beacon tower

Located on the main road of the Silk Road, it is also known as the gateway to the western regions with Yiwu and Loulan, and it is the key to control the ancient east-west traffic artery. Dunhuang in the east, north, west, southwest and south connect the whole western region. The strategic position is very important. In the history, the central government operated the western regions, and it must be the traffic first. The traffic in Turpan was developed in Han Dynasty and Wei and Jin Dynasties. By the Tang Dynasty, it had established a more developed transportation network and a relatively complete hotel system than other western regions, which became a typical representative and epitome of the transportation in the whole western region at that time. In the Tang Dynasty, traffic arteries and military defense were inseparable. As long as there are military facilities near important traffic arteries, hotels and beacon towers are juxtaposed in some places. The objective historical carrier of these very important traffic arteries in Turpan is the beacon tower that stands on the land of Turpan.

According to the survey and statistics of cultural relics, there are 62 military traffic sites in Turpan Basin, accounting for nearly 32% of the cultural relics in Turpan, including 42 beacon towers, 9 post stations, 7 garrisons and 4 military camps, which are a major type of cultural relics in Turpan. Most of these sites are located in the alluvial fan area of the basin, including 3 cultural relics protection units at the autonomous region level and 59 cultural relics protection units at the county and city levels. These beacon towers play an irreplaceable role in the field implementation of ancient traffic routes. They are basically arranged in an orderly and regular manner according to the traffic warning route of Turpan. We combine several important traffic warning routes in Turpan to learn about some beacon towers.

According to the Dunhuang document Xizhou Tujing, there are 1 1 traffic arteries leading to the outside of Turpan Basin, and a large number of beacon towers are distributed along the way. There are mainly: the road from Gaochang Old Town to Urumqi via Jiaohe Old Town and Baiyanggou, which was called Baishui Waterfall Road in ancient times. Gaochang Ancient Town enters Yanqi Basin via Jiaohe Ancient Town, Toksun and Gangou, which is called Yinshan Road. Jiaohe Old Town arrived in Tingzhou via Taohuayuan and Yaer Township Ranch, calling it a tunnel. Shanshan county passes through Dikan and Dasha, and reaches Dunhuang in the southeast, which is called the sea road.

Traffic routes and beacon towers constitute a very regular traffic network in Turpan basin, which promotes the development, continuation and exchange of Turpan's splendid ancient civilization. Modern people, while paying tribute to these towers that have survived the storm, will also deeply realize that the reunification of the motherland is the inevitable development of history. These beacon towers can directly reflect the relationship between the central government's jurisdiction and the construction of the western regions, and are the direct historical evidence of territorial ties, as well as the systematic remains of China's heritage involving history, military affairs and transportation. Beacon towers are mainly used to facilitate investigation. At the same time, when the enemy invades, combustible substances such as straw can be burned to inform the enemy of the situation with fireworks, thus making the next post vigilant.

Beacon towers are usually built on hills and mounds that are easy to look at each other. There are facilities for viewing rooms, lighting cigarettes and setting fires on the platform. Below the platform are houses, sheepfolds, warehouses and other buildings where infantry live and guard. The distance between beacon towers is generally about ten miles, so they are usually built on hills and mounds that are convenient for eye contact. China ancient military defense project. Miracle in the history of world architecture. It starts from Yalu River in the east and reaches Jiayuguan in the west, passing through nine provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, namely Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia and Gansu. The topography, mountains and landforms are different, and most of them are built in the highest part of the mountain, with a total length of more than 7,300 kilometers (14,600 Li), so it is called the Great Wall of Wan Li.

At first, the beacon towers or continuous defensive castles were built face to face, and later they were connected by city walls, which became the Great Wall. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the governors of the northern countries competed for hegemony and merged with each other, and several big countries such as Qin, Chu, Qi, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei emerged. In order to defend each other, they used the original river levee or nearby mountains to build city walls and blockade lines step by step, and connected them, forming the ancient military defense engineering system of the Great Wall. But it is small and incoherent.

The Ming Dynasty was the last dynasty in the history of the Great Wall, and its building scale was grand, its defense organization was complete, and the building materials used were solid, which greatly surpassed previous dynasties. The majestic Great Wall of Wan Li spans the mountains in northern China, with a total length of more than 6,700 kilometers. It was built in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. It is a rare ancient military defense project in the history of human architecture. It is famous for its long history, huge project and magnificent spirit. It has been listed in the World Heritage List by UNESCO and is known as the "eighth wonder of the world".

Today, with the help of remote sensor technology, China re-measured the length of the Great Wall of Wan Li, reaching 7,300 kilometers. On the mountain outside Wang Gan Village in Qishi Township, the altitude is150m, the platform is 2m high and the bottom is about 5m long. It is composed of rocks, with six stone steps in the east, about 1m wide, and slightly collapsed in the northeast corner. On the stage, you can see Maoyu Port in the east and Qingshan Jiao Gang in the southwest. This platform was built in the Ming Dynasty.

