Travel to Tujia mountain village

There is such a typical Tujia village in the Tujia Autonomous County along the river. It is typical, because it was planned 400 years ago, and it is a planned Tujia bungalow. Backed by high mountains and facing the dam, dozens of wooden houses were built from low to high. All the houses face south. The back hill is called Yuheshu, and the front is called Wen 'anba. There are hills around the thatched cottage, with Qinglongzui on the right and Baihuzui on the left. The houses on the stockade are distributed in three blocks and are connected by two roads leading to the stockade. There is only one road leading to the stockade, which branches into two at the stockade gate and goes straight to the stockade top. The two roads should not only connect people with animals, but also connect water. Most people have a diaojiao building, which has an overhanging wing, one side or both sides, and both sides are dustpan houses. There is also a diaojiao building, that is, the wing and the main room are suspended. There are three, five and seven main rooms, regardless of size. The first floor is a single room, most of which are connected in two directions. According to the terrain, there are also houses with three links and four links. Some rooms are separated by balconies, and some are connected into a yard. There is a dam in front of every house. Although they vary in size, they are mostly paved with bluestone. In the autumn harvest season, it is especially convenient for people in Shitouyuanba to dry grain.

Dazhai is surrounded by green trees, including green bar trees, maple trees, camellia trees, tung trees, acacia trees and cypress trees. There are several big locust trees and cypress trees in the middle and upper part of the stockade, and the ancestral grave of Zhao is below. This acacia tree and cypress tree have profound meanings, which coincides with the biography of Evergreen written by Zhao clan. There are also sporadic fruit trees around other houses, such as orange trees, peach trees, plum trees, chestnut trees, plum trees, flower mangroves and so on. Besides acacia and cypress, there are two most famous trees in the village. One is osmanthus tree, near the dam of a big family. The master specially built a three-foot-high earthen platform. The trees are not tall, six or seven meters, but they are vigorous, especially the flowers are very fragrant. In August and September, you can smell it ten miles away. The other tree is a thorn lemon in Zhaikou, like an umbrella cover. Zhaikou people think it is their "fire umbrella". With it, Zhaikou will not be on fire.

There are many wells in the village, including four big ones, which are on the dam, at the corner, in the village and on the top of the slope. There are many smaller ones. Many people have a small well behind their side, and they have to go out to fetch water when there is more water. Rainwater and domestic sewage discharge mainly depends on two drainage ditches with the same main roads, and the left ditch follows the road, either for * * *, or around the diversion, or people go up to the water and go down. The one on the right is divided into two sections, one is wet and dry with the main road, and the other is turned to the foot of the mountain to form another small ditch, which flows into it after detour. There is water in the two ditches all the year round, and sometimes there is the sound of running water. Every evening, cattle and sheep will drink enough and return to the pen. In case of drought, people in the village can go to the ancient buildings in Dashuijing Ancient Buildings outside the village or the cold water wells in the dam to get water.

Because the woodshed is round, more and more houses are built in the village, the houses are built more and more densely, and there are more and more people. People call it Dazhai Lane (local people read Hangzhou). Dazhai Lane once opened a market in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. It was listed on the fourth and ninth day of the lunar calendar, but it was abandoned because of high taxes and fees. According to legend, because the houses in the village are diagonal, they can go up and down in the alley without getting wet. Often a new daughter-in-law can't find her own door after entering the house for two or three months. When she entered the village, she had to pull the oxtail by herself to avoid going to another house. Also, because the houses are too dense, I don't know how many fires have happened, which makes Dazhai break out one after another.

Of course, due to the rapid increase of population, the destruction of forests and the passing of roads in front of the village, Dazhai Lane is changing its face. The buildings built on the mountain, the choice of living near the water and the characteristics of the cottage planned hundreds of years ago can only be as smooth and smooth as the stone steps of Shangzhai Hutong, showing a unique light.

Tujia folk houses are varied and colorful because of their different regions, environments, financial resources and preferences.

