In the year of Renyin, he was born on the day of Renyin, and those born on the day of Renyin met Renyin.

Born in Renyinnian, Renyinyue and Renyinri, he is a professor in the history department of the University of Macau.

Put on the sofa and sleep.

1542 (twenty-one year of Jiajing) 10/In the early morning of October 22nd, the Palace Museum was cleared. Maid-in-waiting Yang performed with Su Chuanyao, Xing Cuilian, Yao, Yang, Guan Meixiu, Liu, Hua and others. And put the knotted knot around the neck of the sleeping Jiajing Emperor (reign time 1522- 1567), and then tighten the rope hard. Jiajing suddenly. But this rope is tied with a fast knot, and Jiajing is unconscious but not dead. Zhang Jinlian, the maid-in-waiting, was very scared when she saw that things were about to be exposed, and reported it to the Queen. Jiajing survived the death. This year is the year of Renyin, and the change of this palace is called the change of Renyin Palace.

The emperor was almost strangled by a maid-in-waiting, which has never happened since Qin Shihuang, and it is also an unprecedented scandal in China's two thousand-year imperial system. "At that time, both China and foreign countries were shocked." Jiajing knew that this matter was related to "I don't practice morality", and he was three points scared and three points ashamed. After the incident, he sent Cheng, the minister of civil and military affairs, and others to thank heaven and earth, sects, the country and the gods they should worship, saying, "Those ladies-in-waiting conspired against it, and it was really extraordinary. I respect heaven and earth, ancestors, emperors and gods to make me peaceful. "

Emperor jiajing

The change of Renyin Palace is vaguely recorded in the history books of the Ming Dynasty, and the cause, that is, the motive now, is not mentioned at all, because it involves the emperor's own virtue, so it is taboo. In fact, at that time, some people already knew or speculated the truth, but they just couldn't talk nonsense. Scholars now generally know the reason, that is, Emperor Jiajing indulged in alchemy in order to live forever. During this period, the maid-in-waiting was humiliated and used the means of resistance that others could not imagine.

An alchemist, which is a tradition in China since ancient times, is not unusual. Why did the alchemist of Emperor Jiajing want to see the maids? Let's look at the records of the Ming people.

Xie (1567- 1624), who was born in Jiajing period, introduced the role of maids in an alchemist. He said: "Physicians have ways to take red lead. They choose beautiful and upright people who are thirteen or fourteen years old, and all the patients, women with thick voices and no menstruation. They carefully protected it, and in the day, they filled it with silk or gold and silver, put it in a magnetic basin, which was as clear as cinnabar, stirred it with dark plum water and well water for seven degrees, dried it, and then mixed it with milk powder, cinnabar, frankincense and water. Shen Defu (1578- 1642), who was born eleven years after Jiajing, also pointed out the relationship between the draft and an alchemist, saying: "In the middle of Jiajing, the bait was tested, and by the winter of 31, 300 women aged 8 to 14 entered the palace, both inside and outside. In September of the thirty-fourth year in Mao Yi, 160 people under the age of ten were selected. Classical Chinese, which covers Zhong Tao, is also used for refining medicine. Its legal name is congenital lead, and clouds can live forever. "After entering the palace," from Jiajing to Jiajing, take the first month's work and refine it like cinnabar. " Shen Defu hit the nail on the head and pointed out: "The name of immortality is only the ear of secret play", which clearly explained the relationship with immortality and directly criticized Jiajing for pursuing both immortality and the joy of bed.

The first trip to the moon generally refers to the harmony between this matter and underage girls. As for the details, although we don't know them, at that time, the envoy said, "If there is a slight mistake, we will never tolerate it, but we must make corrections." As a result, the death toll is as high as 200. "This shows the tyranny of jiajing. Ignorant and isolated from their families, the palace maids finally adopted the method of strangling the emperor, knowing that it was a heinous act. You can imagine how far they have gone.

