Quzhou folk cultural activities

Most She people live in mountainous areas, mainly planting rice and sweet potatoes, but also engaged in forestry, tea and hunting. She women have no custom of foot binding, and go to fields and mountains like men. However, men are used to not carrying water or growing vegetables; Women don't plow or rake. There is no such pressure now.

On the third day after the calf with three eggs was born, Niu held a banquet to invite his family and neighbors in the village to distribute marijuana seeds to the children in the village. On this day, cows eat brown sugar mixed with rice and drink yellow wine mixed with eggs and brown sugar. Bisu has disappeared today.

Lace dress The collar, sleeves, right lapel and trouser legs of women's wear are all inlaid with lace, and the sleeves and trouser legs are large and small. The bride wears bracelets, collars, earrings and other silver ornaments and a hat in the shape of a dog's head. Men wear double-breasted clothes and large straight pants. At the wedding, the bride tied her waist and knitted ribbons. Both men and women use blue cloth to tie their legs. There are not many people wearing national costumes now.

Taste the new rice and new valley, and invite the elders to taste the new rice. The oldest person eats the first bite of new rice, picks a little rice from the bowl on the table with chopsticks to indicate that there is still more than one year, and then everyone takes a seat. Before that, newly harvested rice was not allowed to be put in your mouth or even touched with your lips. As soon as the sickle is opened, it is necessary to cut a few ears of rice and rice stalks to feed the cows, so that they can taste fresh things. This custom still exists today.

In the past, most drafts lived in Maopu, with mud as the wall and straw and thatch as the cover, which was called "draft". Divided into three rooms, the central hall, with ancestral incense tables against the wall; Right kitchen; Left bedroom. The upper part of the bedroom is made of bamboo, covered with mud and turned into a mud building. The bedroom with mud building is called "earth library". There are no more people alive in the draft.

Dig a long pit in front of the stove in the stove hall, called the stove hall, to keep warm, depending on the family population and social needs of the big /J ship. In cold weather, guests, diners and singers are all sitting around the fire, so guests should wait until they enter the kitchen to pay their respects. On New Year's Eve, a burning firewood root should be buried in the hot ash of the kitchen pond for the night, which is called "Boiled Year Pig", and the firewood root cannot be extinguished. This custom was abolished today.

Zudan is composed of two bamboo boxes, 1 contains only ancestral incense burners and utensils, and the other 1 contains 1 sets of paintings of ancestors. The map is more than 20 meters long and 0.5 meters wide, drawing more than 20 historical series of She nationality. Zudan is the clan's public ownership, not private ownership. When a sacrificial ceremony is held, portraits of ancestors must be hung.

In the old society, people with the same surname who were greedy for money did not marry others, but people with different surnames could marry; Now travelers can get married after five generations. There is no discrimination when a man is adopted by his wife. In the old society, there were "adopted sons" besides child brides. During the Republic of China, local Han people occasionally married She women, but not women married She people. At present, there are no taboos for intermarriage.

Singing all night on festivals and festive occasions is an integral part of etiquette activities. Marry a woman, hire a female singer to sing duet with the "Tooth Lang" given by the man, including songs to persuade wine, songs to marry a woman, wedding songs and so on. If you come to sing a good song for a guest, then young people of different sexes will come to sing a song. Before singing, everyone should collect some money for the singer among the guests, and the host will entertain everyone with supper. There are fixed historical songs, story songs, etc. And the traditional songs that answer each other's questions are more improvisational songs. On the way to work and going out, young men and women can also sing, which is called' singing folk songs'. There are people who love each other because of this. It is necessary to worship ancestors, make meritorious deeds and sing. The internal form is regular, but it is wrong to just sing without practicing. She people still like singing, but antithesis is no longer popular among young people.

When investigating strangers of the same nationality who come to visit, use secret language; If you ask, "How many bamboos do you want in a row?" ? If the visitor's surname is Lan, reply "Liulai". If his surname is Lei or Zhong, he will answer "Wu Lai". If tourists can answer, they should be distinguished guests. Outsiders should learn secret words and keep them strictly confidential: some old people still know some secret words.