It is the same choice for human beings to get the moon by being close to the water, and Tujia nationality is no exception. The "water" that lives near the water is first of all drinking water. When building a house, the first thing to consider is whether there are wells and springs nearby. The ancients used to carry water with their shoulders. Although they used bamboo troughs to lead them to their own flow direction, that restriction was too great. It is even more impossible to run running water over mountains and mountains like today's society. Dazhai Lane became Dazhai because this place has high mountains, large forests and many water outlets. In order to get water, most Tujia cottages are built below the mountainside, which seems to be completely consistent with the golden section in the optimization method. In order to store water, everyone in Dazhai Lane has a stone water tank, the big one should hold dozens of drains, and the small one should hold nearly ten pickaxes. Some water tanks are very particular about carving dragons and phoenixes. There are many famous masons in the local area.

The "water" that lives near the water is water, which is irrigation water. The fashionable term is engineering water. Dazhai Lane, located at the dam side of a thousand acres of fertile land, is a typical example. In the past, people were proud of soaking in the fields in winter, because there were fewer people and more land at that time, soaking in the fields in winter was self-supporting and fertile, and there was no need to plant a small season after drying the water. In our Tujia inhabited area, there are not many yards with more than 100 households, which are generally scattered in three ditches and two forks. That's because it depends on that rice field. Of course, many Tujia villages are short of water, and their staple food is corn. Some are due to war migration, some are due to ecological destruction, and the population has increased dramatically, resulting in an imbalance between human and water resources.

The "water" that lives near the water is the water transported by water. Tujia nationality is originally one of the five barbarians, and brook is another expression of water. In the past, waterway was the main carrier of people's traffic, and it was waterway that prospered traffic. Any big market town must be close to the waterway. Yanhe County and Sinan County are all products of Wujiang River, and these ancient towns, such as Hongdu, Siqu, Qitan and Chaodi, all benefited from the water transport of Wujiang River. Gongtan ancient town is an ancient town with complete transshipment service. Because it is too dangerous, ships have to unload here. The same is true of Chaodi Town, except that it lost its original function and original appearance because of relocation.

Living near water is not unique to Tujia people, but it is definitely the choice of Tujia ancestors to build houses. The choice of rivers, streams and mountain springs, coupled with ethnic migration, made Tujia people separated from plains, hills and plateaus. It is also because of the proximity to water that Tujia people have developed a tradition of paying attention to hygiene and being diligent in farming and weaving. It is precisely because of the distance of water flowing and rushing that Tujia talents are flexible, open and cheerful. In addition, Tujia people know the relationship between water and trees, so they advocate "Feng Shui". The wind is a tree, where there is a tree, there is water. Therefore, Tujia cottages are generally surrounded by green trees, and bamboo and wood are planted in front of and behind the house. When the treetops are big, they are called "Feng Shui trees", or sacred trees, or vertical shrines. They burn incense and paper all the year round, which makes people afraid to cut them down. Still don't worry, I nailed water rake nails everywhere on the trunk, so that people can't cut them.

Building a house on the mountain is also a feature of mountain architecture. But for Tujia people, it seems that there are some ethnic things. Take "Dazhai Lane" as an example. Firstly, the essence of the Chinese nation is introduced, which not only avoids the influence of the north wind on opening the door, but also fully opens to the sun and benefits from drying the grain and millet. It also absorbed the essence of five lines of gossip, and then backed by a grand and solid mountain, guarded by a white tiger and a blue dragon. Living in the village is like sitting in a chair with a surname, which is fun and harmonious!

Tujia people build houses in the mountains. Although there are projects to level the foundation, most of them do not turn mountains into water. They think it will affect the local atmosphere in Long Mai. Houses are distributed along the mountain, with obvious features. All the houses are bungalows with herringbone roofs, which are beneficial to water and ventilation, and will not form barriers or reflect light. When every household opens the door, there will be a blue sky overlooking the green mountains and green waters, and birds can also be seen singing. The road into the village is inclined vertically, and the door into the yard is inclined. Because there are different heights and widths along the mountain, there are diaojiao buildings. It is convenient and safe to raise livestock and accumulate fertilizer downstairs; The upstairs is used as a guest room to store farm tools, which is dry and elegant. Coupled with the corner cloister, it adds a bit of wealth.