Therefore, the direct cause of the change of Renyin Palace is Jiajing's alchemy of maids; As for Jiajing alchemy, historians generally talk about the red pill mentioned by Xie and Shen Defu, which needs women or milk powder, cinnabar, frankincense, Qiu Shi and other materials. In fact, since the Tang and Song Dynasties, the fragrance introduced into China from the world and abroad has been the key ingredient of Jiajing alchemy. Around this time, Emperor Jiajing began to burn incense frequently. In the decades of guiding and assisting Emperor Jiajing in alchemy, purchasing gold, silver, ganoderma lucidum and various spices became a major task of the court. In the past few decades, the whole country has been used for urgent needs, and incense is particularly scarce because of the interruption of direct trade with foreign countries, which has become the shortcoming and key of Jiajing alchemy. The lack of incense made Emperor Jiajing extremely upset, uneasy and even angry.

sweet

"If you don't go to the incense for more than ten years, you will be very lazy."

About 1542 years later, Xiang began to enter Jiajing's field of vision. "Ming History" records: "I bought incense separately, but I didn't get it for more than ten years. The emissary won a long time by inviting seagoing ships into Australia. " The Messenger Ching Hai Ship entered Macau in about 1556. After more than ten years, he bought 1540 incense. Similarly, Jiajing (1539), Cai Liang was appointed Minister of Commerce. "The altar will be fragrant, and the material cannot keep pace with the times. The emperor should answer the question. Therefore, I blame the materials for selling their names, leaving their jobs and being idle. Then I use incense on the altar before using an alchemy such as Ganoderma lucidum. From this point of view, searching for incense comes before 1540. However, it seems that there is a great demand for incense in alchemy, so the relevant literature of Lu is concentrated in the 1550 s, so it may be quoted as follows.

July of the 30th year of Jiajing (155 1) "still shows that in 2000, the household department was ordered to pay 52,000 silver every five years, and then people were sent to buy incense without delay". This is the time when Jiajing ordered to buy incense; And "not wasting time" is just the surface.

"August of Jiajing Thirty-three Years" (1554) "Imperial edict, assistant minister Yan Song and other officials have not visited to buy incense. The incense used in the ancestral palace is the best, and there are not many in it. I have to save money recently. What matters is to hit it? Song et al. Show the mutual account department that there is nothing in this fragrant place, and the company's income is difficult to sustain, but it can't be true or false. I dare not give it to the giver, but I dare to cherish the cost and make a mistake. Accuse me of playing with the imperial edict, so that I can compete for grazing and grazing. "

It seems that from the summer of 155 1, the imperial edict of "sending people to buy incense separately" failed to gain anything for three years, and Jiajing was surprised. He said to Yan Song, there is not much fragrance in Nekuxiang, and he is frugal in his own use. What should I do? Yan Song passed the problem of Jiajing to the Ministry, and the Ministry explained: remote places in Yunnan and Guangdong produce incense, but there is no harvest, and it can't be bought for three years; In addition, everyone is not familiar with incense, and they don't know whether it is true or not. Don't even dare to offer incense. Therefore, it is by no means the fact that the Ministry of Commerce did not buy or could not buy incense in order to save money. Jiajing was very dissatisfied with this reply, accusing the Ministry of Commerce of belittling his will and demanding "simultaneous development of Mu Mu".

Jiajing's dissatisfaction with the facts is not groundless. In fact, it has been more than ten years since 1554 asked for incense. "May of Jiajing Thirty-four Years" in Shi Minglu (1555) records: "First, I was ordered to visit Cai Xiang for more than ten years, but I didn't get it. I even sent officials from the Ministry of Housing to try to visit coastal areas." For more than a decade, Jia Jing could not doubt the fact that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was duplicitous, so one year after the order of 1554 was issued, Jia Jing once again ordered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to send people to search for incense in coastal areas.

