Chen Chong Yudongjia Bookstore

Jiangzhou Chen Dongjia Library in the Tang Dynasty was hailed as the first milestone in the history of Chinese academy development, but the arrival of relevant historical materials made people doubt the authenticity of the Dongjia Library in the Tang Dynasty. Judging from the role of the emerging gentry in local affairs, the influence of the imperial examination system on the families living in compact communities, and the marriage relationship of the Chen family living in compact communities, it is historically inevitable to establish the Dongjia Library in the first year of Tang Dashun (890).

[Keywords:] Chen Chong; Dongjia Bookstore; Gentleman; Imperial examination; Family marriage

Discussion on Dongjia Bookstore

In the study of Chinese academy history, especially on the origin of academy, Jiangzhou Chendongjia Bookstore is an unavoidable topic. According to Records of the Historical Records, many historians regard Dong Jia Library as the representative of China's early academies, such as Mao and others in Jiujiang County Records. Chen Zhou, namely Tang Yimen, was founded in Zuo, with thousands of books and weak children, all of whom went to school. Account number, put forward? According to these records, it can be considered that there have been lectures in private colleges founded in the Tang Dynasty. Although it is not very common, the scale is not large, and the system has not yet formed, the college as an educational institution has been born. ? The viewpoints in China Ancient Academy System, General History of Education in China, Textual Research on Chinese Academy System, General History of Education System in China and History of Education in China are basically the same. In the History of Chinese Academy published by 1994, Mr. Li introduced the operation of Dongjia Bookstore for the first time. He pointed out: the academy, which is engaged in teaching activities and has the nature of a school, began in the Tang Dynasty? In the Tang Dynasty, there were not only several academies briefly described by later generations, but also academies described in detail by people at that time, and the relevant rules and regulations were also preserved. Jiangxi Dean Jia Bookstore (also known as Mingmen Academy and Chenshu Bookstore, affiliated to Xunyang County, Jiangzhou in Tang Dynasty) is an example. ? Mr. Li confirmed that the historical materials of Dongjia Bookstore in Tang Dynasty included Chen's genealogy besides local chronicles. According to the genealogy records preserved by Chen's descendants in Jiangxi, Hunan and Hubei, the seventh leader of Chen in Jiangzhou formulated the Family Law of Chen in the first year of Tang Dashun (890), with a total of 33 articles, one of which stipulated that a bookstore should be set up in Dongjiazhuang, Chen, in order to educate his younger brother and nephew's surnames and promote them to Chinese studies. According to this? The documents published by Chen's descendants at the head of Chen's genealogy have neither been traced back by later generations nor passed down by word of mouth, which proves that in the Tang Dynasty, a new type of educational institution, which is different from the central and local official schools in Sui and Tang Dynasties and higher than the level of Mongolian studies, emerged, that is, private rehabilitation? College. ? Therefore, the academy represented by Dongjia Bookstore originated in the Tang Dynasty and became a basic view widely recognized by the academy history circle. Dongjia Bookstore, as one of the symbols of the rise of academies with teaching function in Tang Dynasty, is regarded as the first milestone in the development history of Chinese academies.

In recent years, the addition of culturology, sociology, anthropology and other related disciplines has broadened the horizon of Chinese academy research, and the research perspective is constantly changing. The discussion in Dongjia Library is also innovative, such as Mr. Xu Zi's Research on the Academy of Yuan Dynasty. The name of the academy first appeared in the Tang Dynasty, which has been unanimously recognized in academic circles. However, it is still difficult to judge whether the academy has given lectures and whether it is an educational institution, that is, whether there is a veritable academy in the Tang Dynasty. ? That is, the most famous Yimen Academy (Dong Jia Bookstore? As far as the author's note is concerned, the existing records not only can't confirm the statement in local chronicles, on the contrary, it just shows that the name of the academy is illusory. ? In the textual research of academies in Tang and Five Dynasties, Mr. Xu even thought that there was something wrong with the genealogy of Chen cited by modern people. In the Tang Dynasty, Chen Chong built at most one study hall, not an academy. Besides, whether there is a bookstore in Chen Chong can be discussed. ? From this point of view, it is problematic for some scholars to trace the history of Dongjiayuan back to the Tang Dynasty based on unreliable genealogical historical data. ? The so-called Shigu Academy and Dongjia Academy, which originated in the Tang Dynasty, can't stand the textual research. ?

