Is there any essential difference between Mongolian invasion of Song Dynasty, Manchu invasion of Ming Dynasty and Japanese invasion of China?

There are differences and similarities.

First of all, I don't think it makes much sense to struggle between civil war and foreign war. If in another parallel world, China lost three northeastern provinces, the Qing Dynasty withdrew from Shanhaiguan and became independent, and Japan became a province of China, imagine what it would say. We will externalize the Qing Dynasty and internalize Japan.

It is not difficult to externalize the Qing Dynasty. Seriously speaking, the places north of Youzhou, especially Liaodong, were essentially ruled by the Central Plains Dynasty for less time. After the unification of Qin and Han Dynasties, the Five Chaos followed, and the rulers fell to Jiangbei. Later, after hundreds of years of chaos, the Sui Dynasty and the early Tang Dynasty briefly returned to the central government, and after the Anshi Rebellion, they went out independently. Later it was ruled by Liao and Jin (if the Song Dynasty was the official new moon). In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the Jurchen tribe was also dominated by shackles, which was not equal to the ruling mode in the mainland.

On the other hand, a given day is a province of China, and we can also find a lot of "since ancient times" from that pile of old paper. For example, Qin Shihuang once sent Xu Fu to Japan (Taiwan Province Province was first sent by Sun Quan, much later than Xu Fu), the evil horse countries once paid tribute to Cao Cao, and the famous contact between the Tang Dynasty and Japan in Go-Gu Shiyan's "Thirty-three Towns" all show that we have close cultural exchanges with Japan. Another example is Kublai Khan's two attacks on Japan, which also shows that the concept of great unity was deeply rooted in the hearts of the people in the Yuan Dynasty. As for the Japanese pirates in the Ming Dynasty, such as Wang Zhi and other big maritime merchants, they were still very influential in Japan at that time, and there were many Japanese ronins under their command ... As for Toyotomi Hideyoshi's invasion of Korea, he considered moving the capital to Ningbo. Can it also prove that Japan, as a local government, is also interested in reunification? Later, the relationship between Japan and Zheng Chenggong became closer. The Japanese shogunate also discussed whether to send troops to help the Ming Dynasty against the Qing army. It also shows that Japan has never drifted away from the Central Plains, but actively participated in the political and military competition in the Central Plains.

But the fact is that the three northeastern provinces are now part of China, and Japan is an independent country. So we look at the literature from different angles. In any case, Europe and the United States dare not say that China is rich in literature and there are numerous anecdotes, but as far as Asia is concerned, anyone who wants to externalize and internalize can find the reason of "since ancient times". In reality, politics and interests are always the first consideration. Although Zhu Yuanzhang hit so hard, he suddenly said, "Mongols are innocent, too." Why? Because there is very little territory as big as the Yuan Dynasty, it does not mean that what legal system will be inherited after the Yuan Dynasty's inheritance? Nanzhao Dali, which had not been settled for so many years in the Song Dynasty, was settled by the Yuan Dynasty. Now that the Central Plains has changed hands, can Dali rejuvenate the country?

So from this perspective, I don't think there is any difference in the closeness of Japan or the Qing Dynasty to the Central Plains. If we want to compare cultures, at least the Japanese still use Chinese characters, and some still retain the Tang style, which is closer to some cultures in the Central Plains than the fish, insects and birds in the Qing Dynasty.

It is said that the same place, different places, lies in the Qing Dynasty and Japanese assimilation of China is different. The history from the founding of the Qing Dynasty to abdication is actually the process of passive assimilation of Manchu in China. If Japan's invasion of China is successful, it will be the process of Japan's active assimilation of China.

It's a bit awkward to say, so I want to use this question to talk about my opinion on the word "assimilation".

Assimilation always goes from high to low, that is, the party with advanced culture and productivity transmits its habits and systems to the party with backward culture and productivity. When the Qing dynasty entered the customs, the military and political organizations were still in the form of "Eight Banners", which obviously could not manage the huge empire left by the Ming dynasty. At this time, a natural idea is to copy the organizational form of the Ming Dynasty as it is, that is, the so-called "Qingcheng Ming system". Although in the early Qing dynasty, in order to promote their own customs, a wave of active assimilation, that is, shaving, was forcibly set off, but assimilation without the core must be superficial. After Jiaqing, I basically changed from a suncus murinus tail to just shaving my forehead a little.

Therefore, based on the cultural accumulation at that time in the Qing Dynasty, the only way to develop a culture independent of China and an independent civilization is to remain isolated and gradually absorb races smaller and lower than their own. It will be almost the same in a few hundred years. As long as there is frequent contact with the Ming dynasty, whether it is eliminated by the Ming dynasty or eliminated by the Ming dynasty, the direction of assimilation will generally be that the Qing dynasty learns the system of the Ming dynasty. However, if it was wiped out by the Ming Dynasty, it was that the Ming Dynasty actively assimilated the Qing Dynasty, and it was necessary to thoroughly follow the system of the Ming Dynasty and learn the customs of the Ming Dynasty. After two or three generations, it regarded itself as a "wise man" like Qidan. But the reality is that the Qing Dynasty destroyed the Ming Dynasty, which I call passive assimilation. In passive assimilation, although the conqueror will learn the system of the conquered, the conqueror often has the psychology of using and preventing the conquered, which leads to incomplete assimilation, such as Jurchen. In the late Jin Dynasty, the fighting capacity declined, and some people said that Kublai Khan was a Confucian pot. At that time, Jin Chen Zhang Dehui came out to refute:

