Lan Xue's content

Lan Xue's research object involves many aspects, but it can be roughly divided into the following four research areas:

1. Dutch learning and linguistic studies

2. Natural sciences, such as medicine, astronomy, physics and chemistry.

3. Techniques such as survey, artillery and ironmaking,

4. Humanities such as Western history, world geography and foreign situations. The earliest contact between Japan and the West can be traced back to Shogunate-era Zuyin Town. 1543 (astronomy 12), a Portuguese ship drifted to Tanegashima, Kyushu for the first time, bringing the iron gun to Japan, which was called "the iron gun came" in history; During 1549, Spanish missionaries came to Japan to spread Catholicism. While preaching, they also brought some advanced western medical technology to teach astronomical geography knowledge in the era of celestial movement theory. I just don't know the details. 1590, a group of Japanese teenagers went to Europe to study Catholicism. At this time, western printing was introduced into Japan, and a number of Catholic books were translated and published in Japan, including the catechism, Aesop's Fables, La Portuguese-Japanese Translation Dictionary, Japanese Han Lang Yongji, Japanese Wen Da Canon and other books on religion, literature and language.

In the early edo period, Dutch society was limited to one word-Alonton. However, after enjoying the insurance for five years (1720), the shogunate lifted the ban on the import of western-language books except religious relations, and allowed to learn Dutch through Aranton. Since then, Dutch learning has gradually flourished. Lan Xue is a kind of translation knowledge. Kunyang Aoki (1698-1769), a Confucian scholar of the shogunate, and Noroi (1693-1761), a doctor, studied Dutch and wrote and translated Helan respectively under the orders of the eighth generation of shogunate generals. [7] Since then, more and more people have begun to learn Dutch. 1783, Lan Xue Ladder written by Takuya Xuanze was well received by readers. The author, Da Xuanze, is named as Dripping Water. Zeng studied Dutch medicine from the history of tianhao in Shan, and former Yuanye studied Dutch medicine from Zemen. Later, he became an official in the Ida family in Sendai, founded Lanzhitang, and trained many disciples such as Hashimoto Soji, Inamura Sanbo, and Yamamura Caisuke.

During the cultural years (1804- 18 18), he was ordered to work in astronomy, and translated Chaumel's encyclopedia dictionary, which is also the famous "Good Life and New Articles". This book consists of 2 volumes and 25 chapters of Gan Kun. Dry volumes simply explain Lan Xue's theory and prosperity. Kunjuan is divided into: writing, quantity, rhyme, comparison, learning, exegesis, interpretation, translation, chapter translation, interpretation, generic language, idioms, auxiliary words, examples, books, learning and training, etc. This book is written for beginners. Although it is not complete, it is widely popularized because it systematizes Dutch grammar, which greatly improves the world's attention to Dutch. [8]

Before 1785, Nora Ze wrote a Dutch dictionary and a new disintegration book. In 1796, mimra collaborated with Ishii Hiroshi, Uemon, Wu Lany Xuansui, Okada Fu Shuo, etc. on Bolu-Ma Reconciliation (ハルマわ).

From 1720, medical classics were imported from Holland and translated into Japanese. At that time, there was a fierce debate between TCM and Lanzhou students, which led to a series of experiments and anatomy. The accuracy of western medical skills has attracted people's attention, and many new medical books have been published one after another. For example, 1759' s Annals of Tibet and 1774' s New Book of Disintegration became reference books, and the latter was published by some Japanese scholars such as Hiroshi Sugita. This book was probably written according to the Dutch version of 1734 Ontleedkundige Tafelen, which was also translated by Anatomische Tabellen of Johann Adam Kulmus in 1732.

1793 (5 years of lenient policy) published the book "Introduction to Western Medicine". This book is the first Dutch medical book on internal medicine in Japan, which promotes the development of internal medicine research. In addition, translations of medicine and botany came out one after another, and the publication of these translations greatly promoted the establishment and development of modern Japanese medicine. Because the most important subject in early Lan Xue was medicine, most of the original translations were medical books.

From 65438 to 0804, general anesthesia was first used for breast cancer surgery (mastectomy) in Qingzhou, Huagang. This operation combines traditional Chinese medicine with western surgical techniques, which is 40 years earlier than the discovery and application of ether (1846) and glofang (1847) as general anesthesia by western scholars Crawford Long, horace wells and William T.G Morton.

1838, Dr. Kouan Ogata founded a blue school named "Yi Shu". Famous graduates include Fukuzawa Yukichi and Keisuke Oto, who later became key figures in promoting Japanese modernization. Ogata wrote "General Introduction to Pathology" in 1849, which was the first time that an ancient pathology book was published in Japan.

materialism

In Japan, it is generally believed that although medical prescriptions were introduced from China before Nara Dynasty, herbs were introduced into Japan by sending envoys from Tang Dynasty in Nara era, which was once popular. Therefore, in 70 1 year, herbal medicine teaching and herb garden were set up, China's Newly Revised Materia Medica of the Tang Dynasty has been lost, and Japan still maintained a balance of three years (7,365,438) in the Three Wu Dynasties. During the Yan Xi period (65438+early 20th century), Fu Ren Jiang Shen compiled Materia Medica and Names in 18, listed 1025 kinds of drugs, and identified China's drugs with Japanese names. As far as this sketch is concerned, there are Ma Yi Tu written by Wen Yong in the fourth year and Ten Figures of National Hands written by Hedong Naoki in the third year of Yanqing (13 10). Ekiken Kaibara's Yamato Materia Medica (16 (1709)) contains 1366 kinds of drugs, which is a major feature of this book. In addition, the forty-eight volumes (174 1) of Ono Lanshan's Compendium of Materia Medica was a masterpiece of plant knowledge at that time.