Discovery of Bonfire Site in Han Dynasty in Ejina Banner 18, Inner Mongolia

Xinhuanet Hohhot 65438+1October 25th (Reporter Yoga Yu) The staff of the cultural relics department of Ejina Banner in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region recently discovered 18 beacon towers of the Han Dynasty during a general survey of Juyan site, which provided more abundant information for further study of Juyan site.

According to Fu Xingye, director of the Cultural Relics Management Office of Ejina Banner in Inner Mongolia, these newly discovered beacon towers are located in Dalaihubu Town, Dongfeng Town and Mazongshan Sumu Juyan Site Group in Ejina Banner. Affected by the harsh natural environment in the Gobi Desert, most beacon towers have collapsed into square earth platforms or round mounds, and some beacon towers are made of stone and transformed into Aobao.

"According to the gray pottery pieces found around the beacon towers and previous archaeological data, these beacon towers belong to Juyan site group, thus providing the latest precious data for studying the distribution of beacon towers in Juyan site group." Fu Xingye said.

At the same time, cultural relics workers also found a city site in the desert southeast of Jirigalangtugacha, Dalaihubu Town. Fu Xingye introduced that the plane of the city site is rectangular and the city wall is rammed. The four walls have been eroded by wind and sand into disconnected gaps, leaving only the base site. There are also several pieces of gray pottery scattered on the ground nearby, which is preliminarily inferred as the site of the Han Dynasty. As for whether it belongs to Juyan site group, further textual research is needed.

Juyan site group is located in Ejina Banner of Inner Mongolia and Jinta County of Gansu Province. It is distributed in an area about 250 kilometers long from north to south and 70 kilometers wide from east to west on both sides of Ejina River (called Heihe River in ancient times), with a total area of about 1.75 million square kilometers. Juyan site group is mainly the wall site of Han Dynasty. In 1930s, tens of thousands of bamboo slips were found here, which reflected the frontier defense situation in Han Dynasty. "Yueqing County Records" records that there are many deep seas on the shores of the Ouhai Sea, and every time thieves land in Pu Yin, Huanghuaguan and Shima. Yueqing has had coastal defense facilities since the Eastern Han Dynasty. The Song Emperor built Yan Du Nan, and Yueqing's coastal defense was more rigorous. Wenzhou is divided into 13 blocks, and Yueqing's pavilion (pavilion) head, Dajing, Beijian and Baisha all have blocks. Baisha also set up a patrol inspection department to coordinate with each other. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were 10,000 households and 1,000 households in Yueqing. From the Yuan Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, the pirates suffered frequently and the coastal defense was further improved. Coast guard, research institute and warships have all been established. From Jiajing to Jiajing, there were four generals and six generals in Zhejiang Province, and Wenzhou sent a member to lead the Sanwei. In order to prevent the Japanese from going abroad, Pu Qi has a general and three inspection departments under Yuhuan Island and Pishan Island.

The enemy set sail from Japan and came by the northeast wind. When I saw the three islands of Chenqian Mountain, Maji Mountain and Dayangshan at the junction of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, I knew it was close to China. After berthing and pumping water on these three islands, I can reach Yueqing and other places in a tidal wave to plunder.

In the Ming Dynasty, there were nineteen beacon towers in Yueqing. Qipanshiwei: Tian Yang, Chi 'ao, Rituan, Sanyu, Shajiao, Zhang 'ao and Shuangfeng; There are four back offices (back front offices): Qitou, Baisha, Xin Ping and Yushan; Eight Puqi stations: Shuangdoumen, Dongshan, Nanpu, Qiantang, Houtang, Xiashantou, Huaspade and Louao. In addition, there are two platforms: Xia Bao and Gao Song. The above beacon towers (including those under its jurisdiction) were built in the 20th year of Ming Hongwu (1787). At that time, I trusted Guo Gongtang, inspected the coast of Yueqing, and strengthened my defense.

After adjustment in the Qing Dynasty, there were seventeen beacon towers (piers). Among them, Qingjiang has two terraces: Meiyu Mountain Terrace and Jiangyan Mountain Terrace; There are three platforms under the jurisdiction of Shengshui: Beifeng Platform, Huoshaotan Caotai and Doumen Caotai. In addition, there are Bairuo Mountain Terrace, Yaotou Mountain Terrace, Xidian Mountain Terrace (in Furong), Haikou Mountain Terrace (in Furong), Putou Mountain Terrace and Cai 'ao Mountain Terrace.

The coastline of Yueqing, which stretches for more than a hundred miles, is densely covered with beacon towers and administrative stations. If we want to look at the unfairness of past dynasties, the external threat is quite serious. When the beacon tower soared into the sky, the soldiers and civilians rose to meet it, and every beacon tower became a witness of history. In xinhe town, Wenling, there is a beacon tower on the top of Piyun Mountain. There is a gazebo on the top of the mountain with a stone bench on it. At the end of the stone steps is the beacon tower, a trapezoidal square platform made of stone, surrounded by cribs.