Building a village on the mountain is convenient and popular; The community is relatively dry and quiet. Stand by the mountain, there is no wind before and after, and you don't have to worry about being flooded by rain. Mountains and rivers drain with the trend, so there is no need to drain. Depending on the mountain, there are dams in front and back, and roadways in the left and right. Many people's gables can also be protected by stone piers, which can not only ensure the safety of the hospital, but also ensure the sight of passers-by, and also prevent the hidden danger of sparks in the alley at night.

Although, from the point of view of modern transportation, it is difficult for wheels to enter the cabin, it ensures the quiet of the cabin, without the noise of the motor and the dust of the wheels rolling.

Historically, Tujia cottages made from local materials were all wooden houses, and the wood was made from local materials. In this place in the east of Guizhou, the climate is suitable, the air is humid, and many kinds of trees and wood are growing. But in the eyes of Tujia people, only a few species such as cypress, pine and Chinese fir can be used to build houses. Cedar, with fine and hard texture and good water resistance, can resist wind erosion and water immersion, and is mostly used for the stigma and foundation of gables. Chinese fir is loose, light and difficult to deform, and is mostly used in rafters and purlins. Pine, the texture is between cedar and Chinese fir, but it has good endurance and is not brittle or loose. Mostly used as internal columns and Sichuan beams. Chinese fir is the best board for wall installation, and pine boards are also used in places with few Chinese fir. Except cypress, fir and pine, other trees are called miscellaneous trees by local people and generally do not need to build houses. Some ancient temples and shrines, with big and straight stigmas, are said to be Sang Mu. Now there are no mulberry trees with trees. In some places, it is also useful to wear maple because of the lack of wood, but that is limited to red maple. Because maple is too perishable, red maple is better.

The wooden houses are all covered with herringbone roofs and blue tiles. Ceramic tiles are also fired with local materials. The clay for burning tiles is also more exquisite, the soil should be thin and the impurities should be less. Tujia people don't use red tiles, but they have to go through complicated processes to turn their clothes into gray and form a unique tile ash (also called blue tile and black tile). It is said that the blue tile is hard and light, and it is not easy to crush. A house has always required at least 13000 tiles, and there is often a saying that "13600, three rooms are built". Green tile roof has two advantages. First, it is covered by layers, ventilated and comfortable to live in, unlike a house built with cement slabs. Second, it absorbs heat and does not reflect light. When the latter family goes out to see the tile surface of the front house, there will be no uncomfortable feelings such as glare. If it is red, the reflection is dazzling, and it must be annoying and dry. Building a house with blue tiles has been practiced for thousands of years, and it is the choice of ancestors. Reflective materials such as ceramic tiles used by urban people stick to the wall, causing serious light pollution, which not only increases the temperature of the city, but also really bothers people.

Many Tujia villages attach great importance to the use of stones. In these places, there are many layers of sub-stones, some in the foundation, which can be used while taking them, some near the foundation, and some in the distance. It takes time to dig mines. Build foundations and barriers with stones. The big ones need to be carried by many people, and the small ones need to be carried by one person. Masonry ridge has low requirements for stones, as long as it has a flat side. Of course, attention should be paid to the regularity of stone materials, so as to build a high-quality dam. Generally speaking, people pay more attention to the balcony window sill. In any case, we should choose a better stone and decorate the balcony window sill beautifully. Stone ladders are more exquisite, with regular stone strips, and some have to be drilled too thin. The stone platform and the stone courtyard ridge are not only to reduce dust flying, but more importantly, they can play a field to dry grain anywhere. Put on a sunscreen pad or something to avoid getting wet. You can also wash it with water, which is much healthier. Closest to the house are piers and cornerstones. Stone piers are considered together with vertical houses. They are usually square and larger than the stigma. Putting the wooden column head on the pier can increase the stress surface of the foundation and prevent a stigma from pressing into the soil layer. More importantly, it separates the wooden column head from the foundation soil to reduce the erosion of the stigma by the moisture in the soil layer, thus increasing the stigma. The function of the cornerstone between the two piers is completely different, mainly playing the role of spacing. Half buried in the soil, half exposed. Because it is stone, it will not rot. Tujia people also have the habit of playing "Water City". The water drops on the front eaves fall down along the terraced fields, which has little effect on the drywall in the much lower courtyard dam. The water drops on the back roof fall into the gutter, usually 40-50 cm deep, and the water will splash, so people build the lower part of the back wall with stones. Rich people piled stones, put them on the eaves, and put a stone window in the middle. Although the back room is a little cloudy, it is not afraid of water erosion and is particularly safe. Generally, people install a "water city", that is, a stone four or five feet high is placed on a stone strip with grooves along the eaves and fixed, and then a wooden wall is installed on the stone strip. Below is a stone, not afraid of splashing water, and above is wood, so you can open the window at will. This is what the locals call a "water city". In the Tujia area in eastern Guizhou, many cottages have the habit of installing water towns, which can greatly extend the service life of wooden houses.

