How do China people view the Japanese in the late Qing Dynasty? Compared with Liang Qichao, Huang Zunxian went further.

In the late Qing Dynasty, especially after the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, there was a Japanese study abroad craze in China. At that time, Japan, which had just experienced the Meiji Restoration, moved closer to the West in the political and economic system, translated a large number of western books in culture, reformed the education system to train talents, and greatly increased its national strength. At the same time, China's failure in the Sino-Japanese War awakened people of insight in China.

Beiyang sent overseas students to Japan in the late Qing Dynasty.

More and more intellectuals realize that this once-student neighbor in the East is not what it used to be. Intellectuals and young people in China are also looking for the road to national rejuvenation, and Japan has become the reference object. At that time, Japan, with strong national strength, low cost and short distance, soon became the choice for many young people to study abroad. Zhang Zhidong is also an advocate of this trend. He described the benefits of going to Japan in Persuasion:

One way to save money, you can send more; Second, it is close to China, which is convenient for inspection. Third, the oriental languages are close to Chinese and easy to understand. Fourth, western language books are very complicated. Where there is no need for western learning, orientals abridge it and change it at will to facilitate learning. The situation and customs in the Middle East are similar, so it is easy to imitate and get twice the result with half the effort.

Huang Zunxian and many Japanese youths went to Japan to learn knowledge, and Liang Qichao was one of them. Although both Chinese and Japanese characters use Chinese characters, we can roughly understand each other's meaning through "written dialogue", but after all, they are two different languages, and it is easy to misunderstand. Liang Qichao's crash Japanese textbook How to Read in China and Japan only tells people that "the real words and function words in Japanese should be turned into Chinese", which leads to many misunderstandings. Although this is to learn knowledge quickly, it is not recommended to learn Japanese correctly.

Liang Qichao and Restaurant Collection

187 1 year (ten years of tongzhi), China and Japan signed the Sino-Japanese Reconciliation Rules, which ended the isolation of the two countries for hundreds of years and formally established diplomatic relations. Article 4 of the Sino-Japanese Reconciliation Rules stipulates that both countries can send military ministers and bring their families and entourage to the capital. Huang Zunxian was the first counsellor of China's mission in Japan, ranking second only to the diplomatic envoys.

Bronze statue of Huang Zunxian

When Huang Zunxian and his party arrived in Japan, the Meiji Restoration had just begun, and he and his mission personnel became the first pioneers in modern China to observe and study Japan during the Meiji period. Relatively speaking, Huang Zunxian's investigation of Japan was more profound and thorough, and he also successfully introduced the real situation of Japan to the Chinese people, which was helpful for officials and intellectuals in the late Qing Dynasty to understand their eastern neighbors. For example, his Annals of Japan is the representative work of China's study of Japan in modern times, among which the Annals of Customs is the most distinctive one. It is widely involved in sacrifice, marriage, funeral, clothing, diet, residence, music and dance, feasting, Shinto, Buddhism, clan, society and so on.

Huang Zunxian and Japanese Language Miscellaneous Poems. Language is a difficulty that must be overcome when living in a foreign country. Unlike most people in the late Qing Dynasty, Japanese and Chinese are synonyms. Huang Zunxian believes that Japanese and Japanese are independent cognitive objects, exist as languages and have a complete shape/sound system. Concepts such as "Japanese language" and "Japanese language" clearly used in Japanese history show Huang Zunxian's understanding of Japanese independence. Another work, 6 1-66 in Japanese Miscellaneous Poems, recorded his knowledge of Japanese in detail.

Japanese miscellaneous poems

6 1 tells the origin of Japanese-"Brandon character", and the poem says:

The name of the divination department is widely circulated in Chinese studies, and the forehead of the three-wheeled temple is unclear. Natural paintings are horizontal and vertical, and countries turn over and fall to the ground.

The author made this comment on this poem: "Or, Brandon's original words spread to ancient times and were hidden in the Bubu family. Hirata Tuyun preached theology in recent years, based on such things as Kamakura Baban Temple and Hezhou Sanlun Temple, which were equally matched. I took it and looked at it. It looked like a tadpole or a bird seal. I don't know when it started. " In other words, according to the existing records, I don't know when the native Japanese characters began.

The 62nd song is about forty-seven Japanese pseudonyms and their pronunciation characteristics, that is, the so-called "five tones originated from them are the choking sounds of Ayiwu, which can control all sounds", and the 63rd to 66th songs enter the internal problems of Japanese-the contradiction between Japanese dialects and Chinese, the formation of Japanese, the relationship between pseudonyms and Chinese characters, the three major phonetic systems of Japanese and the influence of modern translation on Japanese.

Examples of Japanese miscellaneous poems

Sixty-two: Clouds come from the east, and function words help words. So far, I have become afraid of Lu Zi, and I finally hate Wang Jiao Ren for not working. The annotation is: "Supplement to Ancient Characters" says: Ancient things are passed down from mouth to mouth. Since Wang Renlai's The Analects of Confucius and Qian Wen came out, people began to read. However, the case of "National History" says: when you teach Chinese for the first time, you know everything, which is called the name image, while the auxiliary language is in vain and there is no image to refer to. Its local language is preceded by real words and followed by function words, which is not corresponding to Chinese, so it is very difficult to teach. The "local language" here is obviously the inherent language of Japan relative to Chinese, and its meaning is easy to understand, that is, it points out the difference between Japanese and Chinese in grammatical order.

Huang Zunxian's language thought agrees with Japanese pseudonyms very much, and thinks that their pseudonyms are easy to understand and convenient for the people. Song 65: "It is not difficult to learn a book on linguistics at the age of three. Spring insects and autumn snakes are full of paper. How is your mother sleeping and eating? " Among them, "spring insects and autumn snakes" refers to the visual shape of Hiragana, and it is believed that using pseudonyms in Japanese is convenient for people to learn cultural knowledge: "Therefore, children in other countries can read novels and writers' books after learning English. All the fake words are used in Chinese, and only fake words are used. Women are unreasonable. "

This is related to his literary thought and social concept. Huang Zunxian proposed in the History of Japan that writing should "enable all farmers, workers, businessmen and naive women in the world to use words". With the help of pseudonyms, Japanese makes people's language and writing consistent, and the conciseness brought by this consistency is a convenient way for people at all levels to master cultural knowledge. He believes that in this sense, Japanese pseudonyms are a national language.

Hiragana

/kloc-In the 9th and 20th centuries, the development of science, technology, economy and society in the western world, and its "conquest" of the East on this basis, made some eastern intellectuals who were forced to open their doors to see the world begin to reflect on their own language. China in the late Qing Dynasty and Japan in the Meiji period all advocated rejecting Chinese characters and reforming them. In the modern Japanese character reform movement, the advocates of Roman characters put Japanese, which is composed of Chinese characters and pseudonyms as a whole, on the opposite side of Roman characters, completely negating them and advocating the use of western-style pinyin characters. In China, there are dozens of pinyin reform schemes. Although Huang Zunxian's thinking on language did not include language in the category of national and national development, it started this process.

The Pinyin movement in China was all the rage.

Japan (95) Japanese (1) Kana (1)