What are the funeral rules?

After death, the whole family mourned and moved the deceased to the coffin bed facing the door in the main room. Some are made of ready-made wooden beds, some are made of reed foil on door panels or benches, and some are made of adobe temporarily covered with sheets or mattresses. The dead man's face was covered with yellow paper and his mouth contained copper coins (including pearls). Provide a table in front of the coffin bed and place a "corpse lamp" to prevent cats and dogs from coming in. Burning incense to set up a monument, 1 bowl of small rice with 1 double bamboo chopsticks, is called "pouring rice". Children take turns to watch, which is called "wake". Family and neighbors help with funerals, send obituaries and tell relatives that people who help with funerals are called "bulk". At the same time, I go to the earth temple three times a day in the morning, noon and evening to "send slurry water". Slurry water is mostly mixed with raw water, flour and millet and put in a pot. Some pots only contain clear water, which is also called paddle water. Tie paper carts and horses, and make "dog cakes" and "dog stick" with black noodles, which means that the journey to the West is long and there are evil dogs in the way. Once you meet a bad dog, you can beat it with a stick and throw the dog-beating cake out to feed the dog to get away. After that, it is "leading the way". The eldest son of the deceased stood on the bench, holding a pole in his hand and calling the name of the deceased with his face facing west. Later, he said, "Go to the Western Heaven Road to worship Buddha", shouted four times, burned paper carts and horses, and sent the deceased to the Western Heaven. ?

condole

Before the tomb was opened and buried according to the date set in the obituary, relatives and friends came to mourn. In the yard, there is a Peng Ling and a memorial tablet. The dutiful son, dressed in linen and plain clothes, kowtows to relatives and neighbors who come to mourn. Generally, neighbors only pay funeral documents (cash), which is called "paying human feelings". Relatives first offer a libation ceremony, then put the sacrifice in front of the coffin, bow down to the coffin, offer 3 libations (4 in Zhangdian), and cry loudly, which is called "offering".

Knock sb.

When the deceased enters the coffin, it is called "burial". Coffins, commonly known as "longevity materials", are made of poplar, willow, elm, locust and other miscellaneous trees, while well-off families use cypress trees. Some poor families only have a thin coffin and a reed mat. Before entering the coffin, the incense table and mattress are laid in the coffin, and then the relatives of the children dip the cotton wool in wine to clean the face of the deceased before entering the coffin. Put the incense table, plant ash and the things loved by the deceased beside you, cover the coffin and seal it, and the great funeral will be completed. From then on, burn paper and cry three times a day. ?

Carry the coffin to the cemetery

Funerals are usually held on the third or fifth day after death, and many rich people also hold funerals on the seventh, ninth or even forty-ninth day. During this period, some monks and Taoists were invited to set up an altar to do Buddhist services, chanting and turning over. If the spouse of the deceased has a deceased person, undertaker must greet his soul the night before the funeral.

Funeral generally includes procedures such as burning kang (also called warming the tomb), waking up, funeral, road sacrifice, and burial. Before waking up (Linzi is the day before waking up), relatives of the deceased (mostly widows) usually go to the grave to light a fire and burn it, which is called "burning kang". Boshan and Linzi usually set fire to fry cakes in front of graves, which is called "warm tombs". Before waking up, Linzi also has the habit of eating jiaozi in Peng Ling, which is called "having a reunion dinner" and filling the "food supply jar" when eating. After that, the rice bowl in front of Ling was knocked out, more than ten people carried coffins to raise their spirits, and the eldest son carried coffins to shine. At this time, family and friends cried with Ling and stopped outside to offer wine. At the funeral, the eldest son or grandson plays the white flag, and the nephew plays Citi first to lead the coffin to the graveyard. Female filial piety usually sits behind the coffin and cries, not following to the graveyard. The funeral procession should stop at the village head (street) for road sacrifice. Set tables and chairs and offerings in front of the spirit, and relatives and friends pay homage to them one by one. After the coffins arrive at the cemetery, paper is burned first (the residents in Linzi want to put the "food donation jar" in the grave). After the filial family sweeps the grave, they are buried, filled with soil, and a building (or a straw) is inserted at the top of the grave, so the new grave is built. When I went back, every filial family was given a chopped steamed bread, tofu and other things. ?