Tujia people don't use stone chips to make tile roofs. Only a few families can't afford to build tiles. When building houses with wheat straw, thatch or fir bark, they put some stones on the roof, just to prevent grass or bark from being blown away by the wind, and stones only play a very important role.

Building a house is the first principle, such as how wide and high, what structure, and what laws.

Carpenters, masons and masons in Tujia areas all worship their grandfather Lu Ban. One of the characteristics of Luban's art is that "everything is inseparable". Foundation depth: generally twenty feet one foot eight, twenty feet two feet eight or twenty feet four (also a multiple of eight). The width of the house is 38 feet 28 feet, and the width of the house is 28 feet 18 feet, that is, the hall is generally one foot wider than the side room, the hall is one foot three feet eight inches, and the side room is one foot two feet eight inches. The height of the wooden house is based on the central column. There are 68, 78, 80, 80 real and 80 fake. "True Zhang Ba" 18 feet, 8 inches and 8 minutes, and "False Zhang Ba" is only 18 feet and 08 minutes. The height of the stands is generally determined by the owner's family, mainly considering two factors: first, the depth, which can be higher or lower. There is also the "eight characters". This "eight characters" is generally not counted, mainly depending on the owner's zodiac or momentum. Dragons or tigers can be taller. Most people don't build houses more than eight feet high, because this generation is dragon and tiger, and it is difficult to determine what the next generation is. Whether it is three or five rooms or seven rooms depends on the length of the foundation and the financial resources of the owner. The difference in arrangement is related to customs. Tujia wooden houses are mostly "seven columns and six columns", that is, seven columns and six hanging columns. A house with seven columns and six columns not only needs a lot of wood, but also is spacious. In quite a few places in eastern Guizhou, such a big house is not built. Of course, there are some "five columns and four columns", but the two columns in nave should be arranged as "seven columns and two hanging". "Seven pillars and six hanging" has 13 heads, while "five pillars and four hanging" has only 9 heads, which shows the difference in size. The same big roof, with many stigma and dense rows, the rafters are not easy to deform and the house has a long life. Do the opposite. The seven columns arranged are the central column, the front and rear two columns, the front and rear three columns and the front and rear eaves columns. The central column should be straight and high; The eaves column should be thick, and water-resistant cedar should be selected. There is also a stigma in the middle of the sun wall, called the sun eaves column. Take "seven columns and six hanging rooms" as an example. A wooden room needs 30 capitals and 24 hanging posts. Among the 30 stigmas, the first two columns facing the right of nave are the most special. Tujia people call it "the second refined column". I am very particular about the choice of the second pillar. I want to grow in a clean sunny place, which has nothing to do with graves, lightning strikes and fires. All the other stigmas have been polished and chiseled, and then the "second thin column" will be cut. There is a certain ceremony before cutting the "second essence column". Burn incense paper and worship the gods. When you carry it home, you should approve the red color, concentrate on pushing the light and drilling the eyes quickly, and put on the cards to enter the column. In particular, women are not allowed to cross it. In particular, Tujia people generally don't build houses with "five columns and five hanging" or "seven columns and five hanging". If the hanging column is singular, it is necessary to add a hanging column behind the central column to make the tile surface in the back picture longer than that in the front picture. This kind of house is called "Tiger Sitting". A house without a "tiger" is the same as a big house that others think is too small to live in. White tiger worship.