Ask the cake matchmaker to be the matchmaker for the woman, and bring two packages of cakes called "please cake". The woman accepted one package and expressed her willingness to consider this marriage. The woman went back to the man on a blind date and said she didn't agree to the marriage. If you don't answer the question, it's basically a foregone conclusion.

Longyou Mu Chen She Nationality's Basic Customs in the Process of Marriage

After young men and women fall in love freely (in the past, adults had the final say), they should choose an auspicious day to get married (usually men marry women).

(1) Women's Marriage

On the wedding day, the man went to marry the woman. There is a matchmaker, parents-in-law, two tooth lang (as front teeth lang and tooth lang zi), two girls (to receive the bride) and four sedan chairs. With a small basket, Chilang picked out the gifts specified in the new gift list: pork, chicken, fish, incense gifts-hoof fat, candles, candy, firecrackers, cigarettes, 2-4 kilograms of noodles, two sugar cane, a piece of cloth (called rat tail, for the bride's mother) and so on. When the bride's house approaches, firecrackers are set off to show that the bride is coming, and the woman's house also sets off firecrackers.

Block the door: When the man's wedding personnel want to enter the bride's house, the young men and women of the woman will half-open the door and not let them in, singing the folk song of blocking the door: "Red Lang stands in front of the door, and I will block the door for ten minutes. Hold my hand with a pair of red envelopes, and I will open you with a red envelope. " The door is easy to open, but it just won't open. I want to bring cigarettes and sugar, hold my hand, bring sugar and cigarettes. There are a pair of red envelopes and five generations of red envelopes. Five generations of red envelopes hold my hand, and red envelopes open the door. "The man sent the prepared red envelopes, candy and cigarettes one by one, and finally sent five red envelopes tied together (called five generations of men) before opening the door to let the wedding personnel enter the house.

Catching a sting (called catching a frog): Girls and teenagers offer warm water for the wedding attendants to wash their faces. After everyone washes their faces, they spread cloth on their faces and put a red envelope on their faces.

Gift money: the matchmaker and in-laws give the gift money specified in the gift money list to the woman's first-degree relatives, such as father and uncle. If one is missing or the number is reduced, the in-laws must make up for it.

Borrow (borrow): the woman and the woman collect all the kitchen utensils, the man is the janitor, and Chilangdong borrows them. When borrowing utensils, Chilang wants to borrow (borrow). "Superior in-laws and mothers, grandparents, uncles and aunts, borrowed by next-door neighbors. Lend me your aunt and aunt as a good baby, lend me a flint knife (match or lighter), lend you a gold shoulder pole, a silver water tank, and a flowing gold shoulder pole and a silver tank ... Thanks to the help of menstruation menstruation, cook early and eat early, and the bride and groom pay homage early. "

The girl prepares zongzi and hat for Chilang to wear, and the girl carries water with Chilang. After the pool waves carried water to a certain distance, the girl deliberately threw the sediment into the bucket, and the water was not clean, so she dragged the pool waves to carry water again. Cutting the red lang has repeatedly enhanced the intimacy of the lively scene.

Urge the bride: About half of the banquet, the in-laws use small firecrackers to urge the bride to leave the mother's door early in the morning. The first time, they set off firecrackers outside the door, the second time in nave, and the third time, they put firecrackers outside the bride's room. Every time the matchmaker and in-laws set off firecrackers, they got a lecture in front of the director.