Refuse to meet visitors

At dawn the day after the funeral, the descendants of the deceased put on mourning clothes to thank the mourners. Usually they just shout "thank you" at the door. As soon as the host listens, he can "hear" it, indicating that the ceremony is known.

offer sacrifices to ancestors

On the third day (or the second day) after the funeral, relatives of the deceased dressed in mourning went to the cemetery to offer sacrifices, surrounded the grave three times, scattered food and added new soil, which was called "round grave". The thirty-fifth day after death is called "May 7th" and the hundred days are called "Hundred Days". At that time, all filial families would go to the grave to offer sacrifices. Usually, when the grave is built on May 7 and 100, the former is advanced and the latter is postponed, which is called "100 days long and May 7 is short". Zhoucun usually goes to the grave for sacrifice in the middle of the night. When sweeping the "May 7th Tomb", the relatives of the deceased should carry paper bundles and offerings such as Jinyinshan, cash cow and cornucopia for sacrifice.

black

Also called eating clothes. After burial, the family members of the deceased should wear mourning clothes, which is called "holding clothes". The service period is 3 years for children and 0/year for grandchildren. During this period, children generally don't cut their hair and don't care about the world.

In 1930s and 1940s, some rural communities generally set up "old people's clubs" (also called "filial piety clubs" and "shelf clubs"). Anyone with an elderly family can participate. In case of funeral, members raise funds to help each other, those with money pay and those without money pay. The organization will be dissolved after the funeral of all its members. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the old people's organizations will soon disappear. The old funeral ceremony was gradually reformed, and things with feudal superstition such as setting an altar to cross over and sending slurry to guide the way were basically eradicated. In the event of a funeral, only the deceased put on a shroud and put it in a coffin. Relatives and friends sent a funeral instrument, kowtowed and worshipped, sent it to the cemetery for burial, and held mourning clothes. After the 1960s, except for the Hui people, cremation system was implemented in urban and rural areas, and urn storage rooms were established. Relatives wear black gauze or mourning clothes, and neighbors send flowers and wreaths to mourn. However, in rural areas, many families still bury their ashes. Festivals such as "Dog Days", "May 7th" and "Hundred Days" are still preserved to show their grief.

funeral

1. When the old man lay dying, his children and other immediate family members stood by him and listened to his last words until his loved ones died, which is called "death" in custom. It's a big deal to die for an old man. Being able to die for the elderly shows that children have done their last filial piety. Failure to die for the elderly often becomes a great regret in one's life. Whether children die or not, whether all children come to die, is also a criterion to judge whether the elderly are blessed. When the old man is in danger, his family will move him from the bedroom to a temporary bed with wooden boards in the main hall. The wooden bed is made of door panels temporarily removed from poor places. Because folklore says that if a person dies in bed. The soul will be hung on the bed and can't cross over. In some places, whether the old man died on the trampoline is regarded as the standard of whether the children have done their filial piety. The anger swallowed by the old man in bed will be criticized by the children. People who die young will not be moved to the main court by their families, but will also be moved to the ground in front of their beds. If there are elders above the deceased, they will not move into the main court when they are dead. In many places, after death, family members will burn paper money, which is called "burning paper backwards", and some places are more specific and called "burning gas paper". In addition, firecrackers were set off to show that the deceased had died in the West, and funeral services were offered to neighbors. After death, family members should wail around the deceased, and it is forbidden to cry when they are not dead.

2. After the death of the old man, the family should send a funeral post to relatives and friends as soon as possible or report the death at home. For relatives and friends far away, tell them the date of burial. A filial son should wear mourning clothes and a Dai Xiao hat. When you get to someone else's house, you can't get in. Anyone who comes to pick it up, regardless of age, must kowtow.

3. Before the deceased enters the coffin, plastic surgery should be performed, such as shaving, changing body and wearing shroud. Then cover your face with white silk (paper money is also used in some places). According to folklore, you can't wear leather pants for the dead, otherwise the dead will be reincarnated as beasts; When dressing the dead, don't shed tears on them, or you won't see them in your dreams. Some places need a wooden comb and a mirror for the dead and the old. Within 24 hours after the death of the deceased, it is necessary to choose a good time by a special person to officially move the body into the coffin. When entering the coffin, the deceased always has his head inward and his feet outward.

4. During the period from the death of the old man to the official funeral, the family members of the old shop who are guarding the dead should take turns to guard the side of the old shop day and night to show filial piety, which is called "guarding the shop". After the deceased enters the coffin, the family members guard the coffin and sleep, which is called "wake" or "trapped coffin".

5. Because you want to choose an auspicious day to bury the dead, you may have to stop at home, which is called "putting coffins" or "stopping coffins". The custom of "putting coffins" was very common in ancient times, usually seven days, and some even put coffins for more than ten days or months, but it is not common today, that is, putting coffins in a short time.

6. Mourning means that the descendants of the deceased's family mourn after the death of the deceased. Men don't wear gorgeous clothes, but sandals (not common now); Women should take off their ornaments and colorful clothes. Men and women wear mourning clothes and teaching hats according to their relationship with the deceased. During the mourning period (usually January or 100 days), the dutiful son can't have a haircut, share a room, meet relatives and friends, attend banquets, enter temples, etc. Especially before burial, these customs must be strictly observed, otherwise it will be unlucky.