Attention, people wearing cards. First, the head should be worn, and how long it is worn will connect the seven stigmas together. Three perforations and four perforations are also complete, but only five stigmas and three stigmas are connected, and the length is greatly reduced. Two-way, that is, pick-row, is connected by front and rear parts at the mouth of the central column. The wooden house built by Tujia people is more special than others, with a larger lifting range and a knife or magpie tail, which is both practical and beautiful, forming characteristics.

There are arrangements for the connection of beams, beams, wooden supports and hanging strips. Connecting the two columns of the nave, there are four wooden purlins on the front and rear columns. The first two are called gate rooms, and the last two are called fragrant rooms. Because of its special function, you can choose Lei Mu to ward off evil spirits. There are two wooden beams on the front hanging wall between the two sides, which are mainly used for connection, so there is nothing to pay attention to. The two sides are mainly connected with the floor slab, which is flat upward and can be paved. The two ends of the floor are connected with the corresponding stigma, which is generally through. In order to increase the connecting force, a bolt is usually added. There are also hanging strips, which are matching purlins. A hanging strip is installed at the top of each stigma, and the four pillars of the stigma are connected together, and purlin support is placed on the hanging strip.

Among all kinds of connecting timber used for carrying rafters and green tiles, the most prominent girder is the beam connecting the central column above nave. The selection conditions of beams are similar to those of "two refined columns", but the treatment is much more grand than that of two refined columns. Tujia people build their houses according to the date. Generally, after autumn, not only the harvest is good, but also the farm work is not busy, while the autumn is crisp and sunny and rainy, which is convenient for homework. Of course, it is also inseparable from the owner's "eight characters" and the orientation of the house. The date of beam cutting can only be the day before the house starts, and it has been arranged to be installed obliquely, and then cut after lunch. There is a ceremony before departure, and there is a ceremony before cutting down trees. You are not allowed to change hands when cutting trees. After being cut, you are not allowed to cross. You should immediately take off the long and short skins, then wear red clothes, blow your hands, hug each other, beat gongs and drums to blow the suona, and cross the mountains with trombones and firecrackers. He was carried into nave, Xinji, and the master of palm pulse played a line to draw the pulse, measured the saw tenon, then tied his horse for sacrifice and sent someone to guard him all night. Women are not allowed to pass through it, and even cats and dogs are not allowed to approach it. Its sacredness can be seen. The symbolic link of the opening day, that is, the beam, is very grand and lively.

In Tujia shanzhai, it is a festival for people in Manzhai to build houses. Building a house is not easy, which is one of the major events in life. Usually help each other, not to mention, the day before the auspicious day, everyone got together, a pumpkin and a few pounds of taro are gifts, and more importantly, help. Distant relatives and neighbors have come, especially the hostess's family should specially invite guests, pick rice, brag and fight, and talk about certain ostentation and extravagance. On an auspicious morning, after breakfast, people waited on the foundation of the new house. The girder is wrapped in red cloth, and both ends are connected by "Huanglong" (a big straw rope with bamboo poles as ribs in the middle). It extends left and right in the diagonal direction, and many people pull the "Huanglong" to prepare for the battle. After the ceremony of Master Palm Pulse, he said, "Get up!" At the beginning of the Liang Dynasty, firecrackers sounded and trombones sounded ... The hardest and busiest people were those who carried the beam. At both ends of the girder, there is a man carrying the girder. If the new house is built for two brothers, then these two people represent the two brothers respectively. There is a saying that "which side of the girder starts first", so scrambling has become the theme. Because the length of the girder exceeds the width of the arranger's room, it is impossible to walk straight, so it can only be tilted, with one end high and one end low. No one will let anyone, and it will last for a long time. Because no one can decide, it depends on the joint efforts of all. The girder is capped, and the master of palm vein also has a ceremony, saying blessings, throwing beams, and hanging all the colored cloth sent by relatives ... This is a very important ceremony and the climax of building activities.