If we compare carefully, it is not difficult to find that the contents recorded in Chen's genealogy and local chronicles are not completely consistent, and the related documents are often inconsistent with the founders of bookstores and their founding times. The authenticity of Dongjia Bookstore, which was built in the Tang Dynasty, is questionable.

The Historical Facts of Chen's Reclamation of Two Rivers and the Purpose of Chen's Family Law

Wang Chen, the ancestor of the Chen family in Jiangzhou, was born in the 19th year of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (73 1). Its ancient books are located in Yongqing Village, Changle Village, Taiping Township, Putangchang, Jiujiang County (now Yimenchen Village, Cheqiao Town, Dean County, Jiujiang City). Therefore, children and grandchildren live together, but they live together from generation to generation, with great wealth and prosperous people. ? What are the characteristics of Chen's settlement? Family, room and wealth are no different, and the kitchen is no different. Long * * * women will eat genus, engage in sunrise, and don't care about servants. It is a big family with the same surname, linked by blood ties and guaranteed by patriarchal clan system. Chen's settlement conformed to the feudal dynasty. Filial piety? Governing the country, taking ethical order as a means of rural governance, has been repeatedly praised by feudalism. Tang Xizong Ganfu years (874? 876) Zhao Jing's Gate, in the first year of Southern Tang Dynasty (937), Chen Wei of Zhao Li? Easy door? After entering the Song Dynasty, the feudal emperors such as Ren Zong also gave him many gifts, and Jiangzhou Chen became an influential family from the Tang Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty. It is worth noting that under the condition of low productivity, Chen's settlement has a certain effect on stabilizing local order, but the land is not wide and the supply is insufficient. Rich at home, poor at home? In addition to regularly exempting Chen from miscellaneous articles and salt koji, the local authorities also allocated a certain amount of loans during the drought last year. The heavy economic burden made the local * * * unbearable, so at the suggestion of the powerful ministers Wen Yanbo, Fan Shidao and others, in the seventh year of Jiaqing (1062), the Northern Song Dynasty * * analyzed Chen Wei 29 1 Zhuang and moved to Jiangnan and Liangzhi according to factions. Is there benevolence and righteousness in the world? Said.

When the VII ruled Jiangzhou, Chen had begun to take shape. Zeng yuan, hundreds of people? Become a populous village with the same surname at that time. Has Chen Chong left home? There will be more and more people in the future, and there will be different fools and wise men. If there is no way to be harmonious, why not worry about a good load? In the first year of Tang Dashun (890), he presided over the formulation of the Chen Family Law, which made a detailed plan for Chen's settlement affairs. Establish it by the affairs of the bureau, hang it by the rules, push for merit, punish evil and persuade good. Types of public and private cash registers, marriage tools between men and women; Silkworm clothing and makeup, wealth and wealth, food and drink, must be equal, in order to be harmonious, so that children and grandchildren can keep their promises and keep their righteousness. ? Through the regulation and guidance of family law, all the descendants of the family will abide by justice and reason from generation to generation, so as to respect the family, form the patriarchal order and ethical environment for Chen's righteous residence, and maintain a? Seeking harmony? Utopian society is the original intention of Chen Chong to formulate family law. All 33 articles listed in the Family Law are for this purpose. In addition to the provisions of the Family Law cited above on the establishment of Dongjia Bookstore, the Family Law also has detailed provisions on the education of children in the family:

? There is a library in the west of the house to teach children. In the first month of each month, the museum will open on auspicious days and be dissolved in winter months. At the age of seven, the boy went to school and left school at the age of fifteen. Capable people enter the east. Choose two people to train in the study room every year, one is a teacher and the other is an assistant. Its paper, ink, inkstone, and out of the treasury, responsible for the purchase and disposal. ?

