What are the national customs? Homework, hurry up! ! !

The population is 982 1 180.

Manchu is distributed all over the country, with Liaoning Province as the largest.

Use Manchu, belonging to Manchu branch of Manchu-Tungusic language family of Altai language family. There are two dialects, South and North. Due to close contact with Han Chinese, Manchu people are used to using Chinese, and only a few remote villages and a few elderly people can speak Manchu. /kloc-At the end of 0/6, Manchu was created on the basis of Mongolian. Now Manchu people use Chinese.

Manchu people once believed in polytheism shamanism, but now it is gone.

Manchu is a nation with a long history. Their ancestors can be traced back to the Su Shenren more than 2,000 years ago, and their descendants are called "Shoulou" and "Buji". They have been living in the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang and the vast area of Wusuli River basin north of Changbai Mountain. "Heishui" is the direct ancestor of Manchu, and later developed into Jurchen. 12 century, the Jin dynasty was established. 1583, nuerhachi unified the ministries of Jurchen, established the Eight Banners system, and founded Manchu. 1635 named the clan "Manchuria". The Eight Banners system has political, military and production functions, and has become the fundamental system of Manchu society. 1636, Huang taiji proclaimed himself emperor and changed his title to Qing. 1644, the Qing army entered the customs, and the Qing dynasty became the last feudal dynasty in China. The year of 19 1 1 was called Manchu after the Revolution of 1911. Manchu people have made great contributions to the unification of China, the development of its territory, and the development of its economy and culture.

custom

Manchu is a nation with its own traditional culture, and Manchu folk paper-cutting is an important part of it. According to scholars' research, Manchu paper-cutting began in the Ming Dynasty. Due to the worship of the wet nurse, Manchu paper-cut produced wet nurse. The figures cut are typical Manchu costumes, with flags and skirts and buns or "Dala wings" on their heads. The figure stands in front, his hands droop, his facial features are engraved with yin, and his nose is triangular. This paper-cut is a representative work of Manchu paper-cut, which is rough, simple and distinctive.

Due to the worship of animal gods, paper-cuts such as dogs, turtles, magpies, deer, bears, pythons and eagles are very common, and are often posted on the wall as mascots.

marriage customs

Manchu wedding not only has the strong characteristics of its own nation, but also integrates many customs and etiquette of Han nationality. Generally speaking, it must go through the following procedures:

Engagement: There are two forms of engagement between young Manchu men and women. First, the parents of young men and women are acquaintances or friends. The two knew each other very well and were interested in getting married, so they asked the matchmaker to promise their children a lifetime. Some men propose to women, while others propose to men. The other is that men and women don't know each other and entrust the matchmaker to engage their children. The matchmaker will give them "portal stickers" and issue their flags, resumes, surnames and three generations. Besides, we should test each other's birthdays.

Release: Give gifts immediately. There are two kinds of amplification and amplification. Letting Xiaoding go means that the future daughter-in-law will visit relatives of the man's family, such as aunt, brother and sister-in-law, and get property. Enlarged it is called "big gift", commonly known as "big dish", that is, choose an auspicious day of the zodiac, and the man will send the bride price to the woman's house.

The day before the wedding, people who bid farewell to their families should drink "windward wine". The bride left home to live in a good apartment borrowed by the man, commonly known as "shooting down." The next morning, the woman saw her off with a float and was escorted by her brother. When the float arrived at the groom's house, there was a brazier on the ground in front of the bridal chamber, commonly known as "too much is not as good as evil spirits". In order to drive away or kill the ghost that comes with the sedan chair, the groom should shoot three arrows at the sedan chair door; There are also real shots, but they are usually taken under the sedan chair to avoid hurting the bride. Then, the bride was helped out of the sedan chair to heaven and earth, and kowtowed to the north three times with the groom, commonly known as "worshipping Beidou". After worshipping Beidou, a world-famous ceremony of "Leaving the Light" was held. That is, the bride and groom wearing red hijab face south and kneel in front of the god table in the yard. On the table, there is a pig's elbow, three small glasses of wine and a sharp knife. Shaman knelt in front of the table with one leg, chanting in Manchu, cutting the meat into pieces with a sharp knife and throwing it into the air, and throwing it on the ground with a small glass of wine. The main purpose is to pray for God to bless the newlyweds and let their children and grandchildren grow old together. After these ceremonies, the bride is brought into the bridal chamber by a general practitioner (that is, a person whose parents and children are present). When the bride crosses the threshold, there is a saddle on the threshold and the bride must cross it. The beds in the new house must be made by all practitioners. After the new house is paved, music should be played in the room. This is called a "ringing room". When the bride entered the bridal chamber, a little girl took pictures of the bride with two bronze mirrors, and then hung them on the bride's chest and back. Then, another little girl handed me two tin cans containing rice, money and so on. Brides either hold them in their arms or put them under their armpits, commonly known as "holding bottles" or "holding media pots". When the bride sits firmly on the bed, the groom takes off the red cloth covering the bride's head with the weight, which is called "lifting the veil". Next, the husband and wife drink a toast and eat happy noodles, longevity noodles or children's cakes.