According to historical records, during the Jiajing period, the Japanese pirates were rampant and Taizhou was filled with smoke. From the thirty-seventh year of Jiajing to the forty-first year (1558- 1562), Qi Jiguang went to Taizhou for many times to fight against the Japanese aggressors, winning nine battles and wiping out more than 5,400 people.

In the thirty-eighth year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1559), at the beginning of May, Qi Jiguang, the government of Ning, Shao and Taiwan, cooperated with Tan Lun, the deputy envoy of Zhejiang court, and defeated the enemy who invaded Haimen. Because of the continuous rain, it was impossible to continue fighting. Qi Jiguang anticipated that the enemy would escape from the nearby Jinqingmen, ordered his men to pile up in the river to plunge into the boat, blocked the way out to sea, "closed the door and beat the dog", and forced the enemy to build fortifications on the mountain in front of Xinhe Station to fight back. Qi Jiguang deployed spearmen and archers as pioneers, arranged fronts, lured the enemy to the south gate of the new river, and then attacked in three ways: east, middle and west. The enemy retreated into the ship, the Ming army attacked the ship, and the enemy abandoned the ship and fled. The Ming army burned 32 Japanese ships with two masts, and the Japanese were burned to death and drowned 1000 people. The remnants fled hastily in an attempt to go to sea from Yueqing Bay. Qi Jiguang chased them and arrived in Taiping County at dusk on May 1 1. The next day, after the Ming army pursued Nanwan, it broke into a converging attack and destroyed enemy areas. In the fierce battle, Qi Jiguang and his brother Qi Jimei shot and killed two enemy leaders. This campaign dealt a heavy blow to the enemy, ranking first among the "nine outstanding men in Taizhou".

In the forty-first year of Jiajing (1562), the "Victory Monument of Qi Gong in Southern Tang Dynasty" was erected next to the Beidou Bridge in Xinhe, and Xu Yue, the magistrate of Taiping County, wrote an article describing the "Great Victory of Xinhe" in the Anti-Japanese War. This monument is a provincial historical relic.

The strategic location of Xinhe is superior, and it is often the base camp of Qijiajun. History also records that Mrs. Wang of Qi Jiguang once lived in Xinhe with the army. One day, the army went out to fight, leaving only a few defenders, and it happened that a large number of Japanese invaders invaded. Not afraid of danger, Mrs. Qi immediately mobilized the women and children in the city to put on military uniforms, lined up in Chengtou, hung the flag of "Qi" high, and played an "empty city plan" to scare off the enemy. So there is the story of "Mrs. Qi sticks to the new river city". The above two typical folk stories collected by He Xia were selected into the Collection of Zhejiang Folk Stories.

After the "victory of Xinhe", the Japanese pirates were still rampant, and Qi Jiguang worked nonstop in Daejeon, Tao Zhu, Jiantiao, Baishuiyang, Songmen, Truman, Aohuan and other places, and repeatedly made outstanding achievements. The beacon tower on Piyun Mountain was rebuilt in the spring of 2002. The word "beacon tower" was written by Mr. Dai Yu, with the title "The moon is near and the fog is cold, the tower is high and the sky is fragrant". On the top of the west bank of Heihe River, about 7 kilometers south of Daciwan Village, Ding Xin Town, Jinta County, stands a beacon tower, which is Dadunmen Dadun, facing Dadunmen Reservoir across the river. The beacon tower has a base diameter of19.5m and a height of about 1 1 m, and is dome-shaped as a whole. The inner layer of beacon tower is rammed earth board, and the outer layer is 0. 1.8× 0.30× 0.07 m adobe, which is laid horizontally and vertically and brushed. The beacon tower is well preserved, and there are traces of climbing up and down on the east side. There are rope-patterned gray pottery pieces, black glazed porcelain pieces and white porcelain pieces scattered around. Judging from the existing beacon towers in Gansu Province, Dadunmen Wharf is rare in both scale and preservation, and it can be called "the largest wharf in Gansu".

Because there are more than 100 beacon towers built in Hamming period in Jinta County. According to historical records, in the early years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to prevent the Huns from invading, in the third year of Emperor Wu's reign (BC 102), he sent a strong general, Lu Bode, to build Juyan fortress from the Xiakou of Gaotai County along the Heihe River to the north, and to build Guancheng, beacon towers, castles and other facilities along the route, and set up official canals to resettle immigrants. Judging from the geographical location of Dadunmen Dadun, it stands at the top of the mountain, along Juyansai, adjacent to Shiban Pier and Tuer Pier in the south, echoing beacon towers such as Daciwan Pier and Shuangshuzi Pier in the north, and the piers are connected until Juyan. Undoubtedly, Dadongmen Dadun should be an important lighthouse on the defense line of Juyansai.