Is there a custom of ancestor worship in Guidong?

Folk custom is an important part of national traditional culture, which is developed by people of all ethnic groups and localities to meet the needs of natural environment and their own survival and development. Due to the different historical development and living areas, there are great differences and diversity in folk customs, as the saying goes, "a hundred miles of different styles, ten miles of different customs." Folk custom is a rich historical and cultural heritage, which retains its original flavor and exudes the fragrance of earth. This paper studies and discusses the living customs, production customs and etiquette customs of our county, so as to appreciate the folk customs of our county, understand the beautiful meanings of these customs, and tell us how to learn to respect the customs of all ethnic groups and places.

Key words: folklore, production, life, customs and habits.

Guidong County is located at the southern end of Luo Xiao Mountain and the northern foot of Nanling Mountain, with beautiful peaks and majestic mountains, at the junction of Hunan, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces. In the Neolithic Age, ancestors had lived and multiplied. Jiading, the south guard, was officially established as a county, with a history of more than 780 years. The county has a subtropical monsoon climate, with no heat in summer and no cold in winter. It has beautiful scenery, fresh air and pleasant climate. Surrounded by Jinggangshan, Yandiling, Dongjiang Lake, Danxia Mountain and other famous tourist attractions. There are Longxi Waterfall, Bidong Feiyan, Xianqiao Tianle and Yun Qi Mountain in the county. With beautiful scenery, beautiful caves, a long history and rich cultural landscape, Guidong is an ideal resort for leisure, summer vacation and tourism. There are Han, Yao and She nationalities in the county, and the folk customs are diverse and unique. To achieve sound and rapid development in eastern Guangxi, it is imperative to develop tourism. Therefore, it is important for us to study and discuss the folk customs in eastern Guangxi to develop tourism and publicize it.

First, folk customs

There are mountains and peaks in eastern Guangxi, with good vegetation protection, peculiar landform structure, beautiful mountains and rivers, green mountains, green waters and blue sky, fresh air, profound historical and cultural heritage and distinctive local cultural characteristics. Guidong has been nurtured by Lingshan Xiushui since ancient times, with simple folk customs and comprehensive etiquette; Guidong people are simple, kind, gentle, hospitable and generous. It can be seen from all kinds of folk customs that people in eastern Guangxi love peace and attach importance to family, leisure and customs.

(1) Living customs

1. Diet: Although Guidong is a mountainous area, in terms of diet, it pays great attention to delicious taste, fresh color and reasonable collocation. It not only boldly introduces foreign food culture, but also pays attention to local characteristics.

① Guidong banquet. "Banquet" may not be unusual all over the country, but we can see the clue from the knife work and dish collocation of the banquet in eastern Guangxi. There are "ten bowls" and "twelve bowls" in Guidong banquet, which are divided into three grades: three, five and seven. Although many people in Guidong have eaten banquets, not many people really understand banquets. Many people also know the jingle of "Guidong Banquet", but little is known about its connotation. Since ancient times, the "Guidong Banquet" can not be eaten by anyone at any time. Generally, only when guests arrive or there are weddings, funerals and happy events will the host invite the chef to host the banquet. The "Top Ten Bowls" is an ordinary banquet in Guidong. It is well prepared, and the side dishes must be covered with noodles before serving. "Twelve bowls" is an excellent banquet: the collocation of dishes is completely different from that of "Ten bowls", and guests should be served with "four meats and four vegetarian dishes". Through the banquet, we can not only see the host's hospitality, but also see the chef's skill by watching the collocation, knife work and temperature. Therefore, they generally don't learn from teachers and dare not hold a banquet in eastern Guangxi. Banquets in eastern Guangxi are also different due to different regions, which can be roughly divided into four regions: Chengguan, Shatian, Sidu and Qingquan.

In addition, there is also a kind of "sacrificial banquet" in the "Guidong Banquet", which is divided into "Ten Bowls" and "Big and Small Wine" according to the grade, but the cooking technology of the banquet is quite different from that of ordinary banquets, almost all of which are made of rice flour and tofu and processed by chefs skillfully.

② Guidong salted duck. Guidong salted duck is made in different seasons and cannot be processed at any time. Generally, around the winter of the lunar calendar, local ducks are used as raw materials, supplemented by raw materials such as ginger, star anise and salt. After curing for a period of time, it is exposed to the sun and dried. When eating, you can steam, fry and fry. Bacon is rich, with thin skin and crisp bones, beautiful appearance and long aftertaste. The guests in Guidong have dried salted duck, cut it into small pieces, put it in a jar of suitable size, and poured it into Guidong tea seed oil for soaking. Salted duck can entertain guests all year round.