However, Jiajing's anger and the efforts of the Ministry did not bring back incense. In August of the thirty-fifth year of Jiajing (1556), Jiajing was furious. "The imperial edict, incense for more than ten years, liegeman deceives idle, its future by playing production. The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development invited these officials and former officials to come to Fujian and Guangdong to find defense in coastal areas where ships can pass. Don't cherish the high price. The third officer and the third officer will live in prison, and once they get the real fragrance, let them spend money. Shanggu ordered to remember the crimes of ministers, visit and buy them in time, and come back for treatment later, and still ordered one of the poor officials to ask for his official income in Yunnan. Xu Zijin gave the price. When picking cheese, silver and incense, the messenger came out, and the lawsuit was so anxious that sparks flew. Commentators blame Tao and Gu Yun. " He accused the fact that "the incense has not been used for more than ten years, and the officials are very arrogant", and asked for the fact that the origin of the incense was provided in detail for the visit. But under the pressure of high pressure, there is nothing we can do but repeat the past measures and increase our efforts. Please approve to send another full-time staff to Fujian and Guangdong to join the team sent the year before last, and go to the "coastal places where ships can pass" to find incense at a high price. At that time, the Ming dynasty was still in the middle of the sea ban, and the only place that foreign ships could reach was actually Macao-Guangzhou, and mainly Portuguese. In addition, "the commission officer and the handprint officer of the three companies each live in a salary to be punished, and once they get the real fragrance, the expenses will be sparse", that is, before they get the real fragrance, they will be punished without pay. Under such measures, Jiajing was slightly relieved and slightly uneasy. "Gu ordered to remember the crimes of the ministers, visit and buy in time, and treat each other later." At the same time, he ordered another person to be sent to Yunnan to encourage local officials and people to provide incense and remind the government to buy it at market prices. Probably at that time, Jiajing alchemy reached a critical juncture, so the purpose of purchasing Ganoderma lucidum, innocent silver and incense came one after another this year. "Ambassadors are everywhere, and lawsuits are eager to spark"; Therefore, people accused Tao and Gu of angering the alchemist. As Shen De wrote: "When refining, in the words of Gu Hetao, if you want to match the real fragrance, you can get the real silver in the mine as a weapon, and you can live forever when you enter it." So the master Wang Jian, Zuo and others started mining, and Baoding's servants donated gold, silver and sand to buy all over the world. "

In this way, 1556, the Ming Dynasty saw the general mobilization of the whole empire. The national mobilization is still valid. About three months later, November of the thirty-fifth year of Jiajing and Liang Jinxiang, the Chief Secretary of Guangdong; In the second year (1557), "July in the thirty-sixth year of Jiajing" and "making incense in Chen Fu, Fujian, connecting two plots; The incense supply in Chen Fu, Guangdong Province is very strange. " It seems that Wang Jian has achieved a lot. So, what new measures has Wang Jian taken?

"December of the 36th year of Jiajing" recorded in the mainland: "First, Wang Jian and others were sent to Fujian and Guangxi to fetch incense, but for a long time there was no income. Therefore, when entering the sea, it is appropriate for the seagoing ships to delimit points as appropriate. Anyone who has put the incense just needs to pay, and the price is easy to get, so there is no need for special officials to keep it. The Ministry thinks so, please take it back. " At first, Wang Jian also got nothing. Later, he took a new measure, requiring all foreign ships to "throw in" incense before being allowed to buy and sell. Wang Jian thinks that it not only smells good, but also is cheap. At the same time, there is no need to send special officials to stay in the local area, which can be described as killing two birds with one stone. After reading this proposal, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development also found it feasible. In this way, buying incense, coupled with the maritime trade and foreign integration in the Ming Dynasty, became the premise for foreign maritime businessmen to trade in China. This created conditions for the Ming Dynasty to allow the Portuguese to stay in Macao.

However, on the other hand, it is really unreasonable that two years of hard work only collected a little more than two kilograms of incense. In the thirty-ninth year of Jiajing (1560), in August, "the imperial edict was sent to the Ministry of Household Affairs, saying that all the incense offered was untrue, and nearly one or two of them were, and they were ordered to take it with their heart." Jia Jing pointed out here that most of the incense offered before was fake, and only one or two were real. I hope that the household department will continue to cut the board with heart. At this point, Jiajing seems to have learned that incense is rare, so he also gave priority to it, and his tone eased a lot.

Eight ounces of incense for 760 ounces of silver.

