When did the word "Japan" come into use, and how did the dynasties call it "Little Japan"?

From the map, Japan in history is like a long silk scarf, drifting in the vast western Pacific Ocean, and it is also like a long fence, which tightly blocks our way to the Pacific Ocean. It is such a continuous archipelago that, together with Taiwan Province Province, Philippine Islands, Indonesian, Singaporean, Malaysian and other countries, has become a heavy chain for the United States to contain loong. Historically known as the "island chain policy", Japan plays an important role in this policy! Japan consists of Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, Hokkaido and Ryukyu Islands, with a population of over 100 million. The political system is implemented, the monarchy is constitutional, and the Prime Minister is exclusively responsible. The highest head of state is the emperor, who is inherited by the royal male line (although the crown prince of Japan can't have a son now, it seems that Japan will have the first female emperor). Japan's Mikado system was established in the sixth century and has continued to this day, but the origin of the emperor has been verified. Unable to stand the test, Japanese feelings for China experienced a tortuous development process in history, from worship to superstition, from worship to awe, from sympathy to contempt, and then to the sinister intention of swallowing "teachers"! As early as the Tang Dynasty, Japan sent envoys to study in China, and successively sent 13 batches of envoys. With the civil strife in Japan, there are many frictions between China and Japan, the most famous of which is Qi Jiguang's invasion of China. The first formal conflict between China and Japan began when Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Japan's most famous war maniac, invaded Korea, but this time it ended in our great victory. In the Yuan Dynasty, Mongols sent ships to attack Japan three times, but all three times were "Japanese kamikaze". Because of this, Fengshen occupies a special historical position in Japan! Generally speaking, before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japan was in a state of fear of China. Compared with China, China has been ahead for a long time! However, it is precisely in modern history that a great man, Emperor Meiji, came out of Japan and influenced the whole world. He changed Japan and Sino-Japanese relations. He made Japan a rich country in Qiang Bing, and it was this small country that became rich, which brought a devastating blow to China and even the whole of Asia ... It was this tiny place that made us understand that resistance is more important than anything else, and self-improvement is more urgent than anything else! In modern history, it was this small country that did the greatest harm to the Chinese nation. From the beginning of the reform, he was like a gambler, fighting for every benefit with all his efforts. 1894, Emperor Meiji gambled for a century. He used the power of Japan to launch the Sino-Japanese War. This time, he won the first bucket of gold for prosperity, China lost, and we lost the interests of Beiyang Navy and North Korea. Japan won for the first time, but it won't be the last time. They bet more. They defeated Russia, annexed Korea, and seized the interests of Northeast China! This is the success of gambling again and again. They thought they could bankrupt China, but the Chinese nation has never been afraid of being violated and has always been an unyielding nation. We told them with practical actions that the your Prize is gone, and we are sorry ... you are bankrupt! http://www.newzgjs.org/dispbbs.asp? board id = 23 & amp； id= 1289。 page= 1

Japanese history

Inheriting chaos for a long time

1 199 (the first year of Zheng Zhi) Yuan Lailai, the founder of Kamakura shogunate, died, and his son Lai Jia, who was only 18 years old, succeeded to the throne as a general. Lai's family is good at archery, but lacks his father's political ability and authority. He acted arbitrarily, reused his father-in-law, and crowded out the shogunate elders, causing dissatisfaction among many royal families. Under the auspices of Masako Kitajima, the wife of the Yuan Dynasty, Lai's family was first deprived of the right to judge, and then the agreement system of 13 elders making major decisions was formed. 1200, the current political situation in North Island uprooted the Lai family. 1203, Lai family was placed under house arrest, and at the same time, his father-in-law's family was destroyed. His younger brother was appointed as a general and took charge of the shogunate in the name of an auxiliary general, which was called "executive power".

The following year, politics killed Lai Jia, but under the opposition of his son, politics was forced to retire, and his son Yoshida Kita was in charge of the curtain politics. In 12 13, Yi Shi Crime Prevention Office was replaced by Tian Yisheng and his family, which consolidated its administrative position. But at this time, the real dynasty was an adult, and actively participated in the curtain politics, loved popular culture and had a good relationship with the court. 12 19. Shi Chao was killed by his nephew Gong Xiao on his way to the ceremony of taking office as the right minister. Gong Xiao was also killed and Genji was beheaded. Yi hoped to make the prince of the royal family a general, but was opposed by Emperor Goto Jiazi, so he had to let Genji's distant relative Fujiwara be a general in Beijing and continue to master the shogunate himself. From then on, the general became a puppet.