③ Yellow Ciba in eastern Guangxi. Yellow Ciba in eastern Guangxi can be said to be a wonderful flower in the food culture in eastern Guangxi. Ciba in eastern Guangxi has a long history and is famous all over the world for thousands of years. However, due to its exquisite selection of materials and many processing procedures, Guidong people will only make them during the Spring Festival. Therefore, it is absolutely impossible to eat in Guidong at ordinary times. "Ciba in Guidong" is also divided into "steamer". However, most of them are made of alkali-containing raw materials, such as yellow mud firewood, Sophora japonica, tung leaves and tea seed cakes, which are unique to Guidong. Due to different ingredients and different production techniques, the produced yellow rice rice cakes also have different colors and tastes.

④ Guidong rice wine. Many people have drunk ordinary Guidong rice wine, but the excellent Guidong rice wine is little known. In the mountainous areas such as Chengguan, Hankou and Qiaotou in eastern Guangxi, most of the wines served by farmers were not brewed that year. They will be buried a few feet below the ground and will not be excavated for three years. These wines look as green as tea, and some are as red as wine. They smell sweet and fragrant. If you taste them, you will get drunk.

2. Be alive. People in eastern Guangxi have the habit of living by mountains since ancient times, unlike other places where houses are built together. Guidong people pay attention to the "dragon potential and mountain potential" in building houses. Please ask Mr. Geography to choose the orientation according to the owner's horoscope. Most of them live scattered, except for brothers and fathers who sometimes build houses in the same house, almost all of them are one house. Before the 1980s, most houses in Guidong were "mud-shaking walls" or "mud bricks", which were generally two floors, and the second floor was also covered with mud (that is, wooden boards were placed on it), which could not only keep warm from the wind, but also prevent fire and rats. Most of the houses in Guidong are civil structures, which are divided into three rooms (called "four flashing three rooms" in Guidong dialect). The big one in the middle is the hall, and the two sides are separated into small rooms to make a house and kitchen. The first floor is occupied by people, and the upstairs is used to collect grain or store sundries. Men can also use it, but women are not allowed to live upstairs.

3. clothing. Most of Guidong is Han nationality, and the county town is dominated by Han nationality costumes, but the She and Yao nationalities also have their own national costumes, which are usually worn at festivals or major events, and they also wear Han nationality costumes at ordinary times. Qingquan, Qiaotou, Hankou and Huangdong are adjacent to Jiangxi, so adult men and women Dozza wear headscarves, aprons and double-breasted shirts. It is inconvenient for a man to wear an apron at work, so he ties a cloth belt around his waist.

(2) Etiquette and custom

1, hospitality. Guidong people are warm and hospitable. They think that guests will only go home if they respect themselves. It is a great pleasure to have friends coming from afar, and we will do our best to entertain them warmly. This is not only for distant guests, but also for close relatives and neighbors who come to live together. They are all polite, warm and thoughtful. In addition, guests who come to eat at home will not eat in the kitchen or in the side room. Be sure to set the dining table in the hall and invite the guests to sit on the table (Guidong people call it sitting on the table). In Guidong, weddings, funerals, giving birth to children and building houses are all happy events, and relatives or close friends will be present to give gifts and help.

2. Marriage customs. There is an insurmountable rule in the old wedding custom in Guidong, that is, "the same clan does not marry" and "the same surname does not marry". Marriage is usually arranged by a matchmaker. After the engagement between men and women, the birthday party of both men and women will send a Geng sticker first, inviting the fortune teller to get married. After the eight characters match, the woman will send her parents, uncles and other elders to "set foot on the wedding field". After the woman is satisfied, the man will "send" the blind date (that is, send gifts such as red envelopes and clothes) and "make a decision" the next day. The man will prepare gifts for the woman. After the woman receives the gift money, it means that she has agreed to this marriage, and then the matchmaker will negotiate the dowry and dowry. In Guidong, there are many courtesies to welcome and send relatives away. It is said that there are dozens of red envelopes alone. On the first day of marriage, the man will give the bride a bride price. As soon as the bride entered the door, the bride and her mother, sisters and others began to "cry and marry" until the next day. The bride came into the room to kill the "chicken". When the woman sends the bride to the man's house, it is called "Shangqin". She wants to set the table on the outdoor lawn, serve fruit with wine and drink "shelter wine". When she gets home, the man usually treats Shang Qin with the highest courtesy. Warm and thoughtful, the banquet is rich, and the food is mostly "big and small wine". Arrange people who can drink alcohol to accompany relatives and try to get drunk.