In the Tokugawa Eternal Era, Noroi Yuan Zhen began to record western materia medica, and later C.P. Thunberg and P.F. von Sebald came to Japan, laying the foundation for the modernization of Japanese natural history. Yu Chuan Rong An et al. The gradual integration of materia medica and foreign materia medica produced 96 volumes and 92 volumes of illustrated materia medica of Iwasaki Irrigation Garden, (1856) and 30 volumes of illustrated vegetation of rice and wood, especially the latter has become botany. With the ban of Chinese medicine in 1884 (Meiji 17), materia medica declined sharply, but natural history flourished.

physics

Some early lanolin scientists have begun to set foot in/kloc-the physical theory developed in the west in the 7th century. For example, Tadao Zhi Zhu, the eighth generation Dutch translator in Nagasaki, translated the Latin version of the physics classic Introduction to Physics in 1798, which became a new calendar image book. This book was written by John Cale, an Englishman. It is about Newtonian mechanics. Zhi Zhu created some new scientific terms, some of which are still used in Japan today, such as "gravity", "universal gravity", "centrifugal force" (centrifugal force in Chinese) and "gathering point" (center of mass). Another orchid scholar, Fan Zu Wan Li, studied Dutch through a Japanese-Dutch dictionary, and published a physics manual named Poor Principles in 18 10, which mainly consists of thirteen Dutch books.

1825 In August, Zong Lin of Di Qing wrote Qi Guan Hai Lan.

electronics

From about 1770, electronic experiments became popular in Japan. After the Leiden bottle was invented in Europe in 1745, Hiraga Kennai got a similar electrostatic generator from the Dutch for the first time in 1770. He even improved it in 1776. The static electricity in the device is caused by the friction between the glass tube and the gold-plated rod, which produces many electrical effects. These power generation devices were copied and adopted by the Japanese, and they were called "ェレキテル" (that is, friction starter, formerly known as elektriciteit). Just like in Europe, devices are used as a curiosity, such as flashing lights above objects, or thinking that devices are helpful in medical treatment. In Miscellaneous Stories of Red Hair, "ェレキテル" is described as a device that can extract flash from human body and use it to treat diseases. In some shops selling exotic western things, this device is favored by the public. This type of device was later improved by other scholars, such as Sasaki Xiangshan.

Japan's first electric power science book, A Study on the Arantou Initiation Principle, was written by Hashimoto Soji and published in 18 1 1. The book records a lot of knowledge about electricity, such as power generation devices, human conductivity, Franklin's experiments on lightning in 1750 and so on.

chemistry

Chemistry includes Shemi Kaizong written by Rong An (August 1837), Yutian Chuanchuan.

botany

Botany includes The Origin of Botany (June 1835) written by Utagawa Rongan. After 1840, with the change of the world situation, the nature of Lan Xue has also changed. The Opium War (1839- 1842) ended in the defeat of the Qing Dynasty, which made Japanese politicians begin to feel the necessity of arms reform. Since then, the research center in Lan Xue has shifted from medicine to military science.

measure

The main achievement is the rule element method (1648) written by Gonemon, the earliest Japanese work on European measurement technology. Murai Chang-hong's Guide to Land Survey (1733), the latter part of the Guide to Land Survey (1754).

Artillery technology

Takashima Akifan, the son of Nagasaki Junzhi (a senior city official in the Edo era), learned the latest western artillery technology through the Dutch when he grew up, and later collected guns at his own expense to promote the research of artillery technology. In the second year after the Opium War (1840), Akifan Takashima presented a Nature Conservation Book to the shogunate, calling on the shogunate to modernize its artillery to guard against the invasion of Europe and America, which was recognized by the shogunate. Natural Forest Protection/KOLOC-0/2 (/KOLOC-0/84/KOLOC-0/) In May, the shogunate recruited Akifan Takashima and others to go to Edo to conduct the first artillery exercise in western Japan in Tokugawa (now Takashimahei, banqiao area, Tokyo).

Smelting technology

1844, the French Oriental Fleet came to Naha Port in Ryukyu and asked Samoyed, the suzerain of Ryukyu, to allow Samoyed to trade with France, otherwise the French army would capture Naha. Seeing the strength of the French army, Samoyed had to agree to France's request to allow France and Samoyed to trade in Naha. What touched Shimadzu Qi Xing most was that the old western empire, Qing Dynasty, was defeated by British and foreign soldiers in the Opium War and founded after the defeat. In order to avoid repeating the mistakes of Qing dynasty, Qi Xing decided to learn from the military defense of western barbarians and guard against the invasion of western barbarians. In order to achieve this goal, Shimadzu Kaixing established "Gun Art Museum" and "Nakamura Pharmaceutical College" to study western cannons and western gunpowder. Later, after Ji Bin Shimadzu, the son of Shimadzu Jixing, became famous in 185 1, he built an "integrated pavilion" to further strengthen the modernization of Satsuma. The integration hall includes the following industries: reverberatory furnace for smelting iron, smelting furnace, drilling disc (hole-opening equipment for guns), glass factory, forging factory, steam engine factory, metal finishing factory, mint, shipyard, textile factory, etc. With the foundation of modern industry, Samoan began to arm its own army with imitation foreign guns, and even Lian Haijun built three warships powered by steam sails. Western world history

world geography

Foreign introduction