Chen's library and study have gradually developed, forming a distinctive family education system. But is it possible that the education of the Chen family was only planned in the Family Law but not implemented, and the Dong family bookstore was only an idea in the Family Law, and it was not until his son made the bookstore a reality? We try to analyze it from the perspective of social and cultural development in the Tang Dynasty.

The role of three gentlemen in local affairs and the inevitability of the establishment of Dongjia Bookstore

It has been less than 200 years since Wang Chen, the ancestor of Jiangzhou, settled down and formulated the Chen family law. During this period, Chen has developed into a large family with considerable economic strength. According to the relevant provisions of the Chen Family Law, the Chen family owned many huge family properties such as farmland, Taoism, funeral home and silkworm house during the Dashun period of the Tang Dynasty. Previously, Chen's genealogy did not record the true fame and position of other important figures. Jiangzhou Chen's assets may depend more on his people's long-term management of the land. Chen Chong's status as a retainer before was similar to that in Tang and Song Dynasties? Enriching the people? Class. ? Enriching the people? Although? Rich? , but its essence is still? People? Their social status is still not high, and they can only get rich through hard work, instead of grabbing a lot of social wealth in a short time by virtue of privilege. According to textual research, in the Tang and Song Dynasties? Enriching the people? It is common to hire people of insight and set up private schools, such as training children to enter the imperial examination, winning the status and reputation of rural society and exempting them from personal labor. Enriching the people? Set the starting point of education? The rise of rural education and culture in the Tang and Song Dynasties was actually closely related to the rise of the wealthy class. It can also be said that enriching the people is an important force to promote the development of social culture and education in Tang and Song Dynasties. ? For the Chen family in Jiangzhou, this situation has changed in the past. He may be the first person to hold an important position since Chen lived in a compact community? Enriching the people? ,? Enriching the people? The title "Chen Chong" may no longer be appropriate. The gentry class represented by the thought replaced enriching the people and boarded the historical stage of Jiangzhou Chen.

? Squire? The word "squire" appeared as early as the Song Dynasty. Later researchers have different understandings of the concepts of squire, gentleman and gentry, but one thing is the same, that is, squire, gentleman and gentry all have certain fame or official position. It has become the mainstream opinion to treat local officials (retired and current) and imperial examination champions as squires? 、? What is the essence of the gentry class in China? A power layer that controls local affairs informally? , that is, local elites. ?

Gentleman plays a very important role in state control and local governance, and is a bridge connecting political power and villagers. Because of his special position, he has developed into a dual role of governance and education. In his research, Mr. Zhang Zhongli pointed out that gentlemen mainly earn their income by holding official positions, handling various local affairs (including clan affairs), serving as aides and teachers, and handling various local affairs is considered as? Gentleman function? ,? Gentlemen usually take it for granted that they have the responsibility to benefit their hometown, improve and maintain local and clan organizations, and what others expect of them. ? As far as Chen Chong is concerned, it is impossible to verify whether he achieved fame or not, but it is true that he was awarded by the Central Committee of the Tang Dynasty * * * Yin Qing Guanglu Doctor, Right Rider and Ancient Jinshi, enjoying the treatment of giving Zijin Fish Bag, and taking the post of Jiangzhou's long history, with the rank subordinate to the doctrine. For this big family who lived together for generations without analyzing wealth, a series of problems such as silkworm clothing, equality of goods and wealth were planned through family law, which laid the foundation for Chen's long-term development. The management of local and clan affairs, especially education, is one of the important contents of the management of local and clan affairs by the gentry. As a gentleman who got a senior position in the family earlier, Chen Chong knows better than anyone? The status of a gentleman in China does not come from real estate, but from the monopoly of education. Education based on fame and fortune qualifies your son to provide important services to the country and society. ?