There are many weddings in Guidong. When most people hold happy events, they should invite people from clans or villages to "sit in the ceremony room" to arrange and dispatch various etiquette matters.

3. China New Year. People in Guidong regard the Spring Festival as the biggest festival in a year. Every household should kill pigs, chickens and ducks, make cakes and spend the New Year. No matter how far away your family is, you must come back for the New Year. People in Guidong are also very particular about Chinese New Year, and their families have to sew new clothes, paying special attention to "Group Year", "Travel", New Year greetings, entertaining guests, offering sacrifices to gods and ancestors, and so on. Guidong People's Congress may not "travel" on New Year's Day. You should choose the auspicious day. On New Year's Day, you can't sleep, sweep the floor or cook. You should eat the leftovers from the New Year's Eve dinner. During the Spring Festival, friends and relatives will invite each other to dinner, which is called "treat".

People in Guidong are very lively during the New Year. Besides visiting relatives and friends, there are many folk entertainment activities, such as dragon in the afternoon, story telling, temple fairs and fireworks. Featuring setting off firecrackers. In the new year, even the poorest families buy some firecrackers to save their lives.

People in Guidong call New Year's Day "New Year's Day". On this day, relatives and friends can't visit, but it is a day to "pay New Year greetings" to the newly lost souls. Relatives and friends should bring fragrant paper to "pay New Year greetings".

4. June 6th. June 6th is a festival for people in eastern Guangxi. On June 6th every year, the elders at home will make paper banners with paper money made of wool paper. When killing ducks, they will drop blood on the paper banners, and then insert these paper banners in their own fields, commonly known as offering sacrifices to "rice stalks" in order to achieve a bumper harvest that year. On this festival, relatives and friends will also walk around each other and taste wine and ducks.

5. Mid-Autumn Festival. Guidong called Mid-Autumn Festival "Reunion Festival". When the Mid-Autumn Festival comes, every family buys cakes and cuts meat, and friends and relatives give gifts to each other. Families will get together on this day, no matter how far or near. In the evening, every family gets together to drink and enjoy the moon. In the rural areas of eastern Guangxi, please welcome the wind of "Sister Moonlight", set up incense tables, offer sacrifices, hold a meter of rice, put jewelry between the meters and prepare a basket. Choose an unmarried girl to serve, and choose another woman to invite "Sister Moonlight".

6. Mid-Autumn Festival in July. In the customs of eastern Guangxi, "July 30th" is another important festival after Tomb-Sweeping Day. The biggest difference is that Tomb-Sweeping Day is often a collective sacrifice, while "July 30" is a family sacrifice. Starting from the 10th day of July, every household has to clean the hall, put an incense table in front of the shrine, put a memorial tablet for the ancestors, prepare good wine, vegetables and sacrifices, and welcome the ancestors for several days. 14, every family burns paper and clothes. According to the custom of Guidong people, July 30th is Ghost Festival. During this period, you can't hold a red wedding, open a market, move a house, etc. And you can't walk at night to avoid encountering ghosts on the road.

(3) Folk arts and crafts

Due to the poor traffic in eastern Guangxi, the ancestors used their own hands to solve their own problems of food, clothing, housing and transportation. Many folk handicrafts bring great convenience to people's production and life, many of which have strong cultural connotation and high artistic value. For example, "Linglong Tea Making Craft" and "Pule Pottery Making Craft" have been listed in the municipal intangible cultural heritage protection list, but there are still many folk crafts that need to be excavated and protected.

1, Pule clay pottery production. Pule pottery has a history of hundreds of years. Through their hard work from generation to generation, they have produced all kinds of beautiful and applicable ceramic products, which have brought great convenience to the people in Guidong County and surrounding areas.

2. Exquisite tea production. Linglong tea is made according to the taste of Guidong people, which is characterized by beautiful strips and fragrant smell. The brewed tea is green and won the prize.