The struggle within the shogunate gave the court, which was already dissatisfied with the Wu regime, an opportunity to try to restore public power. 1 198, Emperor Goto baiocco, who started the imperial administration, actively took measures to strengthen the economic strength of the imperial court, and attracted the warriors in Feng Jingen and the royal family who were dissatisfied with the North Sub-family through land grant. In addition to the "Northern Warriors" organization, he also established the "Western Warriors" organization. The emperor refused the request of the North Island Justice to allow the Prince to be a shogun, and in May 122 1, he issued a court announcement to the warriors of various countries who attacked the North Island. It lasted for three years, so it was called "inheritance chaos". However, there were not many samurai who responded to the imperial court, and at the instigation of Hideki Kitajima, most of the royal family regrouped under the shogunate and marched from Kamakura to the East China Sea, Dongshan and Hokuriku in the direction of Kyoto. Faced with 1.9 million shogunate troops, more than 10,000 imperial troops collapsed at the touch of a button. In less than a month, the shogunate army defeated the imperial army and occupied Kyoto. The shogunate established a new emperor, exiled Goto baiocco and other three emperors to outlying islands, and executed nobles and warriors who participated in the plan. The punishment of the emperor and the execution of the nobles were unprecedented, which had a great impact on the society at that time. The shogunate confiscated 3,000 pieces of territory of nobles and warriors who participated in the begging, and put them under the direct jurisdiction of the shogunate, and appointed the royal family who made meritorious deeds in this civil strife as Xintian, which was called "Xintian", and decided on the salary standard of Xintian. In addition, the shogunate also set up the "Six Polos Mansion" in Kyoto, with Kitajishi's younger brother Kitajishi Shifang and his son Kitaji Taishi as its chief officers-"Exploring the Six Polos" to replace the former guardians of Kyoto. In addition to guarding Kyoto and supervising royal activities, his duties also include commanding the royal family in West Japan and taking charge of the administration and justice in West Japan. After the "long chaos", the imperial court lost the power to own the army, and the succession to the throne and government politics were also decided by the shogunate, and the state power was seriously tilted towards martial arts.

1224, Yoshishi Kitajima died, and Oeno Hiromoto and Masako Kitajima also died the following year. Taishi Kitajima, who was in charge of the shogunate, carried out a series of reforms in view of the current disadvantages. Firstly, the system of arbitrary administrative power was changed, and the post of "joint signature" was set up in 1 125, and his uncle Beidao served as the post of assistant administrative power in charge of government affairs; At the same time, the 1 1 royal family who is proficient in government affairs is appointed as the highest decision-making body of the shogunate, and major administrative and judicial affairs are decided through consultation with the executive power and the joint meeting; Secondly, in 1232, the martial law order of "Defence Success or Failure Order" (also known as "Zhen Yong Order") was formulated, which outlined the administrative and judicial rules, codes of conduct and ethics that warriors at all levels should abide by in simple and easy-to-understand language, requiring them to strictly observe their duties, not to sell their private interests to the public, and not to exceed their authority. It is strictly forbidden that "there is no state department to hinder state affairs and there is no land to make profits", and the grandson of the Northern Article Taishi came to power, further improving the political system centered on administrative power. That is, in 1249, a "referee" composed of several officials was established, whose duty is to assist in evaluating the documents and judgments of the public. At the same time, Shilai wiped out the powerful families in the North Island, concentrated the power of the shogunate on the direct family of the North Island-"Dezong", abolished the generals from the Fujiwara family, and established the prince who was completely at the mercy of the shogunate as the general.

In the Kamakura era, the phenomenon of samurai lords became more and more obvious. Warriors called "royalty" are landlords, while those "non-royalty" warriors are usually appointed as village officials to manage servants, followers and farmers for agricultural production. The children of samurai have the right to inherit, and after separation, they obey the orders of their own families and form a big family. The patriarch's name is Bi Ling, who leads family members to fight in wartime and usually leads their children to Kyoto or Kamakura as guards. Members of rya do not participate in military activities, but they can also become landlords or royalty. The marriage system prevails, but they still use their original surnames after marriage. Samurai live in the "Samurai Hall" and practice riding and shooting martial arts at ordinary times, and gradually form a "martial arts culture" that emphasizes bravery, etiquette, honesty, integrity and frugality. Farmers are divided into upper-class farmers and lower-class farmers. They are the main labor force engaged in agriculture, paying about 30% of the harvest as "annual tribute", and also paying "official merchants" of local products to provide corvee called "husband service". At that time, agriculture, Niu Geng, chemical fertilizer, waterwheels, etc. It has been popularized, but the life of farmers is still difficult, so they often take famous owners as the head to resist the oppression and exploitation of landlords and lords, and the means are mostly litigation and escape. Nevertheless, due to the improvement of productivity and the development of cash crops, handicrafts and trade have also developed, and regular fairs and monetary economy have emerged. A large amount of Song money was imported into Japan. By the end of the Kamakura shogunate, 84% of the transactions were conducted in currency, and usury, long-distance remittance and wholesale "asking pills" appeared at the same time.