Mother's crying wedding: the director (the person who manages the bride's marriage and does some concrete things) puts the rice screen on the floor of the nave, puts red paper on the screen, puts a mirror, a ruler and a pair of scissors on it, and her uncle carries the bride to the rice screen. The director stood next to the bride, and her parents, brothers, sisters and the first lady stood around. First of all, Niang took the bride's hand and sang folk songs while crying. "Today, it is very painful to support a married woman. When I was a child, I slept in my mother's bed. When I was a child, it was a big deal. When I was a child, I always formed a couple. Today, I am worried about marrying a woman. I slept with my mother when I was a child. I was uncomfortable with my daughter when I was a child. Married to a distant place when I came. Wives, don't talk too much, don't talk too much, don't talk too much, think about what is good and what is not good, there is more work to do at home. A daughter-in-law should be sincere, be polite to others, make up with her aunt and sister-in-law, and unite at home. " Then the director instructed the bride to invite her parents, uncle, elder sister, parents-in-law to her house to play, and one of them would give the bride a red envelope. (congratulations)

Bride gets on the sedan chair: the bride is carried on the sedan chair by her uncle. When carrying it, the bride rolled two red eggs outside the door, indicating that she had left home. The matchmaker and in-laws hope that the bride's parents, grandparents, uncles, sisters and brothers will thank them and say goodbye.

Receiving Uncle: After the bride's sedan chair is carried out, the matchmaker and in-laws receive Uncle to the man's house for dinner, and help carry the cake bags, cigarettes and red envelopes wrapped by Uncle to the man's usher.

(2) A man's wedding

When the bride is carried to the road and someone gets in the way to ask for candy, the matchmaker or in-laws must distribute candy and cigarettes to everyone in the yes-man. (Introduction to Song of Road Blocking)

When the bride's sedan chair was about to be carried to the groom's house, both sides set off firecrackers and received it.

Drink brown sugar tea: As soon as the sedan chair is carried into the in-laws' house, the bride rolls in two red eggs (indicating that the bride is married from her mother's family to her in-laws' house). Then, the director of the man served the bride brown sugar tea and sang folk songs. "The bride dressed up in a sedan chair, sedan chair carried in the past, sedan chair carefully carried down. The sedan chair came down carefully, and the brown sugar tea was served to the bride. After eating the sugar tea, the sedan chair came down. After eating sugar tea in class, the groom dressed up and waited for worship. If the class waited for worship, the cloth bag was spread out. The cloth bag is handed down from generation to generation to the lang room, from generation to generation to the groom's room, and the bride is 10 million years old. "

The choreographer asked the bride to get out of the sedan chair and help her stand in the central hall. Another choreographer accompanied the groom to the central hall to hold a ceremony in memory of the bride. The present form is that the bride goes to her husband's house. Before entering the room, the director helped the bride sit on the bench, put on her husband's new shoes, and then went into the room to pay homage. When meeting the bride, the man's parents and the woman's uncle both avoid)

Pass on the family line: boys and girls finally light candles and pass them on according to the bride and groom. The two directors spread the bags on the ground and let the bride and groom step on the room above. Several bags were used in turn until they slowly walked to the bed. The bride and groom were standing by the bed, and the director brought two boiled eggs and gave each one a bite (meaning to eat and live together).

Toast: When the banquet goes on for a certain time, both the bride and groom should toast the guests. (It means to welcome the guests, and it means to express gratitude. )

Roommate: After the banquet, the guests usually step back and put away the bowls and lights. Then the two directors invited the man's parents and grandparents to stand in the central hall, and the bride and groom stood below, smiling and bowing to their elders (showing respect for their elders). Then the directors sent the bride and groom to the bridal chamber, closed the door and set off small firecrackers from the side of the room.

Send shoes: The next morning, the bride makes a cup of white sugar tea for the guests present, presents a pair of new shoes to the parents of her husband's family (to show the cleverness of her new wife), and the parents return the gift with red envelopes.

Send uncle: the bride and groom go back to the bride's house together. The groom will send his uncle first, and then go directly to the bride's house with her.