"Liao minister is unknown, and Jin Ji is seen. Although one or two Confucian ministers were used in the slaughter, the rest were Spyker, which was not expected if the military plan was discussed; In its internal and external chores, Confucianism is one of the thirty, but it is just reading, listening to lawsuits and managing money. The country has its own responsibility for survival, and Confucianism is not guilty! "

Therefore, we can see that the military affairs discussion, the core power of the Jin Dynasty, has always been in the charge of hereditary nuzhen relatives, and still continues the bloodline theory of nomadic people. The localization is bureaucracy and poetry, but from the founding of the People's Republic to the subjugation of the country, although Wan Yanliang's poems are better than many Song people, it cannot be said that the Jin Dynasty was a thorough Central Plains dynasty.

The Qing dynasty was also similar to the passive assimilation of the Jin dynasty. It is completely wrong to appoint Han Chinese officials just because Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Qianlong and Emperor Jiaqing have high Chinese literacy. In the distribution of high-level power in the Qing Dynasty, such as the duties of Manchu and Han ministers, more and more studies have confirmed that officials are generally in charge and Han people do things. The history of this level has always been like this, and the real prince of the military department is one of the Aisin Giro family. This is very different from the local court in the Central Plains. The characteristics of the central plains court are that they often kiss foreigners and suppress clans; Because the clan is a great threat to the imperial power, there are many legal problems for outsiders to usurp power; However, when foreigners enter the Central Plains, it is often their relatives who suppress them, because the insecurity of Serenade, a big country, overwhelms the motive of civil strife.

Therefore, the comparison between Manchu's entry into the customs and Jurchen's destruction of Song and Macedonia's destruction of Persia was after foreign invasion. Because foreigners are at a disadvantage in culture and system (Macedonian culture is not weak, but they still have to learn one of the eastern court etiquette), they absorbed a lot of the system and culture of the previous dynasty, which in fact formed a situation in which the conquerors passively assimilated the conquerors, but the passive assimilation was not complete, so when the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom shook the ruling foundation of the Qing Dynasty.

It was not the Qing Dynasty but the Republic of China that really integrated the Manchu Dynasty. After the abdication of the Qing emperor, the Central Plains people were once again in a strong position, and Manchu people who had been passively assimilated for more than 200 years were actively assimilated. Until now, it is unrealistic to forcibly distinguish between Manchu and Han in many places.

Therefore, there is only one method of complete assimilation, that is, strong culture, as a conqueror, actively assimilates the conquered. Passivity is always incomplete.

The active assimilation and passive assimilation I mentioned above are the biggest differences between Manchu and Japan. Manchu's entry into the customs is a passive assimilation process of Manchu in China; If Japan's invasion of China is successful, it will be the process of Japan's active assimilation of China.

Many people replied that if the Japanese invasion of China succeeds, China will perish forever, which is actually the meaning behind it. Because Japan was already an industrial country at that time, with a complete political system and an efficient management system, it was a gesture of crushing the semi-feudal and semi-divided Republic of China from military to political. Even culturally, Japan is not empty-it is impossible to tell things by sending envoys to the Tang Dynasty. History can only be seen as a reference. Whether the specific culture is strong or not depends on the strength comparison at that time. If we look at what students studying in China, including Lu Xun, said, we can understand the cultural aspects of Japanese people at that time.

Therefore, Japan does not need to learn the system of the Republic of China at all. On the contrary, Japan can promote the effective system in its own country, Japanese culture and Japanese system on the mainland, so that the mainland can become an organic part of Japan. It doesn't matter where the emperor is. When the time is right, even the emperor can come to Beijing to be the emperor.

In the past two thousand years, China has been handed down from generation to generation, mainly because its culture is stronger than its neighbors. Therefore, after being destroyed by the Yuan Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, everyone can be resurrected. However, if the other person is culturally stronger than himself, it is likely that Li will become rigid, and the new generation of China people will fully embrace Japanese culture, speak Japanese and do things according to Japanese methods. In this sense, China may really be completely occupied. So when someone says that if Japan succeeds in invading China, the 57th ethnic group is welcome to join, I always feel a little too optimistic. There are two possibilities:

1. If the Japanese artificially engage in apartheid and oppression, they should maintain the purity of the Yamato nation. In this case, there is still hope for national recovery, because the same experience will form national cohesion. With the wave of national independence, China can still restore the country, but it is certainly not as big as it is now.

2. Japan does not practise apartheid. On the contrary, Japan began to vigorously set up Japanese schools, which treat children better than China schools. Teach China people how to do things in the Japanese way and show the superiority of the Japanese system. Gradually absorb local elites from China and China, and you can be an official in the same dynasty, but if you want to be promoted, you should give priority to being able to speak Japanese ... In this way,'s elites will gradually become Japanese, and of course ordinary Japanese will also become China in this process, but because of the difference between initiative and passivity, Japanese culture will still be the main body, supplemented by China's original culture.

Then in 50 or 60 years, the Yamato ethnic group and the Huaxia ethnic group on the east coast merged into one, and then slowly developed into the central and western regions, eventually taking over most of the historical sites in China. Then I'm afraid there wouldn't be a Chinese nation in the present sense in the world.