Label: Japan's historical chaos

Passed by on June 2006-1016: 39 | History | Comments

The more exciting part of the Pingjia story

A few days ago, staki left a message in the comments and made a small survey about The Tale of the Ping Family: As a reader of The Tale of the Ping Family, if you want to recommend this novel to everyone, which part do you think is the most exciting and can best represent the style of the work?

I just saw it today I will put it forward after the reply, and everyone who is interested will also talk about it. My favorite parts are: 1. The story of "Fierce Horse", which is the story of Sasaki Shiro Gorkon after he got "Raw Food". The character of Kanto samurai is very distinct.

Of course, the death of Ping Dunsheng, which I once said, is a very classic contrast between the Kanto samurai and the nobles who are used to court life.

In Japan, the story of the Pingjia family is usually compared with The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. For the first time in the history of Japanese literature, there appeared a hero who was brave and sharp, leaping forward with a horizontal gun, which changed the characteristics of heian period's novels, such as elegant writing style and touching brushwork. In addition to the two paragraphs mentioned above, you can also look at the death of Muzeng. Imai got the news that Muzeng was dead:

A fierce battle is going on in Imai Kojiro. Hearing this cry, he said, "water under the bridge. Who am I fighting for? Everyone in the eastern countries, please have a look! This is the first example of a tough guy who committed suicide in Japan! " Say that finish, insert the tip of the knife into your mouth, dismount your head first, and die through your throat.

Is it very different from Genji's story?

Heck's story

Japanese medieval historical war novels. The author is unknown. Formerly known as Pingqu, also known as Pingjia Pipa, there are only three volumes of Taiwanese version, which is accompanied by blind artists with pipa. After the storyteller's singing and supplement, and some literati's arrangement and transformation, the current biography of 65438 in1201~1221was initially formed.

The Story of Pingjia mainly tells the story of Pingjia headed by Pingqingsheng. It can be divided into two parts according to the content. The first six volumes describe the prosperity and arrogance of Pingjia. The last seven volumes mainly describe the war course of the two samurai groups in Yuanping, and render the tragic ending of Pingjia's final destruction. The Story of the Ping Family revolves around the central clue of the Ping family's prosperity and decline, and artistically reproduces the historical picture that the old aristocratic class declined and was gradually replaced by the emerging samurai class at the end of the Ping Dynasty, and the samurai group that rose on the political stage was assimilated by the nobles and swallowed up by the local powerful samurai group. Although the author intends to blame Ping's death on their evil deeds, objectively speaking, "aristocratization" is the crux of Ping's decline. The greatest artistic achievement of Pinghua is to create a heroic image that has never appeared in literary works of past dynasties. The appearance of these images indicates that Japanese classical literature has created a new tradition completely different from dynasty literature, and has had a far-reaching impact on later literature.

Source level war

That is, the battle between Yuan and Ping, known as "Controlling the Immortality" in history, refers to a series of wars fought by Genji and Shi Ping for power during the six years from1185 in Heian period.

The war between Yuan and Ping had a great influence on Japanese history. It shows the gradual rise of the samurai group and the rapid decline of the Communist Youth League. After the Yuan Ping War, Yuan Lai became a general in 1 192, and set up a governor in Kamakura, which opened the Kamakura shogunate period and opened the shogunate political system that lasted for more than 700 years.

A man who steps on the tiger's tail comes from a noble style.

This ill-fated film, shot in the same month of Japan's surrender, premiered on 1952. When people discuss Kurosawa's film, they seldom talk about it.

My interest in it originated from The Original Meaning Classic. Yuan Yijing is known as the God of War in Japan. Although Takeda Shingen, Uesugi Chinobu and even Nogi Maresuke were all named the God of War, Yuan Yijing is still one of the most legendary.