After the house shelves are set up, slats, purlins and nails are hung. Nailing is also called short water, and it is also a technical job. It should be noted that the cornice should be straight, especially the two ends should not sag, and a little upward is allowed. Then the water surface, from the eaves of the three hanging pillars to the overhangs, should be slightly upturned to form an upward parabola. Only a skilled master dares to have such a masterpiece, so beautiful that the rain cannot flow back. Tiling is also very particular. Rich people build inch tiles, usually half tiles, at least one third. Next is the cornice. Generally, when burning ceramic tiles, it is necessary to specially burn some groove bricks that are longer than ordinary ceramic tiles and specially make cornices. Then cover the eaves tiles tightly to increase the weight, so as not to be exposed to the sun by the mountain wind. Finally, the ridge tile should be spread in several layers, mainly to increase the weight. The ridge tile should be shaped, high in the middle and upturned at both ends to form two saddles. The technique of covering tile is embodied in the arrangement of ridge tile. It is not easy to have two drums and two gongs in the middle ridge and three or four tiles in the tail ridge. The most common mid-ridge is folded into a pin shape, and the back is three or four layers of servant tiles. Depending on the financial resources of the host family, it is necessary to stack one, two and three layers of vertical tiles to form a high back, which is not only beautiful, but also very imposing. Large families will also use tung oil lime to sit on the middle ridge, side ridge and cornice to create a black and white landscape on the roof. In order to increase the light in the house, some people will specially fire trough bricks or cover bricks. The bright tiles of covered tiles have special requirements for the rafters, which must be bright (that is, two narrow rafters bear all the tiles). Sinan Zhou Jia Salt Company uses bright rafters, and their tiles are not only larger than ordinary tiles, but also have patterns.

The houses built by Tujia people, because of their special layout, structure, modeling and various ceremonies, constitute the characteristic culture of Tujia folk houses.

Diaojiaolou is one of the characteristics of Tujia folk houses. There are generally two diaojiao buildings in the wing, that is, the part that highlights the street, and the width depends entirely on the terrain. There are two forms of diaojiao building, one is column type, that is, all the stigma of diaojiao building fall to the ground, and each stigma is a whole; One is hanging lanterns, that is, the hanging part is a single lantern frame, which makes Qi and the foundation of the main house form a plane. If the wooden building is built by the river, only the first column can be used for hanging feet. But there is a difference between "true through column" and "false through column". The "true through column" is a whole, whether it is two feet or three feet. The "false through column" is connected in the middle and is formed by connecting two or three. Some diaojiao buildings along the river are very high and dangerous, and their names are too high. There is no such long wood, you have to pick it up. The joint technology is generally tenon-joint external hoop type. Especially for flood control, it is necessary to add bracing wood at different angles. This kind of high-column diaojiao building near the river is a masterpiece of Tujia ancestors' struggle against floods and nature.

The wooden house where Tujia people live is the most basic, and only the shelf part of the house is completed. This is the most basic, financial resources are not enough. Even if you use thatch to keep out the wind, you have to live in it. But in general, building a house shelf is only half finished, and there is still a part to install the house. Different installation methods show different national characteristics.

When Tujia people install houses, the first thing is to burn incense to worship their ancestors. Ancestor worship is one of the characteristics of Tujia nationality. Fragrant boards are delicate, generally fir boards that are not easily deformed and have no scars. Under the incense, there is an altar for cabinets. The simplest thing is to install a lifting plate to place incense burners, candlesticks, utensils and so on. The second is to install the bedroom. Tujia people's rooms are generally arranged in the main room outside the main room, and the last two columns used to be kitchen, three-pot stove, fire shop more than six feet wide, water tank and bowl rack. After the second column, it will be used as a living room, mainly for placing double beds, wardrobes, rice cabinets, and some even expand cabinets. Generally, there should be a whole (zh n) floor under the living room, and a suspended ceiling floor should be laid on it. Then there is the board wall of the main room, the sun wall and gables in front, and the gate, and finally the Tianhe entrance and four rows of perforations under each eaves. The perforation at the top of each column is not installed. It is said that it is the passage for Master Lu Ban to enter and leave, but it is actually for ventilation.