7. Mourning is an important part of funeral custom, and the ways of mourning vary from place to place. The relationship between mourning and the deceased is different, and the ways and methods of mourning are also different. After receiving the news, the dead child should first cry and mourn, then ask about the cause of death and make every effort to get on the road as soon as possible. Go home to "cry at home", and some married daughters even cried all the way. When you get home, kneel before the spirit and cry until someone comforts you. Relatives and friends, although not as sad as the dutiful son, should try to be sad. Relatives and friends come to mourn, and the dutiful son should defend the motherland and accompany him. Close relatives and friends usually observe silence in front of the coffin until someone comforts them. If you are not a close friend, you can burn some paper money in front of the spirit. Relatives and friends usually bring gifts or cash gifts when they go to condolence. Gift money is sealed with yellow and blue brands, and the blue brand in the middle says "Sacrifice × Yuan". The words "pay tribute to × yuan". Gifts include plaques, couplets, banners, incense sticks and paper money.

8. Picking up three and picking up three is also called "welcoming three" and "sending three". According to folklore, three days after a person's death, his soul will officially go to the underworld, or be greeted by gods, buddhas or their messengers. Not everyone can go to heaven after death, but if the soul of the deceased leaves three days after death, you can ask a monk to recite scriptures or set fire to exorcise evil spirits, so that the deceased can redeem himself and accumulate virtue and enter heaven. Compared with god, it is to welcome the souls of the dead into heaven; Relative to the relatives and friends of the deceased, it is to bid farewell to the soul of the deceased and enter heaven. Therefore, this ceremony is called "welcoming three" or "seeing three off". Send three men to tie some chariots and horses with paper and give them to the dead on the road. Burning flame is the most important custom in the third middle school. It is said that Flame Mouth is a hungry ghost and suffers in hell. People hold ceremonies to release the three treasures of Buddha, Dharma and Monk, so that the hungry ghosts can be rescued from their misery. There is a Buddhist "yoga flame mouth" in the flame mouth, which is more commonly used. There is also the Taoist "flame mouth of the tank". In funeral etiquette, there are also Dojo practitioners. Its function is similar to the flame mouth, and this kind of Dojo is often done by monks and Taoists together.

9. Funeral is also called "going out of the mountain". Please ask the teacher of Yin and Yang to choose an auspicious day first. This is called "opening a disaster list". You should say goodbye before the funeral. First put a "stuffed food jar", put the last food for memorial in a porcelain jar, hold it by the eldest daughter-in-law at the funeral, and finally bury it in front of the coffin. Then there is "sweeping the material", that is, lifting the coffin head, the dutiful son puts some copper coins in the coffin, and then uses a new broom and dustpan to sweep away the floating soil on the coffin cover and pour it under the kang mat, which means "taking money to get an official position." The funeral procedure is as follows: first, turn the coffin over and move it out of the door, then lift the coffin head, prepare the sacrificial opening, and the ceremony will be presided over by the ceremony, and the funeral will bow down. After reading the memorial, Li Sheng will guide Xiao Wen to "spin the coffin". After circling the coffin three times, he will tie the lid with a rope and cover it. The coffin will start soon, and the funeral procession should be ready. Generally, the eldest son is holding the banner in front, the second son is holding the spirit tablet, the filial family under the second son is holding the "funeral stick" wrapped in white paper, and the eldest daughter-in-law is holding the "stuffing jar". When you are ready, you can get off. With the bar, there are two ceremonies: one is to take apart the pillow used by the deceased before his death and burn the buckwheat skin inside with a pillowcase; Another kind of etiquette is "throwing a basin", that is, breaking the earthen basin used for burning paper in the memorial ceremony before the spirit. This basin is called "Yin-Yang basin", commonly known as "funeral basin", but also called "auspicious basin". This ceremony is very important. Generally, the person who throws the basin is the eldest son or grandson of the deceased, and the relationship is very close. If there are no children and grandchildren, someone else will have to throw the basin. This ceremony will make the relationship between the pot thrower and the deceased closer, and even establish a property inheritance relationship. Pay attention to breaking the pot once, even the better, because according to custom, this pot is the pot of the dead, and the more broken it is, the more convenient it is for the dead to carry. As soon as the pottery bowl fell, the porter raised the bar and officially went to the funeral. The funeral procession was accompanied. The funeral sequence is generally as follows: grass dragon-bright flag-filial piety lamp-auspicious lamp-release cage-bright quiet-fragrant pavilion-elephant pavilion-soul sedan chair-paper bridge-band-coffin-survivor-monk's path-golden couple-farewell relatives and friends. Of course, different customs in different places have different queues and forms of funerals. The ceremony of the rich is grand and exquisite, and the funeral is complete. The funeral of the poor may be much simpler and less exquisite. On the way to the traditional funeral, there are several ceremonies. For example, raising paper money, setting up tea tables and offering road sacrifices. Paper money is made of white paper and shaped like a copper coin. Generally, it is spread by a special person in front of the dutiful son. After the picket, in case of road sacrifice, paper money will be distributed when passing through intersections, rivers, bridges, temples, gates and burials. Tea tables and road sacrifice sheds are mostly decorated by relatives and friends who have lost their loved ones to express their condolences and condolences to the families who have lost their loved ones. The coffee table is for the dutiful son and his relatives and friends to drink water, and the dutiful son will run down and kowtow. Road sacrifice refers to setting an altar or shed on the path of the funeral procession to pay homage to the dead. In case of road sacrifice, the funeral procession usually stops to pay homage and thank them, and then carries the coffin to move on.

