Sakya Temple in Sakya

Sakya Temple, located on Chongshan Mountain in Sakya County, Xizang Autonomous Region, is the main temple of Sakya Sect of Tibetan Buddhism. 196 1 has been designated as a national key cultural relics protection unit by the State Council. "Sakya" is a Tibetan transliteration, which means dust. In A.D. 1073 (the sixth year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty), Kungong Quejiebu (1034 ~ 1 102), a descendant of the Tubo nobleman, found that the hillside on the south side of Chongshan was white and shiny, and now it looks beautiful, that is, it invested in the construction of Sakya Temple and gradually formed. Sakya Temple paints the walls of the temple with the red color symbolizing Manjusri Bodhisattva, the white color symbolizing Guanyin Bodhisattva and the cyan color symbolizing Vajrayana Bodhisattva, so Sakya Sect is also commonly known as "flower teaching".

Sakya school adopts two ways of inheritance: bloodline and legalism. After Gong Quejie's death, his son Gong Jianingbu (1092- 1 158) presided over Sakya Temple. Gongga Ningpo is knowledgeable, which makes the teaching method of Sakya school more complete. He was honored as "Sakyamuni" (Master of Sakyamuni) and was the early ancestor of the Sect. Sonam Fangmo, the second son of Gongga Nimbu, is the second ancestor of Sakya. Zaba Gyanzan, the third son, presided over Sakya Temple for 57 years and was the third ancestor. Saban Gongga Jianzan (1182-1251), the eldest son of his fourth son, Beqin Wobu, is a famous figure of Sakya Sect, also referred to as Saban, or Pandita of Sakya Sect, and the fourth ancestor.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 3rd century, Mongolian tribes headed by Genghis Khan rose and unified the Central Plains by force. 1240 before Kuo Duan entered Tibet in the Yuan Dynasty, he wanted to summon Saban Gong Ga Jian Zan, who had a high reputation among various sects. 1244, Saban Gongga Jianzan led his nephew Basiba (1235- 1280) to Liangzhou (now Wuwei, Gansu), where 1247 met Kuo Duan, and wrote a letter to persuade Tibetan monks and nobles to accept the conditions of the Yuan Dynasty for Tibet, thus officially making Tibet. Kublai Khan unified China and established the central government of the Yuan Dynasty. Later, he named Basiba a "teacher" and gave Yu Yin the order of "unifying the whole country and Buddhism", that is, managing Buddhist affairs throughout the country, assisting the central government in managing Tibet, and commanding 130,000 Tibetan households. Ba si ba cha Tibetan household registration, making laws. 1268, he formally established a local government with the same structure as other provinces in China.

/kloc-In the second half of the 4th century, with the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, the Sakya Sect was replaced by the Kagyu Sect in Tibet, but it still existed.

The Sakya Sect couldn't help getting married, and took Professor Daoguo as the main practice. Sakya Sect has played an important role in developing Tibetan culture. The Sakya Sect assisted the Yuan Dynasty in leading Tibet. Tibet ended more than 400 years of war, social production developed, and culture and art flourished. At that time, there were many translations and works of some eminent monks of Sakya School in the history of literature, such as Saipan's The Sage and Basiba's Exposing What You Know, which were all masterpieces with far-reaching influence. The new Mongolian characters created by Ba Siba under the inspiration of Kublai Khan, also known as Ba Siba characters, occupy an important position in the history of China characters.

Sakya Temple was built on both sides of the Zhongqu River, so it is called Sakya South Temple and Sakya North Temple. The whole temple has more than 40 building units, which is a magnificent temple complex. In A.D. 1073, when the Sakya North Temple was first built, the structure was simple and the scale was very small. Later, the French kings of Sakya School continued to expand up and down the hillside, covered with golden roofs, and added many buildings, thus forming a winding and large-scale building complex. Basiba was named the "Imperial Teacher" by the central government of the Yuan Dynasty. After taking charge of Tibet, Sakya North Temple became the seat of local government organs in Tibet.

Jan Benzien of Sakya Sect (Jan Benzien of Sakya Sect was the chief official of the local government of Sakya Sect in Yuan Dynasty) was entrusted by Basiba to build the Sakya Sect Sanbu in A.D. 1268. At that time, some Han craftsmen also participated in the construction, and later several expansions and renovations were carried out. The air cushion is magnificent, square in plane and surrounded by high walls, with a total area of14760m2.