Worship teachers

In the past, in order to inherit others, most Quyi artists had to accept apprentices. At the same time, a teacher usually only takes one apprentice. There must be a "recommendation head" (introducer) to recommend you before you join the teacher, and you must send a gift when you meet for the first time. Gifts vary in size, but at least two bottles of wine, a pig's head, two bags (cakes and sweets) and a red envelope are needed. When the master receives the gift, he is willing to accept the apprentice; If you return the gift, you refuse to accept it. Formal apprenticeship requires the conclusion of an apprenticeship contract (that is, deed, also known as contract and letter), the contents of which are generally the time and rules of apprenticeship. ). The appointment for teaching must indicate "recommender" (introducer), "center person" (witness) and "guarantor" (guarantor). There are also three types. The teacher's letter of appointment can only take effect if the parents sign it. Then choose a good day, with red candles burning high, and hold a ceremony for offering sacrifices to teachers. Worship the "heaven and earth" first, and then kowtow to the master. Before kowtowing, you should say, "Disciple XXX, I would like to learn art in the name of my teacher, and I will respect the teacher and keep the rules, and I will not change ...". After reading it, I kowtowed to the teacher and handed in my letter of appointment. Funded by the apprentice's family, the teacher wine was set up to reward the master and all the people who attended the ceremony. After liberation, it was simplified for artists to learn from teachers, but they also had to hold a certain ceremony to learn from teachers. For example, the apprentice's family should set up a table of wine to honor the teacher, invite the master and the elders of local cadres, write down the apprenticeship agreement before taking a seat, pay the tuition fee, and then take rations and daily necessities and change clothes to the master's family to start an artist career.

Generally speaking, it takes three years to be a teacher (if you learn quickly, you can shorten the graduation time, but it takes three years to formally graduate). Apprentices under the age of three who have the ability to perform are all paid by their masters (some masters also give their apprentices pocket money). During the apprenticeship, you are not allowed to transfer to other departments. During the day, the apprentice will help the master to work in the fields, and when he comes back, he will also help the master's mother to do housework and take care of the children. Most of them work during the day and study at night. The master went out to perform, and the apprentice was carrying luggage and props. The master is singing, the apprentice is listening and taking notes. In summer, the apprentice will fan the master, send hot tea to the master in winter, light cigarettes and wash clothes for the master every day. The apprentice is not allowed to make any noise when eating with the master. He should finish eating before the master, which is the saying, "The master eats first, and the apprentice puts the bowl first." Apprentices can only eat vegetarian coarse vegetables. Even if the owner of the rice bowl asks for meat and vegetables, the apprentice can't eat them. Only the owner can eat a piece of fat. At the end, the apprentice should pack up props, give the master face washing water, make the bed and do other chores. After three years as a teacher, some students have to help the teacher for three years (commonly known as "part-time"). Helping a teacher for three years is to earn money by performing arts for the master for free. All the money earned is given to the master, and then the master pays the apprentice pocket money, which can not exceed half of the money earned at most. After the expiration of the "part-time job", apprentices can make a living by doing business alone. There are also apprentices who work for the master for a month for nothing, and all the money earned is left to the master, even if it starts. In the past, most artists couldn't read, so they had to learn by ear until they learned all the songs in the master's stomach.

At the beginning, we should put on "full teacher's wine" and hold a banquet to reward the teacher's teaching. There are also masters who offer wine with money, entertain celebrities from their peers or places, and ask them to make friends with their disciples, paving the way for future performances and having a look after them.

end

Daoqing rap, generally no ceremony is held, there is no custom like opera performance, and it is not limited by occasions and stages. As long as a table, several stools or a door panel are put together, the artist will get on the bus and sit down, slightly higher than the audience. After the audience took their seats, they counted the fishing drums repeatedly and began to sing after the venue was quiet. At the beginning of the performance, the artist introduced himself, made a brief introduction and said some pleasantries such as "Please forgive me". Then at the beginning, he briefly introduced the contents of the concert. At the time of introduction, the artist also expressed it in the form of lyrics, commonly known as "Qumao". The introduction of the plot is mainly to enable the audience to grasp the context of the plot and understand it during the singing process; In addition, it is also a common technique used by artists to catch the attention of the audience and arouse everyone's appetite.