The most important part of installing a house is nailing the gate. Tujia people nailed the gate to let the guests go. If the host wants to nail the door, he must first find someone to calculate and give the date of birth of the male and female host to Teacher Tu, and he will really nail the door on an auspicious day. On the day before the auspicious day, relatives and friends who have been informed will come to congratulate, and the gifts are still mainly colored cloth. The ceremony of nailing the door is the most grand. The time to open the financial door is usually in the early morning. After a sacrifice, the carpenter first installed the door panels and then let outsiders open them. The person who opens the door is usually an educated, influential and respected local person. He sent money on behalf of Samsung, so he had to ask and answer the carpenter in the door. All kinds of blessings are handwritten and impromptu, and most of them are auspicious words (blessings) to the host family. Some also engage in some small projects with magical properties, such as asking to uncover a bowl of water on the table and not allowing it to lose water. Opening the financial door is actually an elegant wisdom game. Many times, both inside and outside the gate say that 1-2 hours will open, which makes the host happy. There are also several times when carpenters don't talk to Samsung and don't give in to each other. Towards morning, they don't open the door. People call this game "fighting". There are also some special cases of opening financial doors. For example, in the master's house, the married daughter-in-law and the nailed door are put together, so that the new daughter-in-law can open a financial door. The bride got out of the sedan chair and came to the gate. When she found the door closed, she slapped the door panel with her hand and shouted, "Open the door! Open the door! " The carpenter in the hall hit an axe and asked loudly, "Who is outside the door?" "It's a woman!" "What should I do?" "Come and shake the door!" Click, financial Daimon Masaru opens. This is even the fastest way to open the financial door, and it is also the boldest financial door design, so that it has become a much-told story. It is said that the family did make a fortune later.

Tujia people nail the gate, the most distinctive thing is to install two tiger hammers above the gate. The main function of tiger hammer is to ward off evil spirits. This is also one of the manifestations of Tujia white tiger worship. Because it was difficult to carve the tiger's head, some carpenters later replaced it with a simple pumpkin hammer.

Some Tujia wooden houses are still being painted, but this is after nailing the gate. The purpose of painting is to look good, and the other is to prevent water and corrosion. Generally speaking, the gables of wooden houses keep their true colors and are dyed with cooked tung oil. The front is painted with black stigma, red board wall and white window door. Black is mixed with pot smoke ink, charcoal and tung oil, red is mixed with mud and red mud, and white doors and windows are directly painted with hydrated lime. In some places, Tujia people also pay special attention to flower windows, which are often carved from poplar or nanmu. Bats, peaches, all kinds of fruits and vegetables, birds, fish and animals can all be painted and shaped, and some of them are also carved with legendary stories, such as crossing the sea by the Eight Immortals and sending books by Kirin. The flower windows of Liyuchi in Yanhe County and Yunshe in jiangkou county are very representative. Generally speaking, window grilles are painted black, while blinds are painted lime.

Tujia wooden houses also pay special attention to living as a support. Generally, there are two households in each house, * * * takes a door, * * * uses a main room, each has its own kitchen, and the life of the wooden house is much longer. In addition, we also attach great importance to the beautification of the environment, and always plant some fruits, trees and flowers in front of and behind the house to create a quiet environment.

Food, clothing, housing and shelter are very important. Different ethnic groups, the characteristics of living will not be as obvious as clothing, but there are still some differences. These differences are different national brands. Tujia nationality is an early civilized and open nation, which is very tolerant of new things and has a fine tradition of learning and integrating from Han nationality and other neighboring nationalities. On the issue of residence, Tujia folk houses not only have the characteristics of general mountainous areas, but also have the brand of their national culture. Even if they are Tujia people, due to the differences in region, age and teacher-student relationship, their residential site selection, housing layout, construction technology and cultural customs all show different characteristics. The Tujia shanzhai mentioned in this article is a typical and representative one. It is not only a rare early planning and large-scale building community, but also embodies the characteristics of Tujia wooden house. These characteristics can be roughly summarized as follows: choose a house near the water and stand by; The main house is generous, and the wing hangs; Height, width and degree, eight dimensions; Local materials, wood and stone combination; Opening the door on the beam has a variety of customs.

Wooden houses also have the advantages of ventilation and dryness, warm in winter and cool in summer, staged investment and environmental protection. However, with the passage of time, the use of new materials and the change of ideas, wooden houses have special characteristics, and groups of wooden houses are gradually decreasing. Some wooden houses with different ethnic characteristics have become cultural heritage, and we should attach great importance to their protection.