Yuan Yijing lost his father when he was a child, and later helped his half-brother Yuan Laichao to crusade against Pingjia. He rode seven times down the cliff in the Valley of One Valley, disrupting the Ping family's position from behind and defeating the dominant Ping family team in one fell swoop. However, it is a pity that doubt is human nature, Kurosawa said at the beginning of the film. After Yi Jing destroyed Ping Jia, Yuan Laichao was afraid of his ambition to usurp the throne and ordered the killing of Yi Jing. This is where the story of stepping on the tiger's tail begins.

In the film, I Ching seems to be a weak aristocratic son, but this is only a superficial phenomenon. I ching is short and handsome, but he is a legendary master of kendo. During my wandering life before I met Lai Chao and commanded the army, I Ching met thousands of people who robbed for a living and beheaded evil monks in Wuqiao. One argument is that Hua Qing took a fancy to the broadsword of the Book of Changes, and the gossip is that Hua Qing took a fancy to the Book of Changes himself. In short, after a fierce battle, Wuji Qing was defeated and surrendered to Yijing for the rest of his life.

Is this statement reliable? Can the weak aristocratic image coincide with the master of kendo? In particular, there are rumors that Yijing accidentally lost his bow in the last big naval battle with Pingjia, and he quickly jumped off the boat to salvage it. Afterwards, he said it was because his Gonta was soft, and he would be laughed at if he was picked by his opponent.

These two images are actually not contradictory. Because of the role of weapons, physical qualities such as strength and speed take second place, while technology and experience can determine the outcome. For example, some of the masters of the popular Filipino knife and stick (kali) are over 90 years old and can't walk neatly. But once you give him a knife in his hand, three or five ordinary armed men will be easily defeated by him, which is difficult to do with his bare hands. Weapons will effectively amplify technological advantages.

Yuan Yijing was regarded as an extraordinary aristocratic childe image as soon as he appeared. According to historical records, when Yuan Lai Chao was hunted down and a group of people went through the customs in disguise, his hard-to-hide aristocratic temperament aroused the suspicion of the officers and men guarding the customs. There were seven people at that time, dressed as monks and porters. In order to avoid Yi Jing being discovered, Huaqing reprimanded him and pushed Yi Jing to the ground to blame. The soldiers guarding the customs thought that no one dared to hit their master and the porter could not be a serious book, so they spared them.

However, even such a noble son is just the commander-in-chief of a rude warrior in the Pingjia story. Prince Ping Jia is the real aristocrat who has lived in Kyoto for a long time. The confrontation between the rough Kanto samurai and the flat aristocrats who were used to the elegant imperial life in the Yuan-Ping War has always been the most sympathetic part. Its influence on people led to the birth of many romantic literature, which became the source of japanese theatre and Kabuki in the future.

Pintonson's story can best reflect this point in The Story of the Ping Family. Pinton is versatile, proficient in melody and good at playing the flute. On February 6th, the two armies of Yuan Ping confronted each other in a valley. At midnight, Sudden couldn't sleep. Now he takes out his beloved famous flute "Xiaozhi" and plays a song. Late at night, the moon is high and the clouds are light, the fields are silent, and the elegant flute is far away. Not only in this phalanx, but also in the enemy lines, some people woke up, listened attentively and were full of praise.

The bear valley in Genji array is straightforward, with infinite strength, high martial arts and rough temperament. He listened attentively and clapped his hands and applauded: "I don't want this elegant man in the flat array. When the war started, the flute sounded clear and moving, and there was no sign of confusion."

The next day, in a fierce battle, Yijing plunged into the next valley in Ma Chong from the cliff, and the Pingjun army was defeated. Kojiro went straight to the beach and saw a boat riding a samurai to the bay, riding a horse into the sea and swimming five or six miles. Xiong Gu shouted, "Hey, I think you are a general. Aren't you ashamed to run away from the enemy? " Come back early! "Raise the fan to say hello, and the man turned around. When he was about to reach the shore, Jiro Kumatani jumped forward to confront him, immediately shot him down, held him down and cut off his head. Taking off his helmet, it turned out to be a boy of sixteen or seventeen, only about the same age as his youngest son. How to add up a sword! So he said, "Who are you? Tell me your name and I can save you. " "Who are you?" "I am an ordinary person, a resident of Musashi, Kojiro Kumatani, and I am straightforward." "So, met you, I don't want to pan. I'm a decent opponent for you. I don't need to say my name. You beheaded and asked, and people recognized me. "

Hearing this, Kojiro Kumatani thought, "He is really a great general. Forget it, give him a break. " But looking back, more than 50 cycling teams have followed up. Xiong Gu pitied the boy and didn't know what to do, so she cried and took the boy's head. At the same time, take down the flute that the man put in the brocade bag and hang it around his waist.