Sakya South Temple is basically modeled after the ancient city of Han area. It is a solid castle with good defensive performance, and the retaining wall river is still faintly discernible. There are temples and monasteries in the castle. The Great Classic Hall covers a total area of 5,775 square meters, and the main hall is supported by 40 huge wooden columns, with a diameter of about 1.5 m and a diameter of about 1 m.. Among them, the pillars in the middle of the front row are called four famous pillars, namely "Yuan Di pillar" (said to be given by Kublai Khan), tiger pillar (said to be installed by a tiger), bison pillar (said to be supported by a wild yak with long horns) and black blood pillar (said to be given by Poseidon). The Hall of the Great Hero is about 10 meter high, and it can accommodate nearly 10,000 lamas to recite scriptures. There are Buddha statues such as Buddha III, Sakya Pandit and Basiba in the hall. Another important hall of Sakya Temple is Oudong Lacan, which contains 1 1 His Holiness Sakya Lingta. The walls of the temple are painted with portraits of Bathba's early years and murals for the construction of Sakya Temple. Some murals reflect an important event in Tibetan history, namely the meeting between Saban and Kuo Duan. There is a "Pukang" on the south side of Lacan in Oudong, which is the place where monks in this temple recite the Ba Pu Classic.

Come out from the main hall of Nansi Temple, cross the corridor to the front yard, and then walk along dozens of long stairs to the top floor of the main hall. There are spacious corridors on the west and south sides of the platform, with precious murals painted on the walls, statues of the founder of Sakya Sect painted on the south wall and Datura (Tancheng) painted on the west side.

The South Temple of Sakya Temple has undergone many repairs, especially the overhaul of 1948, and some places have changed greatly. Some ancillary buildings were added in front of the main hall, and the wooden walls of the main hall were replaced by mud walls, and many murals were redrawn, especially the parapet with piles on the wall was replaced by Tibetan flat eaves. But generally speaking, Nansi is the representative of Tibetan Pingchuan Temple architecture, which combines Tibetan and Chinese architectural styles.

During the reign of sagar Dynasty, it was a local political power with the integration of politics and religion. Therefore, in addition to large-scale temples, Sakya Temple also has some official residences and other buildings. When Basiba returned to Sakya Temple in A.D. 1265, he set up a "Rang" for himself to manage personal property and related matters. After Basiba's death, it spread to Luozhu Jianzan, Gongga (65438+the first half of the 4th century). Sagakun family was divided into four "Rangs" (Rangs originally referred to the residence of Tibetan religious leaders, and later evolved into institutions for religious leaders to handle political and religious affairs), which were inherited by father and son, while His Holiness Sakya's throne was successively inherited by these four "Rangs". These four "concessions" are: Xituorang, Lacang Rang, Renqin Gangrang and lack of concessions.

The building in Xituorang is a rectangular quadrangle, with a length of 56.6 meters, a width of 40 meters and a height of four floors * * * 16.3 meters. It turned out to be the official residence of Bataan in Brazil when he was king of France. At that time, he was in charge of Weizang130,000 households. Later, it was the seat of the government of the Sagar dynasty and finally became one of the four ambassadors.

The building in Lacan Rang was originally the place where Bathba died. In the castle on the right side of the Great Sutra Hall in the South Temple of Sakya Temple, there is one on the third floor, almost as high as the main hall, and then one of the four Rangs.

Renqingang and Dukerang are both buildings in the era of Ba Schibba, and their scale is quite large. In the15th century, Awang Gongga Renqin and Baimatun, both independent brothers, fought against Wangjiu. In order to compete for the throne of His Holiness Sakya, they had conflicts and refused to give each other, so they established two families, Pengcuo Pozhang and Zhuoma Pozhang, and His Holiness Sakya was held in these two families by the eldest son in turn. Their palace buildings are of course an important part of Sakya Temple.