For more than 20 years from 1540 to 1562, Jiajing was anxious to mobilize the power of the whole country, but it was only a few pounds of incense. However, a fire in 1562 almost destroyed all the incense and other spices in Jiajing, which immediately triggered another nationwide movement. "Forty-one year of Jiajing in June" (1562), "The imperial edict entered the cabinet, and it was fragrant after self-visit. It was less than a few kilograms, and it was put for more than 20 years. It was completely destroyed by fire yesterday, so it showed its brilliance and managed to get it. Therefore, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development replied to send officials to buy in Guangzhou, Fujian. Without sending a letter to the government, it is to order local officials to purchase urgently into the capital, and the merchants who have received it will sell it at a fair price, and some companies will not reduce it; Still don't buy agarwood, begonia, and miscellaneous incense. "

Among them, "Yao" refers to Gao Yao, the minister of the Ministry. The fire burned all the incense, and Jiajing asked Gao to find a way to buy incense quickly. The fact-finding department will repeat its old trick and prepare to send officials to Fujian and Guangdong to supervise; Jiajing said that it is not necessary, and the two places can be set up; And especially remind that if businessmen sell incense, don't lower the price; In addition, in addition to incense, it is also necessary to "don't buy 200 kilograms of agarwood, 200 kilograms of jellyfish incense, and 20 kilograms of miscellaneous incense."

Two months later, the Minister of Commerce asked Gao to "buy incense and offer it." Shang Xi, that is, the life price of silver 762; It is not the same as doing official business with arrogance, giving less protection to the prince and showing off your words. "There are some interesting things in the records of the Ming dynasty. First of all, the Ministry was ordered to search for incense, and as a result, the minister of the Ministry, one of the officials of the Ministry, personally incense, which is really unreasonable. Secondly, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development supervised the matter and mobilized all parts of the southeast to search for it. Three months, nothing. Instead, the Minister of Housing himself got the incense. What does the minister in the Ministry care if he puts his department together with the minister in the southeast? Besides, from whom did the minister's book get its fragrance? Once again, eight ounces of incense, Jiajing actually returned 760 ounces of silver, equivalent to more than 820 ounces of gold. This price is even higher than that calculated by some Song literature, which is really outrageous. According to Yan Jian's records in the late Ming Dynasty, the price of Nanwulixiang was only 9,000 pieces of China copper coins (92 taels of silver) per catty, and Jiajing paid 170 times. This may be a big event for Jiajing's daughter to buy horse bones? In addition, "Ming Hui Dian" "Neifu Appraisal Pricing Example" stipulates that "every two or three customs" (paper money), of course, it is impossible to buy incense at such a low price. Finally, Jiajing awarded him the title of Prince Shaobao as a reward for being "diligent in official duties, which is different from bullying the weak and fearing the hard". Although Gao Yao refused, Jiajing also refused. On the other hand, as a de facto minister, it is his job to search for incense? In fact, there are many clues.

Shi Ming Lu went on to explain why. "At the beginning, there was a disaster in the ouchi, and I was in a hurry to get it at the meeting. Yao Yin was bought at a high price and built with festivals, so he announced it with great fanfare. At the beginning of Yunyao's bribery, Yan Shifan was awarded eight seats, and his code was given a foul smell. It is because the world is ruined that we know that it will not be accepted by public opinion. Getting married and knowing that it is a retention plan is really an embarrassing experience, which makes the villain suffer. " At this point, the truth came out. It turned out that Gao Yao Ba Xiang actually belonged to Emperor Jiajing. When the palace caught fire, some eunuchs got caught in the fire. After Gao Yao learned about it, he bought it at a high price and gave it to Jiajing on an auspicious day in the ecliptic, which won Jiajing's favor. He wanted to do this because his high position was to bribe Yan Shifan. At this time, Yan Song and Yan Shifan have been exposed, which is extremely unfavorable to Gaoyao. Gao Yaosui took the opportunity to please Jiajing to consolidate his position.

Three days after Gao wanted to burn incense, "Fujian Chief Secretary paid eighteen ounces of incense", although the number was small, was a great comfort to Emperor Jiajing. The following year (1563) "April 7th", Guangdong presented "Sixty-two wonders of incense". Guangdong actually provided nearly four kilograms of incense at a time, which is the largest in history and can be described as extraordinary. As a matter of fact, so many incense are Portuguese. They were allowed to live in Macau by the Ming Dynasty several years ago, so they are willing to sell the incense they bought from abroad to Chen Fu, Guangdong. Twenty days later, "Fujian tribute eight beams"; About four months later, "Fujian's pilgrimage is five Liang." Fujian's "Ba Liang" and "Wu Liang" both illustrate the rarity and rarity of incense outside Macao.