Did Chen Chong set up Dongjia Bookstore to serve the imperial examination industry? A gentleman of the Chen family? Serving clan (local) affairs is an important means, and it is also one of the important ways for gentlemen, a new social class, to improve their social status and expand their social influence. This is because opening a bookstore and training children to enter and leave the officialdom can not only bring benefits to themselves, but also bring glory to the family. The official career is not only beneficial to the officials themselves, but also beneficial to their hometown. If one of the gentlemen in a certain place is an official, it will bring great benefits to this place; The higher the official position, the higher the local prestige and the greater the actual benefits. If the local or clan has provided financial aid to the candidates who take the exam and paid their travel expenses, then they can get more returns at this time. This kind of investment can get a higher return than any other investment. ? Is the establishment of Dongjia Bookstore a representative of the emerging gentry class? Evaluation of Chen's history? Enriching the people? The concrete manifestation of inheritance and promotion of class functions.

From the perspective of managing family affairs, there may be two factors that prompted Chen Chongxing to establish Dongjia Bookstore: First, the population of the Chen family grew rapidly during the period, and the number of students from the family and in-laws in the neighborhood also increased. The family school originally built according to the location where the family lives cannot meet this demand, so it is necessary to choose a villa in Dongjiazhuang to build a bookstore, because the teaching venue cannot meet the educational needs. In addition, it should be noted that the Chen family is a family that has lived together for generations. In order to maintain the purity of the family and avoid the interference of family members from the outside world, its family law has strict management requirements for people and guests entering and leaving the family. Jiangzhou Chen's situation is not an individual phenomenon, but was called by Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor? Jiangnan first? Pujiang? Easy door? The Zheng family is also a big family living together, and the Pujiang Zheng's Yimen Standard formulated by the Zheng family also has strict regulations on foreign guests. Relatives and guests come and go, and guests take care of their parents. It is appropriate to delay payment in good faith. Even the closest relatives have to stay in foreign museums? . The reason why Chen wants to build a bookstore in Dongjiazhuang, 20 miles to the left, may be that he is worried that the book repair workers from other places will live with their own people, which will be difficult to manage and more likely to cause trouble and affect their settlement. Since the mid-Tang Dynasty, the status of Jinshi has risen, and the society's understanding of the importance of poetry and fu in the imperial examination has been continuously improved. In order to improve the level of family children's poetry and the success rate of imperial examinations, the author made a special discussion on the possibility of Chen Chong choosing Dongjiazhuang, which is far away from densely populated villages and has excellent scenery.

Fourth, the imperial examination system and the urgency of establishing Dongjia Bookstore

? The interaction between the big tradition and the small tradition in the village itself is a process of cultural creation, and it is the choice of some factors of the big tradition on the basis of the small tradition. ? From Sui Dynasty to Tang Dynasty, the system of selecting scholars in imperial examinations was gradually improved, and it became the most important tradition that influenced China scholars. Around the imperial examination system, the imperial examination field including education, economy and other factors gradually formed. Among the various forces participating in the imperial examination field, scholars, as vulnerable groups, mainly rely on cultural capital. Cultural capital is mainly obtained by receiving various forms of education. ? The most typical is the help that the family or clan should give the reader in reading? For families living in a close community, from the perspective of maintaining family stability and promoting family prosperity, the purpose of holding family education is to actively adapt to the great tradition of imperial examinations. Why? The strength of a clan often depends on the number of officials and the importance of official positions? . Jiangzhou Chen's ancestor was a prominent royal family (Chen in the Southern and Northern Dynasties). Chen, who once enjoyed political privileges by virtue of his royal status, was deprived of the hereditary position of local official forever? To revitalize the prestige of the family and strive to restore Chen's influence in history, the only way out for a family without any background is to continuously send talents from the family to the court through imperial examinations, and there is no other way. The establishment of Dongjia Bookstore caters to the urgent needs of the Chen family. In his family law, he asked Chen's brother's nephew's last name. A somewhat successful candidate? The provisions of Dong Jia Shu Tang clearly defined the purpose of running a school to serve the imperial examination.