Later, when he showed the flute to the Book of Changes, people shed tears. The boy is sixteen-year-old Pinton. Since then, it has been circulated among the people as a sad story and sung everywhere. The famous passage in Ping Dunsheng's Dance of Martyrdom is Nobuyuki ODA's favorite song in the future:

Compared with the sky, fifty years on earth is nothing. Look at the world like water. Once in your life, and then now. It is this kind of bodhi, full of annoyance. You are going to Kyoto at the moment, if you see Dunsheng Qing's head! Looking around the world, there are no immortals within the sea and sky.

Yuanyijing

Yuan Yijing (1159—11May 8917th), son of Minamotono Yoshitomo and Chang Pan. Shortly after Yi Jing was born, her mother often went to Ping Qingsheng, the enemy who killed her husband, to seek refuge in order to save her young children.

Yijing was sent to Anma Temple as a monk at the age of 8, and changed his name to King Zana. Yuan Yijing spent his boyhood in a temple, where he studied the art of war and fencing.

In adulthood, it was renamed Yuan Yijing, also known as Yuan Jiulang Yijing, Judge Yijing and Imperial Cao Siyiyijing.

Later, under the half-brother Yuan Laichao, he commanded Yuan Jiajun and became the biggest hero of Yuan Pingjia's annihilation. Later, because of disagreement with Yuan Laichao, it caused conflicts and finally committed suicide at the age of 365,438+0.

Shimahara uprising

In the early days of the edo shogunate in Japan, farmers and Catholics in Kyushu Island and Caotiandao Peninsula revolted against the feudal oppression and religious persecution of the shogunate. Also known as Shimahara and Cao Tian Uprising. 1637 broke out and failed the following year.

Shimahara and Cao Tian are Catholic missionary centers in Japan. Zhong Yuan, who successively owned this place, and You Xin are all Catholics. Since 16 12, the edo shogunate has strengthened the persecution of Catholics while implementing the policy of locking up the country. After Ma Zhichun owned the island, Matsukura used cold water, fire roasting, branding, acupuncture, sawing bamboo and boiling sulfur water to force believers to convert. He also built many buildings in this area. In order to please the shogunate, he took the initiative to bear huge military taxes, supported the construction of Edo City, and increased the burden on farmers. After his son Matsukura attacked his home, he became famous and his exploitation was particularly cruel. After 1634, after years of poor harvests, farmers were unable to pay annual tribute and various miscellaneous taxes, and they were tortured by matsukura. Shize, the owner of Caotian Island, which is separated from the island by water, also persecuted farmers and Catholics by the same means.

1October 25th, 1637, 10. For the first time, farmers who knew Tianjin by mouth held banners of righteousness, and nearby villages responded in succession, killing officials one by one, and farmers and Christians in Cao Tian began to take action. The uprising people elected the young Yi Tian Shizhen (also known as Amakusa Shirō) as the leader, and Yi tianhao's second-class Catholics, ronin and samurai as staff officers. They quickly controlled the southern part of the island's original peninsula and most of Caotianda, but attacked the island's original city on the peninsula and Youxiang city on Caotiandao, losing one after another. 65438+ At the beginning of February, the shogunate ordered Bancang Chongchang to lead an army to suppress it. Nearly 40,000 rebels and their families occupied the deserted city with Mars on the peninsula and held on to it in danger. Rebels stubbornly resisted, and Bancang failed in both attacks. 1638 Bancang was killed during the storm on New Year's Day. 65438+1October 14, the old Zhong Song arrived at Shimahara with an average filial rate of 12 thousand troops and shelled the original city with Dutch warships 14 days. In order to break the siege of the Mufan army, the rebels often attack the enemy at night and seize the opportunity to seize food and ammunition. However, due to being trapped for a long time, it was difficult to supply, and finally the ammunition was exhausted. On February 27th, Songping Xingang launched a general attack, and on the 28th, the city fell. More than 10,000 insurgents headed by Yitian Shizhen, men, women and children, were killed.

Shimahara Uprising had a great influence on the Edo shogunate. In order to alleviate the peasants' resistance, Katsuya Matsukura was beheaded for failure, and Terazawa's territory was confiscated. Since then, the shogunate strictly implemented the policy of banning religion and promoted the final completion of the ban system (see the ban order).