But the amount of incense needed for an alchemist is far from a few kilograms to quench your thirst. 1565, Emperor Jiajing lost patience again and flew into a rage. "Jiajing forty-four years in February" (1565), "Imperial edict: the cabinet called the household department to visit and fetch incense for many years, and it has not reached three or four kilograms so far. It's a common thing, just use your ears with your heart. In the past, Cai Liang was the shame of the world, but it was included in the grand ceremony of the emperor's ancestors. Yesterday was not enough, which was a waste of money. How could it be so sudden? Therefore, the minister of the household department was afraid of being punished, so he asked the envoys to go to Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian to buy according to the official. Shang said, "Xiang, the old exercise of sweet cake is not due to the repair, but to the slow beam material. What can you do for it? "In fact, it is also true to visit and get the real thing, using 35 pounds at a time. I have already bought a catty of eight taels and got something from the cloud. "

Jiajing first pointed out that in recent years, the number of incense sticks visited by the household department was only three or four kilograms, which was insufficient and wasted money; Incense is a "vulgar thing", and households can't buy it, which is really an "unintentional loss"; Then, he took Cai Liang, who was dismissed for failing to burn incense in time, as an example to warn the fact that in the past, Cai Liang's meaningless incense was a rare thing in history, but it was recorded in the ceremony. How can you not buy it? Then Jiajing hit Gao Yao, the Minister of Commerce, and said that he was "grateful" because he gave him eight ounces of incense. Why does he ignore it now? Gao should worry about his position, and Jiajing's accusation made him nervous. He replied that he would send full-time officials to Guangdong and Fujian to urge local officials to buy. Jiajing could do nothing about it, but took the opportunity to defend himself, saying that he needed incense, not because of his "cultivation" (that is, the ritual alchemy), but because of his past "sweet cake" practice, lest ministers criticize him for abusing the state treasury to practice alchemy. Then he instructed everyone to work hard, as long as three or five pounds at a time. Gao Yao got his first chance, and then he offered a catty of incense, saying that he got it. It is possible that he took advantage of his position to get it from Guangdong, but he pretended to buy it from Guangdong.

1567 1 month, Jiajing died, and the fragrance-seeking movement came to an end temporarily. To sum up, the mobilization of visiting incense in the Ming Dynasty for more than 20 years was entirely because Emperor Jiajing was addicted to practicing Dan in the palace. "Ming History" concluded: "After middle age, officials and people were busy with their lives ... so they parted ways to buy incense. They didn't get it for more than ten years, but the messenger got it for a long time because he invited the seagoing ship into Australia. " This not only directly criticized the extravagance and waste caused by Jiajing's practice of seeking Taoism, but also vaguely mentioned the story that the Portuguese moved to Macao because they parted ways to buy incense, which has nothing to do with this article.

sperm whale

The main components of incense, Wang Wenjun, Sha Chen, Dai Ganwa, the composition of incense and the research progress of reducing ether, Organic Chemistry, 200 1, 167- 172, quoted from fruit shell/article /335533/

A leopard can't change its spots.

After Jiajing's death, the new emperor Mu Zaikun succeeded to the throne with the year number (1567- 1572). He immediately announced the end of buying incense. "Shi Minglu" records that he carried out the orders of Jiajing's posthumous edict, "stopping the land where it was originally built" and "picking pearls in Guangdong to buy yellow and white wax to reduce fragrance and Fujian to buy incense" and so on. However, Mu Zong, like Jiajing, was addicted to it and took it. He died six years later (1572) at the age of 35. What he eats probably contains fragrant ingredients.