10. After burial, arrange the grave again, put the buried stuffing jar and ever-burning lamp in the niche on the wall of the grave, sweep away the footprints, and then slowly put down the coffin. Master Yin and Yang used a compass to correct the direction, and the mourner shoveled the earth to cover the coffin and piled it into a grave.

1 1. The loss of a loved one must be restrained in many aspects of life for a period of time after his death to express his condolences and thoughts for his loved ones. This is mourning. Funerals are stricter for dutiful sons. In ancient times, a dutiful son was in mourning for three years. Why three years? Because according to custom, a child will stay in his mother's arms for three years after birth, and a dutiful son will mourn for three years after his parents die as a reward. There will be many small manners in three years, with many manners and strict requirements. Modern life is fast and busy, but some people still want to mourn, but it is much shorter than in ancient times.

Traditional funeral etiquette has been talked about more and more by people, and many funeral etiquette in the old days are no longer followed. However, the death of old people will continue. As an important event in the family, there must be some etiquette in the funeral. So what are the new funeral rituals? New funerals generally have the following procedures:

1. corpse removal: if it is confirmed that the old man is dead, his body can be moved to the mourning hall or the mourning hall. Generally, firecrackers, incense and candles are set off.

2. Mourning: After the death of a loved one, the family members of the deceased should inform their relatives and friends through various channels as soon as possible, which can be telegram, telephone, obituary or face to face.

3. Plastic surgery: scrub the body, comb the hair, put on clean clothes and move into the coffin for the deceased.

4. Obituary: notify relatives and friends in the form of obituary.

The memorial service is generally held in the mourning hall set up by the family of the deceased. First, decorate the mourning hall: the mourning hall should be solemn and solemn, and a "flower card" should be tied on the wall directly behind it, usually with a dark green background and a yellow flower pattern. Put the gv 10 in front of the flower card, put the portrait of the deceased in the center of the back of the gv 10, and put yellow flowers around it. Plain flowers can be placed on the platform with a spirit tablet in the middle. There is a black or blue banner hanging in the center of the venue, and the words "memorial service" are written in black and white. The elegiac couplet of the filial family is hung on the flower card directly behind the portrait, and couplets and banners sent by guests can be hung on the walls on both sides of the mourning hall. There are wreaths and flower baskets on both sides of the indoor door. Long tables can be placed left and right in the mourning hall, with seats and tables, and tea can be rotated for mourners to use when they rest. Put a long table on both sides of the hall door, one for receiving gifts and the other for signing. The memorial service is usually held in the original mourning hall, and another venue can be found. The urn of the deceased should be placed on the table in the middle of the mourning hall, and the remains without cremation can be placed in the middle of the mourning hall. At the memorial service, relatives usually stand on the left, the main relatives are in the front row, and the mourners stand in the middle, facing the portrait or portrait. The host stood on the left side of the front row, sideways, half facing the family of the deceased and half facing the mourners.

The ceremony of memorial service is roughly as follows:

(1) greet friends, relatives and guests at the gate of the venue and present the black veil of Baihua Palace. Greeters are generally relatives and friends entrusted by bereaved families.

(2) Announce the start of the memorial service and play funeral music.

3 read the eulogy.

(4) The guests delivered speeches or read out messages of condolence and letters of condolence.

(5) Go around the body and bid farewell to the body.

6. condolences to the relatives of the deceased.

The memorial service is over.

Undertaker should pay attention to his clothes and talk, don't wear red and green, make up heavily, don't whisper in groups, don't look around casually, and salute with sincerity and naturalness. 6. Mourning now advocates not wearing white mourning, only wearing a black cloth on the left arm, which reads the word "filial piety", indicating that the old man died and he was in the teaching period, and also expressing his grief for the deceased. After the death of leading cadres in general party and government organs, when holding a memorial service, the comrades present also wear black cloth on their left arm to show their condolences, but they do not write the word "teach". Finally, it should be emphasized that cremation is now strongly advocated, so some traditional funeral ceremonies have also changed.

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