3. Wood products. As a mountainous area, eastern Guangxi is rich in forestry resources. So there are also many skilled craftsmen in folk bamboo and wood processing. Every household has all kinds of wood products. Some people do, we do, some people don't, and we do. Such as artificial oil-squeezing equipment, are all wood products; "unicycle" (suitable for mountain roads), "windmill" and "human plow frame" all have the characteristics of eastern Guangxi, but there is little or far difference in technology in other places.

4. Bamboo products. The bamboo products in Guidong are exquisite in workmanship, beautiful in appearance and durable. In particular, the production techniques such as "bamboo drying cage", "bamboo covering basket" and "bamboo radish" are full of praise as long as people see them.

Second, the overall situation

Folk customs, folk customs and people's feelings in eastern Guangxi have been handed down from generation to generation for hundreds of years, and most of them are still preserved by the people, but a large part of them are gradually replaced or abandoned because of social progress and economic development. Therefore, we must strengthen the protection of intangible cultural heritage, further strengthen the investigation, excavation and protection of intangible cultural heritage, take its essence and discard its dross, so that our excellent folk customs, folk customs and people's feelings in eastern Guangxi can be further carried forward. Judging from the current situation in Guidong, the general situation is as follows:

1. Among the 20 adults surveyed, 1 1 knows some folk customs in eastern Guangxi, accounting for only about 55% of the respondents, and the remaining 45% don't know at all. But only two people can speak some ancient folk customs.

2. Folklore and folk customs are similar. According to the survey, 60% people don't know which folk customs belong to Guidong, and they always think that the whole country is the same, including Spring Festival greetings, Qingming sacrifices and Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first month. There are 10% people who think they know it well and will never forget it. Even in a foreign country, they will always remember it. There are 30% people who say they haven't talked about it or seen it. It's unclear.

3. Due to the change of customs and habits, it is found in the survey that most women born in 1970s don't know "crying for marriage" and "mourning", especially since 1990s, most young people get married by traveling or holding cocktail parties in hotels. In a place, it is rare to see a happy event once a year, and parents don't say it or hear it.

4. Folk crafts are on the verge of extinction. Many crafts that used to bring convenience to the people in eastern Guangxi are now being replaced and idle. For example, "hand oil press" has been replaced by oil press, and "bamboo roasting cage" has been rarely used. Most of them use electrical appliances to keep warm, and relatives and friends use red envelopes to settle things. No one is carrying a basket to deliver cakes and snacks. Young people after 90 shook their heads when they talked about this.

Iii. Countermeasures and measures

Inheriting and publicizing the folk customs of Guidong is also an effective way to show Guidong to the world and let people know about Guidong, which will promote the development and growth of Guidong to a certain extent.

1, and increase the promotion. It is necessary to use various festivals to carry out various activities to publicize folk culture, and organize some targeted cultural activities that highlight local cultural characteristics in various forms, so as to be interesting and innovative. Through activities, we can deepen people's knowledge and understanding.

2. Strengthen protection. At present, our county is carrying out a general survey of intangible cultural heritage. We should further explore the intangible cultural heritage of our county in combination with the general survey, and put some good projects on the protection list of our county as soon as possible according to the principle of "excavation, rescue and protection", and formulate inheritance and protection measures as soon as possible.

3. Increase publicity. Make full use of all kinds of information media, set up some special columns, and collect local folk customs extensively, so that people in Guidong can have a deeper understanding of local traditional culture, make suggestions for promoting local folk customs with characteristics in Guidong, and make a golden idea for promoting local folk customs as soon as possible.

4. Encourage people in Guidong to carry out industrial activities with Guidong characteristics, produce some handicrafts with Guidong characteristics and highlight local folk customs, and make some small gifts to promote folk customs and attract foreign tourists, so as to develop Guidong's economy and improve people's living standards.

Fully mobilize the masses to learn from the old people about their childhood folk customs and the way people celebrate festivals, and let them talk about what problems there are now compared with the past and what solutions are there. The old and decadent should be abandoned, and the healthy and progressive should be inherited and given new significance of the times.

Author/Source: He Xiaolin

Disclaimer: The copyright belongs to the original author, and this article is reproduced to convey more information. If the source is marked incorrectly or infringes your legitimate rights and interests, please contact this website, and we will correct and delete it in time. Thank you.

Western civilization broadcasting

2021-1-1412: 57 Official account of Shaanxi Legal Network Civilization Information.