During the Qin Long period, although zhangzhou port was banned from foreign trade on 1567, the maritime trade between China and Southeast Asia developed rapidly, but incense was still extremely scarce in China. There are no incense in the two existing tax bills of Zhangzhou in Ming Dynasty (1589 and 16 15 respectively). Sandalwood, Aquilaria Resinatum, Myrrha, Phoebe bournei, Cinnamomum cassia, Dalbergia odorifera, White, Sanguis Draxonis, Aquilaria Resinatum, Olibanum, Radix Aucklandiae, Aloe Vera and other spices are all among them, and the tax rate is marked. This shows that 1567 did not get incense from overseas trade after the maritime ban in Ming dynasty; Second, Southeast Asia itself does not produce incense; Third, until the end of the century, foreign scents were rare in East Asia. The Portuguese may be the only one who has mastered incense.

In the year of Zong (1573- 1620), incense appeared in the literature again. Zong Shen seems to be just like his ancestor Jiajing. He ascended the throne at the age of nine and was very diligent when he was young. /kloc-took office at the age of 0/5, which made people see the atmosphere of ZTE. However, after 1588, Zongshen began to ignore politics and lived in the palace. For thirty years, he has never left the palace, the suburbs, the court, and indulged in debauchery. His weakness and death may be related to taking it. It was also in Zongshen period that Guangdong began to provide incense again.

Zhang Xie quoted the story of buying incense in the palace in his "Examination of Things" completed in 1620. Twenty-one years of Wanli (1593) "In December, the eunuch Sun Shun bought five catties for preparing a lecture, made a fragrant test in Zhazha, and met with the manager Jiang Jun ... Liang in the first month of the twenty-fourth year, and then Jian 'an. 26 years/kloc-48.25 yuan a minute bought in February and 97.26 yuan a minute bought in August. " Zhang Xie's statement was also confirmed by Lu. In the twenty-fourth year of Wanli, Zhang Xie quoted the title of "Guangzhou Fu Zhao Wang Yinglong Releasing Fragrance for 46 Liang" and "Wang Yinglong Releasing Fragrance for 46 Liang" as "in the first month of the twenty-fourth year, it entered 46 Liang". In this way, at least in the 21st year of Wanli, Ming Shenzong had the will to come to fetch incense.

Three years later, "March of the 27th year of Wanli" (1599), according to the Ministry of Housing, the ceremony will be held in your neighborhood, and the required items such as gold, pearls, precious stones and famous incense will be distributed to all provinces. My destiny is to invite businessmen and comprador in Beijing, but I want to do it in this province. "Then Emperor Zongshen knew that he couldn't buy incense, so he had to go to the south to buy incense. Six months later, "the fact into the big bead incense, closed in the warehouse. It's still unbearable to quit with big beads. Those who don't enter the room will be ordered to salute quickly. " "Forty Years of Wanli in September" (16 12), Guangdong, according to Wang Yining's proposal of "coordinating the price of wood in Guizhou to make incense", it can be seen that incense has been burning during Wanli. According to the above-mentioned literature on purchasing incense, it is roughly speculated that Emperor Zongshen inherited Naizu Naifu's old habit and still went to the south to buy incense, and it will almost certainly be used.

/kloc-in August of 0/620, Zongshen died at the age of 56; A month later, Ming Guangzong, who had been in office for less than 30 days, ate "red pills" and died suddenly. It can be seen that since Xianzong, especially Jiajing took the initiative to smoke the elixir of life, the tradition of taking it by the Ming court has been continuing.

Generally speaking, the above-mentioned Ming dynasty documents show that incense has been the key raw material of the emperor's elixir (whether it is an elixir or an elixir) since the Jiajing Dynasty in the middle of the Ji Dynasty. Before the Ming Dynasty, China only used incense as a spice, or it was heated, worn or processed, and it had no medicinal value. So at the end of the century, Li Shizhen was very unfamiliar with the medicinal properties of incense in Compendium of Materia Medica, and he didn't know what the prescription of incense was. However, it was in Li Shizhen's time that the emperor and his palace carried out vigorous experiments on incense, which laid the cornerstone of incense in traditional Chinese medicine.

Editor in charge: Peng Shanshan

Proofreading: Liu Wei

The above is about the birth of Renyinnian, Renyinyue and Renyinri, and it is about the sharing of Jiajing. I hope this will be helpful to everyone after watching the Japanese meet in the year of Renyin!