In fact, Dongjia Bookstore's imperial examination training industry has achieved remarkable results, and the highly praised Chen family examination list is not credible, but the records in Xu Kai's Chen Bookstore deserve attention. Since Ji Long, heiheirage has fallen, and following Zibo, the imperial clan has become a scholar. Recently, Wei Wen has appeared, especially in the table. It is said that "Xun" and "Fan" are all done according to the plan, and the literati in the world naturally have them and are covered by famous people. ? Ji Long? The year number is 889, which is 1 year earlier than the first year of Dashun when the Chen Family Law was enacted. It can be seen that before and after the formulation of the family law, Chen's children, such as his sons Zou and Cong Zibo, entered the examination. ? In the heyday of ancient times, although there was a school in the alley between 25 families, the old official sat in it day and night. Those who come from the people must be taught well and become better, and everyone has a gentleman's trip. Although there was a clear dynasty in later generations, only counties and counties learned to live in it, and those who were far away from the city walls had no children. ? Because of the need to avoid disasters, the settlement chosen by Chen at that time was more than 200 miles away from Jiangzhou County, which was very inconvenient. In addition, due to various restrictions of official schools in the Tang Dynasty, the problem of children's imperial examination education can only be solved by the Chen family itself, and the only way is to set up a family school. Judging from the situation before and after the enactment of the Chen Family Law, Chen should have had a family school to serve the imperial examination before the enactment of the Family Law. This family school is not the Dong family bookstore later, but it may be located in the place where the Chen family lives, and it is not officially named. Only after it developed into the main family, due to the development of family economy, the number of people living in compact communities increased day by day, and in order to meet the needs of imperial examinations and better improve the success rate of imperial examinations, Chen moved this unnamed family school to Dongjiazhuang, and called it the Family Law Bookstore. Here, it only conforms to the needs of family and social and cultural development in the Tang Dynasty, and plays a role in institutionalizing and standardizing Chen's family education, which is one of the reasons why we think Dong's bookstore should be established in the Tang Dynasty.

The Marriage Relationship of Chen in Wujiang Area and the Necessity of Establishing Dongjia Bookstore

When the family law was formulated, Chen had been handed down for eleven generations, with many descendants, and there were hundreds of people who had announced it. To maintain such a large family, the first thing to be solved is the marriage problem of family members. ? Is there a big relationship between people when they get married? . Although the ancients could not scientifically explain the disadvantages of consanguineous marriage, they had noticed the great harm of consanguineous marriage, and it was almost the consistent behavior of all families living in a close community to prohibit intermarriage with the same surname. For example, in the Five Dynasties, Jiangxi Le 'an flowed to cheat people and Dong Shi, and his regulations stipulated? Life, death, burial and marriage are all important. ? In the marriage part, I am strict. ? For family members who violate the clan rules that the same clan cannot marry, Dong Shi will implement the most serious laws in feudal patriarchal society? Clan? Punishment. According to research, until the Republic of China, Liukeng Dongshi still practiced the following three marriage situations? Clan? Sanctions: 1) Marry a foreign tenant (slave) who lives in the ancestral temple in the village; 2) Marriage between men and women with the same surname in the village, especially the filial wife with the same surname; 3) If you marry yourself without performing formal procedures such as media invitation and posting, it will not be recognized, ok? Clan? . At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the regulations of Wei clan in Lanfeng, Yuyao, Zhejiang Province stipulated that people with the same surname should be forbidden to marry or marry women with the same surname as soon as possible. If you are stubborn, you should do it again; Hide in advance, reprimand those found afterwards, and redo those who know the room as a whole. From the perspective of feudal patriarchal ethics, the biggest harm of intermarriage with the same surname is that it is easy to cause confusion in the order of generations. Men and women with the same surname are considered married even if they are not related by blood? Brother and sister as husband and wife? . In a family that has lived together for generations and has a large population, there are many and complicated families, and different families may appear? Grandpa and grandson are the same age? 、? Aunt and nephew in the same year? It is very likely that the phenomenon of allowing marriage with the same surname will appear. *** ? Situation, which is absolutely not allowed by the patriarchal clan system that emphasizes ethical order. Therefore, it is particularly important for families living in compact communities to establish good relations with neighboring villages with different surnames.