Sakya Temple has a history of more than 900 years since its completion. During this period, the Sagar dynasty ruled Tibet for more than 70 years, and the temple was extremely rich in cultural relics, especially scriptures. The books and materials of Sakya Temple are concentrated in three places, namely, the Wu Ze and Gu Rong Library in the North Temple and the Daxiong Hall in Henan Temple, with a total collection of about 24,000 books. Wu Ze is the earliest library in the Temple. It is said that before Bathsheba, it was full of books, and there were a few rare books hidden in this room during Bathsheba's time. In addition to a large number of ancient Tibetan manuscripts, there are also a large number of Sanskrit Bayeux and Chinese scriptures in the room. These meridians are all made of gold, silver, cinnabar or ink. Nansitang has the largest collection of books. It is said that the books here were copied by writers from all over Tibet when Basiba was king of France. Most of the books in the Gu Rong Library are also manuscripts. It may have been written a little later than Wu Ze's Henan Hall. In addition, there is a book "Hua Yan Jing" printed in the mainland in the eighth year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty, with an imperial preface. There are 3,000 Tibetan books on astronomy, calendars, medicine, literature and history. Among the "ancient velvet" of the North Temple, there are many manuscripts and manuscripts of the Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties, and most of them are rare books annotated and interpreted by French kings in previous dynasties. At present, the well-preserved and particularly precious books in the wall of the main hall of Nansi Temple are large bookshelves with walls at the back and left and right sides of the main hall. The bookshelves are full of classics and classics, and there are about 20,000 letters in different versions, the largest of which is called Ode to Eight Thousand Iron Rings, which is 1.3 1. 12. Some of these classics are rare and extremely valuable cultural heritage. Therefore, some scholars believe that Sakya's books and murals can be compared with Dunhuang, which is called the second Dunhuang. In addition to these three libraries, there are many manuscripts and printed books in other small halls and chapters of two French kings.

In addition, there are ten boxes of historical archives in Sakya Temple. It is said that some of them are important documents during the reign of Sakya Sect, and some are documents on official, tax, printing and civil litigation in Wula, which are precious materials for studying the feudal serfdom in Tibet. In addition, there are more than 2,000 printing plates in Sakya Temple, including A Brief History of Sakya School, Biography of the Founder of Sakya School and Biography of Sakya School.

Sakya Temple is rich in historical relics. As a historical witness of the relationship between Tibet and the central government, there are seals, seals, crowns and costumes donated by the central government to local officials in Sakya in the Yuan Dynasty. There are all kinds of Buddha statues, French pendants, embroidery, offerings, porcelain and relics of French kings since the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Among them, there are two cultural relics seals with a long history, exquisite production and high value, one is a jade Sanskrit seal, and the other is a bronze three-body seal engraved with Chinese, Tibetan and Mongolian characters, with the words "made by the Ministry of Rites in September of the 21st year of Chenghua" engraved in Chinese. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 20,000 Buddha statues in Sakya Temple, many of which are precious cultural relics since the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, including dozens of bronze buddhas with the symbol of "Yongle Year of Daming". There are four rare treasures in Sakya Temple, namely Kampot Guru (the idol glue invited by Zhuqingbaiwaba from India), Langjie Qu Dan (the stupa built by the great translator Pabailuozawa, which often comes out of the pagoda and is regarded as the divine water), Manjusri Bodhisattva (Saban deity, according to legend, reading Manjusri Sutra seven days before the statue can open the door to wisdom) and Tara, Juhkam. The treasure of Sakya Temple is a black wooden box that Kublai Khan gave to Basiba. There is a huge white paper conch in the box. Monks in the temple regard it as something other than life. Only on a religious auspicious day will they open the box and take out the conch, which will be played by a monk. There are more than 2,000 pieces of porcelain in Sakya Temple, most of which are from Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and a few are from Song Dynasty. Thangka and murals are two wonderful flowers in Tibetan temples. There are more than 3000 thangkas in Sakya Temple. After identification, there are more than 360 precious thangkas in Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties. The murals in Sakya Temple are colorful and lifelike. In addition to religious content, the mural also recorded the scene of Basiba traveling to and from the mainland and Tibet and being blocked in Beijing. Sakya Temple has a Saban cassock, an emerald red gold satin, a red silk lining and embroidered shoes, all of which are made in Chinese mainland. Bathba's relics include a cool hat and three shoes, also made in Chinese mainland. In addition, there are weapons of the Yuan Dynasty in the temple, which are extremely precious historical relics.

Every year, Sakya Temple holds many sacrificial activities, large and small, among which the largest and most distinctive is the diamond dance in Xia Dong in Sakya Temple. The summer dance in Sakya Temple is held in July of Tibetan calendar every year, and the winter dance calendar begins on 1 1 month 19. During the divine dance performance, the dancers all wore the dharma keeper of Sakya Temple and various masks of spirits and beasts. Dance of God vividly reflects the basic content of killing demons with a simple story. Every year, when these two Dharma meetings coincide, thousands of monks and laymen from far and near will rush to Sakya Temple to worship and observe the ceremony, praying that the divine dance can bring happiness and auspiciousness to the world.