns on them.

17. Wooden pole

There is always a bare wooden pole standing behind the ger, and people respect it very much. Outsiders are usually not allowed to approach. It is said that Su Wu of the Han Dynasty was sent to Xiongnu and exiled to the North Sea by Attila. Shortly after his arrival, Li Ling, the commander, was ordered to persuade Su Wu to surrender. Su Wu scolded him, and even hit the stick, which scared him to run away. Attila refused to support Su Wu and Su Wu reclaimed land to grow food. Whether herding sheep and mowing grass, farming or living and sleeping, nunchakus never left Su Wu's side. Over time, the streamers and balls on the nunchakus were worn off, and he still had them. When the local herdsmen saw him, they all admired him very much. After Su Wu was welcomed back to China by the Han Dynasty, the local people missed him, so they all set up a bare wooden pole behind the yurt as a symbol of Su Wu's holiday cane.

Three. The influence of yurts

1. Cultural symbols

For centuries, yurts have been the most representative feature of this country. As the famous Danish explorer Henning Haslen said, "The sacred flame of Mongolian yurts is the center of family and tribal life. Tradition was born here. Those languages and atmospheres that are surrounded by yurts and have the oldest and most basic characteristics of the tribe have been passed down from generation to generation and become a bridge connecting ancient and modern times. "

2. Literary works

Historically, many travelers, explorers and scholars from East and West have written yurts in their works. Guillaume de Rubru quis, a Frenchman, 1252 was sent to the Mongolian Empire by King Louis IX of France and wrote Travels in the East. "Travels to the East" said: "They made these tents very big, sometimes up to 30 feet wide. Because I once measured the width between two tracks left by a car on the ground, which was twenty feet. I once counted that there was a car and twenty-two cows were pulling a tent. According to "A Brief Introduction to the Black Tatar" written by Peng Daya and Xu Ting in the Song Dynasty, "There are two kinds of vaults: Yanjing's, with Vitamin bone, which can be rolled up, open the door in front, like an umbrella bone, and open a hole on the top, named skylight. They are all made of felt and can be installed immediately. The grass is made of willow and the diameter is fixed with felt. You can't roll it up and take it with you. "At the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhao Liangsi, a Liao native, wrote a poem:" The north wind blows snow down the chicken mountain, and the candlelight is cold at night. "This vault is a yurt. The Customs of the Northland by Xiao Daheng in the Ming Dynasty, Mongolian Nomads by Zhang Mu in the Qing Dynasty,/kloc-Travels of John Plano Gabini and William Rubruk in the middle of the 3rd century, Travels of Marco Polo, etc. These works all have fleeting descriptions of Mongolian yurts. For example, in Marco Polo's Travels, yurts are round houses made of wooden poles and felt. Foldable, stacked into a bundle when moving, pulled on a four-wheeled vehicle, always facing the door south when covering.

3. Research monograph

Since modern times, the international research on Mongolian yurts has become more active. Mr Wu Wenzao, an anthropologist from China, inspected the Mongolian yurts in Xilin Gol League in 1930s, and published the investigation report "Mongolian yurts". He wrote in his report: "Mongolian yurts are the most prominent feature of Mongolian material culture. It can be said that knowing everything about yurts is to understand the real life of ordinary Mongols. " This sentence brilliantly points out the important position of yurts in nomadic life. Contemporary scholars, such as Ga Lindahl in Inner Mongolia, Maidar in Mongolia, Su Rong in Dali and Sharibuduji, have published monographs on Mongolian yurts. Among them, the book "Mongolian yurts" co-authored by Medal and Dali Su Rong has made a comprehensive study of Mongolian yurts by combining the knowledge of archaeology, anthropology, history, folklore and architecture. The book "Talking about Mongolian yurts in detail" written by scholar Guo Yuqiao is the most detailed monograph on Mongolian yurts in China.

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