Family Law does not pay much attention to the object of inter-ethnic marriage, but after that, Article 15 of Family Law formulated by Chen has stricter requirements on the object of inter-ethnic marriage. In-laws are not allowed to climb. If you marry a woman and climb into a rich family, arrogance is hard to restrain. It is not appropriate to marry the daughter of a famous family and the son of a famous family, and it is difficult to communicate. But relative to the portal, marriage can be called. ? Why did feudal families emphasize? The children and grandchildren who marry women should also choose their spouses, and the Fang family should marry? The starting point is that female morality is really one of the fundamentals to maintain family development. Women's morality is the rise and fall of the family, so we should visit and choose in detail. ? Can you not be careful to protect my heir as my family business and entrust salt to my wife? ? In order to get the support of other neighboring villages in intermarriage and intermarriage objects, maintain the family marriage relationship and promote the stable development of the family, Chen of Jiangzhou thinks that some help should be given to the neighbors. There are rich and poor in the clan neighborhood, and the rich help the poor. The poor people were embarrassed and said they would lend me money. They immediately responded and went to help the poor. Don't blame it during the compensation period. Those who listen to it are urging it and not forcing it. If you dare not, you are not responsible for me. ? As for its illness, help it; If there is death or loss, help it; If there is a scourge of rebellion, it will be expelled instead; If you have grievances, you must distinguish them for others. This is also generosity, and the teaching of kings is also necessary for future generations. ? There were hundreds of people in Zengyuan, and the family marriage was under great pressure. We have reason to believe that Chen Chong established Dongjia Bookstore when he was in his main house. In addition to providing education for their children, bookstores also? It is of positive significance to lend a helping hand to neighboring villages in children's education as a friendly gesture. ? From the "Chen Family Law", Dong Jia Bookstore is responsible? Should the guest send a repairman to stop and wait with him and go out to Dongjiazhuang to supply? From the point of view of duty, bookstores do help neighbors. Are you a foreigner studying in Dongjia Bookstore? Send a repairman? Most of them should be Chen's neighbors and in-laws. This is because at that time, not all families or villages had the strength to set up high-level educational institutions to serve the imperial examinations, and the huge funds such as the construction of the hall building, the salaries of teachers, the purchase of books, and the daily expenses of students were beyond the reach of ordinary villages. At the end of the lecture, Xu Kai introduced the reason why he took notes for Chen. Before his death, Zhang Gu, a scholar, graduated from (Chen Shuju) and thought about it when he saw it with a pen. Zhang Gu may be one of Chen's in-laws studying in a bookstore. He also has an article Dong Jia Academy, which says? In the name of Gu Dong Jia, I think about the righteousness of Dong Jia and believe that Chen's long hair is auspicious. Why bother? The sons of Yimen, namely Gong, Huan and Dong, came to the county from Nanchang. But Syria's words are expressed in their hearts. They are eager to know their purpose, so they don't like it. ? Gratitude is beyond words. In order to solve the family's marital problems, Chen Chong established Dongjia Bookstore to improve neighborhood relations and provide various kinds of help including education. And then what? Neighbors turn virtue into virtue, is prison litigation declining? The situation also made the best footnote for Chen Chong's move. As one of the means to maintain the family community, the limited opening of bookstores to in-laws and children is also a social and cultural phenomenon worthy of attention. Its existence provides us with a new way to understand the ancient family in China and its education.

Six or two hypotheses need to be tested.

