China residential data

Brief introduction of folk houses in southern Anhui

Ancient villages in southern Anhui refer to ancient villages located from the Yangtze River to Nanshan District in Anhui Province, represented by Xidi and Hongcun. They are historical and traditional villages with the same regional cultural background and rich Huizhou cultural characteristics.

The mountainous area in southern Anhui has a long history and profound cultural accumulation, and a large number of traditional buildings and their villages with similar forms and distinctive features have been preserved. The ancient villages in southern Anhui are not only ingeniously combined with topography, landforms and mountains and rivers, but also with the strong economic strength of Huizhou merchants in Ming and Qing Dynasties, culture and education are increasingly prosperous. After returning home, those Huizhou merchants conceived to build houses with elegant, cultured, lofty and detached mentality, which enriched the cultural environment of ancient villages and made the village landscape more prominent.

The biggest difference between ancient villages in southern Anhui and other villages is that the construction and development of ancient villages in southern Anhui have been separated from the dependence on agriculture to a considerable extent. The consciousness, lifestyle and taste of residents in ancient villages have greatly surpassed the ideology of farmers and the ordinary citizen class, and pursued the same taste of life as the literati class, so they have a strong cultural atmosphere. On the basis of the basic pattern, ancient villages in southern Anhui adopted different decorative techniques, such as building small courtyards, digging pools, arranging leaky windows, skillfully setting bonsai, carving beams and painting buildings, and creating elegant living environment, which all reflected the extremely high cultural quality and artistic accomplishment of local residents.

History of quadrangles in Beijing

Since Beijing was formally established as the capital in Yuan Dynasty, quadrangles and palaces, office buildings, blocks and hutongs in Beijing have appeared at the same time. Xiong's Analysis at the end of Yuan Dynasty recorded: "The street system is called longitude line in the north and south, and latitude line in the east and west. The street is 24 steps wide, there are 384 fire lanes and 29 streets. " The so-called "street corner" here is what we call hutong today, and between hutong and hutong is the land where people build houses.

At that time, Kublai Khan "wrote to the residents of the old city that the capital was too old, and those with high (rich) positions (serving in the imperial court) came first, but eight acres of land were customized for one point", which was distributed to Jia Jianfang, an official who moved to Beijing, and the large-scale formation of traditional quadrangles in Beijing began.

Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, quadrangles in Beijing have experienced many vicissitudes, but this basic living form has been formed and constantly improved, which is more suitable for living requirements and forms the quadrangle form we see today.

Beijing Siheyuan is famous for its unique composition, and it is typical and representative in traditional residential buildings in China. Most of the residential buildings in China are inner courtyard houses, while the residential courtyards in the south are very small, and the surrounding houses are connected as a whole, which is called "a seal". This kind of residence is suitable for the climate conditions in the south, and the ventilation and lighting are not ideal.

The quadrangles in Beijing are spacious and spacious, surrounded by independent houses and connected by cloisters, which is very convenient to live in.

Brief introduction of Mongolian yurts

Mongolian yurt is a kind of house where Mongolian herders live. Convenient construction and relocation, suitable for animal husbandry production and nomadic life. In ancient times, Mongolian yurts were called vaults, "felt bags" or "felt tents". According to "A Brief Introduction to Black Tatar", "There are two kinds of vaults: Yanjing's system, with Vitamin bone, just like southern thinking, can be rolled up, opened in front of the door, like umbrella bone, and opened at the top, which is called skylight. Both of them are made of felt and can be installed immediately. The grass is made of willow and the diameter is fixed with felt. Can't be rolled up and carried in the car. " With the development of animal husbandry economy and the improvement of herdsmen's living standards, domes or felt tents are gradually replaced by yurts. The yurt has a circular spire, and the top and periphery are covered with a thick layer or two of felt. The roof height of an ordinary yurt is 100- 150 feet, the wall height is about 50 feet, and the door faces south or southeast. The four major structures in the bag are Hana (Mongolian yurt fence support), skylight (Mongolian "brain cover"), rafters and doors. Mongolian yurts are usually divided into 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 hanas according to the number of hanas. 120 Hana's yurt is rare on the grassland, covering an area of more than 6,000 square meters, and looks like a castle from a distance. In the past, dozens of such big yurts got together, which was very spectacular.

Brief introduction of diaojiao building

Also known as "Diaolou", it is the traditional residence of Miao, Zhuang, Buyi, Dong, Shui and Tujia, and there are also many Diaojiaolou in Xiangxi, Hubei and Guizhou. Diaojiaolou is built on the mountain and looks like a tiger. The best house is "left green dragon, right white tiger, before Suzaku and after Xuanwu", and later it faces, either sitting west to east or sitting east to west.

Diaojiaolou is a dry fence-style building, but it is different from the general dry fence. Stilts are suspended, so the stilt building is called semi-stilt building.

In the past, diaojiao building was usually covered with thatch or fir bark, but it was also covered with slate. Now the diaojiao buildings in western Hubei are mostly covered with mud tiles. The construction of diaojiao building is an important event in Tujia people's life. The first step is to prepare wood. Tujia people call it "cutting green hills", and generally choose Toona sinensis or purple trees. Toona sinensis and purple tree are auspicious because of homophonic "spring" and "zi", which means that spring is always big and future generations are prosperous; The second step is to process the material of large beams and columns, which is called "frame size", and draw bagua, Taiji and lotus seeds on the beams; The third process is called "fan arrangement", that is, the processed beams and columns are connected with tenons and arranged into wooden fans; The fourth step is "building a strong column". The host chose the ecliptic as an auspicious day and asked all the neighbors to help him. Before releasing the beam, he will make a sacrifice to the beam. Then everyone Qi Xin worked together to erect rows of wooden fans. At this time, firecrackers will explode and neighbors will send gifts to congratulate him. After the vertical house is reinforced, nail the rafters, cover the tiles and install the board wall. Wealthy families have to decorate eaves on roofs, carve dragons and draw phoenixes under corridors, and decorate balcony railings.

Brief introduction of cave dwelling

Cave dwelling is a very old way of living, that is, horizontal caves are dug in the loess cliff area as living rooms. Because it has the advantages of simple construction, low cost, warm in winter and cool in summer, no damage to ecology and no occupation of fertile land. Although there are defects in lighting and ventilation, it is still a folk house in the loess area with little rain in the north. According to the construction mode, it can be divided into cliff kiln, flat kiln and closed kiln. Cliff kiln is a cross hole dug by natural earth wall, which can be single-hole or multi-hole, and can also be combined with ground houses to form a courtyard; Flat kiln, also known as farm courtyard-cave! Pit yard, pit yard, dark Zhuangzi. That is, deep pits are dug down on the flat ground to form artificial earth walls, and then caves are dug deep on the earth walls in all directions at the bottom of the pits, which can also be said to be the combination of vertical kiln and horizontal kiln. This kind of cave dwelling is popular in Gongxian, Sanmenxia and Lingbao in Henan, Qingyang in Gansu and Pinglu in Shanxi. Ancient kilns are independent caves built with bricks or adobe on the flat ground by issuing vouchers. Covered with soil, coupons are used as flat-roofed houses for drying grain, which are mostly used in western Shanxi and northern Shaanxi. At present, caves in China are mainly concentrated in five areas, namely Jinzhong, western Henan, Longdong, northern Shaanxi and northwestern Hebei.