Dietary customs

Manchu people eat three meals during busy farming hours and two meals during slack farming hours. The staple foods are mostly millet and sorghum rice, japonica rice and dried rice. I like to add red beans or baked beans to rice, such as sorghum rice and dried rice. In some areas, corn is the staple food, and corn flour is fermented into "sour soup". Manchu people in most parts of Northeast China also have the habit of eating plain rice, that is, after cooking sorghum rice or corn prickly heat, wash it with clear water, then soak it in clear water, take it out when eating, and put it in a bowl, which is cool and delicious. This way of eating is mostly in summer.

Manchu cakes have a long history and became the staple food of the court in the Qing Dynasty. Among them, the most representative is the imperial meal "Chestnut Noodles Wowotou", also known as Xiaowotou. Saqima, a Manchu dim sum, has also become a famous pastry in China. The famous ones are the cakes of Qing Dongling, also known as the cakes of Qing Dongling, the cakes of Beijing snacks, the cakes of Chengde snacks in Hebei, and the cakes of lard snacks in Jingzhou, Hubei.

It is cold in winter in the north, and there are no fresh vegetables. Manchu people often eat sauerkraut (pickles) as their staple food in autumn and winter. It is said that the method of preserving vegetables began in Shunzhi period of Qing Dynasty. Boiled white meat vermicelli with sauerkraut is a common dish for Manchu people after winter.

Manchu people love to eat pork and often cook it in white. Manchu restaurants in Shenyang, Liaoning Province have a history of 100 years. Its white meat and blood sausage is known as authentic Manchu flavor.

Typical food: Manchu people live in scattered places and are representative everywhere, mainly including: ① white meat and blood sausage. ② Hot pot. Traditional Manchu dishes. Sour soup. Features of Manchu cuisine in Xiuyan, Liaoning. ④ Qing Dongling Pastry. Also known as Dongqing Tomb.

Holidays and festivals

Traditional festivals mainly include Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, February 2nd, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. Traditional sports activities such as "Pearl Ball", vault, camel jumping and skating are generally held during festivals.

Golden festival

It is the National Day of Manchu. 1635 Lunar New Year+10 On March 3rd, Huang Taiji issued an imperial edict, officially changing the surname "Nuzhen" to "Manchuria", which marked the formation of a new national identity. 1989 10, at the first Manchu culture seminar in Dandong, the annual 12.3 was officially designated as the "Golden Festival".

the Lantern Festival

That is, the fifteenth day of the first month, commonly known as Lantern Festival. Manchu, like Han nationality, also has the custom of hanging lanterns and eating Yuanxiao.

Walking sickness

Festivals for Manchu women. Usually on the sixteenth day of the first month. That night, women in groups of three or five traveled far away, or went roller skating, or had fun, and were called "peers with all diseases."

The second day of the second lunar month

Commonly known as "Dragon Rise Day". On the morning of the same day, Manchu people scattered kitchen ashes in the courtyard, and the ash road was curved like a dragon, so it was called "Zhao Long". Then a ceremony was held in the yard to pray for good weather. The whole family will eat "Longxu Noodles" and "Longlin cake". Women can't do needlework on this day.

Qingming Festival

Going to the grave to worship ancestors is not like putting money on the top of the grave like the paper money of the Han people, but inserting a "Buddha flower" in front of the grave. "Frodo" is Manchu, which translates into "willow" or "willow branch" in Chinese. According to Manchu belief, willow is the ancestor of man, and man is the descendant of willow. In order to show that there are successors, willows should be inserted in the grave.

Ghosts'Festival

The Manchu people take July 15 as the Mid-Autumn Festival, which is also regarded as a "ghost festival" to turn over the dead. At that time, temples all over the country will set up Dojo, burn lamps to chant Buddhist scriptures and hold various ceremony of crossing over.

Mid-Autumn Festival

Manchu families also eat "reunion dinner" on Mid-Autumn Festival. In addition, when the moon rises, it will also provide the moon. That is, a wooden screen is placed on the east and west side of the courtyard, and cockscomb, soybean branches and fresh lotus roots are hung on the screen for the use of moon rabbits. There is a square table in front of the screen with a big moon cake on it. When offering sacrifices, women worship first, and men worship later.

Laba Festival

Manchu people want to soak "Laba vinegar" and cook "Laba meat" on the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month. In addition to the food for the whole family, it should also be distributed to relatives and friends.

Little new year

Manchu people have the same custom of Chinese New Year as Han people. The 23rd of the twelfth lunar month is a "small year". At that time, every household would sacrifice to the kitchen god, commonly known as "sending the kitchen god"