From three aspects: the role of gentry, the influence of imperial examination system and family marriage, we think that Chen Chong is the founder of Jiangzhou Chendongjia Bookstore. However, Xu Kai said in the book Chen Shutang. I thought that the family was ordinary and harmonious, and the rites and music were solid, and the poems and books were written. The former residence was twenty miles left. Dongjia? Because the miracle of winning is a building, dozens of bookstores and dozens of halls, where thousands of books are gathered. Obviously, Xu Kai thinks that Chen Zhou is the founder of Dongjia Bookstore. So what caused Xu Kai to write down the achievement of establishing a bookstore in the name of Chen Zhou in the Southern Tang Dynasty? We speculate that there are two possibilities:

1) Chen Zhou is a large-scale expansion of Dongjia Bookstore. According to Yi Men Ji, written by Hu Dan Xianping, the founding emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty (1002), Jiangzhou Chen was in the Northern Song Dynasty (Southern Tang Dynasty)? At the end of Kaibao, it was 740, and in Xianping, it increased to 1478 in three years. , Hu Dan wrote this article "Yi Men Ji" is its? After Xunyang, I went, because I visited celebrities, so I met Chen. Look at the genealogy of the world, read the family law, ask the facts and know their appearance. Why? His record should be more accurate and reliable. Therefore, compared with the Chen Chong period? Zengyuan 200 people? In the Southern Tang Dynasty, Chen Zhou dominated the family, and the family population increased greatly, so the number of children studying at home was bound to increase. The Dongjia Bookstore founded by Chen Chongchu may be cramped and difficult to accommodate. If we consider the reasons why the influence of bookstores has gradually expanded, which leads to the increase in the number of students studying in the four directions, the expansion of bookstores is certain. As a result, Chen Jicheng's father expanded the hall of the Academy when he was in his main home, purchased thousands of books, and increased 20 hectares of school space as the fixed school funding for the library, further improving the management system of the library. Is this speculation related to the genealogy of the Chen family in Yimen? At the foot of Dongjiashan, 25 miles to the left, there are hundreds of Zengguang Academy halls. Thousands of books have been collected and 20 hectares of land have been cut down for all-round research. The records are consistent. From this, we can draw a preliminary vein of the early development of Jiangzhou Chen Dongjia Bookstore: Chen had a family school serving his family and in-laws, and established Dongjia Bookstore in the first year of Tang Dashun (890), and formulated the learning rules of the bookstore (including school goals, students and book management systems, etc.). ); By the time of Zhou Chen in the Southern Tang Dynasty, with the further growth of family economic strength, the continuous expansion of the population living in compact communities and the influence of bookstores, Chen Zhou had carried out a large-scale expansion of Dongjia Bookstore, and further improved the management system of the bookstore, so that its waiters, books and readers reached a certain scale, and Dongjia Bookstore developed into? Zhi Ding Jiangdong? A famous college.

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2) Xu Kai's "Chen Shu Tang" is for help, which contains mistakes. Xu Kai's Letters from the Chen Family was written in 969, the second year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (Southern Tang Dynasty). It has been 80 years since Chen Chong formulated the Family Law and set up a bookstore in the first year of Dashun (890). Coupled with the political turmoil in the Five Dynasties, things have changed, and Xu Kai himself has never been to the Chen family in Jiangzhou, so he is not very familiar with Chen's situation. In addition, in his own words, the writing of Chen Shu Tangji is still entrusted by his former protege and scholar Zhang Gu. See the accusation with a pen, think about it? Chen Guren's understanding is mainly obtained from Zhang Gu. It is very likely that Zhang Gu studied in Dongjia Bookstore when Chen Zhou was in power, so under the influence of Zhang Gu, Xu Kai recorded the founding results of the bookstore in the name of Chen Zhou, an extender. At the same time, it also shows that under the historical conditions at that time, Chen Chong's influence on the initial construction of Dongjia Bookstore was not as good as the large-scale expansion of Chen Zhou in Southern Tang Dynasty. History is often like this, especially for a new thing that didn't show great vitality at first.