Artists should sing "The Beach Play" before singing the original. You will know whether it is good or not after listening to "The Beach Play".

In the past, when some local artists entered a village, they had to meet the local gentlemen, directors and parents first. In case of a local performance by a teacher or a colleague, you should meet the teacher first, then worship the colleague, and get their consent before singing. Its rule is "the teacher is the biggest, and the first one is the biggest". When performing in a place, you should write a song praising the local scenery and customs, and sing it before the formal singing. Every year in the first month, before the first performance, we should worship our ancestors. Grandpa varies from place to place and can call himself grandpa. There is also a grandfather who respects the teacher and respects the road.

Production habit

Quzhou is located in the western border of Zhejiang, where fishing and salt are not beneficial, and agriculture is the main industry. "Eating poor is not just about changing jobs", as the folk proverb says: "Money comes from yamen, a cigarette; Business money, sixty years; Agricultural money, for thousands of years. " Production customs mostly reflect rural farming.

marry

In the old days of engagement, marriage was important, and there were some sayings, such as "the right match", "the life of parents, the words of a matchmaker". Both men and women have no autonomy, which is like buying and selling marriage.

To get married, you should first find a matchmaker to make peace. All courtiers are men who go to women's houses to ask for help, and no woman asks for men. When you entertain the matchmaker, you must prepare wine and food as gifts for the guests. As the saying goes, "If you can't get married, send 120 bottles of wine." After the two sides agree, the man will accompany him to the woman's house for a "blind date". After the woman agrees, parents or brothers, as well as matchmakers or relatives, will accompany the girl to the man's house to "see others." After the blind date, the man chooses a lucky day and the trustee brings a gift to ask the woman for eight characters (date of birth). After the "Niangeng Post" is withdrawn, please ask the blind fortune teller to "match the eight characters". The eight characters can't collide with each other, such as "Long Hudou", "Two Dragons Divide the Pool" and "Chicken and Rabbit Divide the Cage", which are not suitable for marriage. The man also needs to send eight characters to the woman. When the eight characters coincide, both parents agree to get married, that is, the date is selected by the man's family, and the date of engagement is written on the dragon and phoenix red post, and the matchmaker is invited to send it to the woman's family together with the dowry, which is called "engagement". The woman gave Zhuang Yuan a flower hat, candy and cakes, as well as some embroidery bags and two kinds of evergreen plants, commonly known as "giving back love". After the engagement, men and women are regarded as husband and wife, and others are not allowed to visit relatives and friends.

From engagement to marriage, it takes at least six months to three years. The wedding ceremony is called "Day", which is determined by the fortune teller according to the horoscope. If the wedding date is unfavorable to the daughter-in-law, you can retire and choose another day. One or two days before marriage, the man sends someone to the woman's house to get a dowry, which is called "dowry". Dowry is similar everywhere, and there are generally necessities such as acacia quilt, pillow cabinet, box, drawer table, square stool, foot bucket, child bucket and dressing table. In recent years, dowry has been combined with the old and the new. In the evening, the man gave a banquet for the "greenhouse". On the wedding day, the man sent a sedan chair to greet the bride. Before the bride gets on the sedan chair, both mother and daughter cry, indicating that they are inseparable, which is called "crying marriage". In Jiangshan, the bride's sedan chair is on the road, and her brother hangs his hands on the sedan chair bar and carries it for a while. Commonly known as "hanging the sedan chair bar", it also means that he doesn't want to leave. There are "crying words" in civilized areas, such as "I hope you can see that person, a rising tide lifts all boats, and step by step on the stairs;" Holding lotus flowers makes Tiffany's wife and in-laws happy; Steve went to bed with children and grandchildren all over the room; When Steve walked to the table, copper coins were stuffed everywhere ... Four seasons get rich, and ingots roll in! "When the sedan chair arrives at the groom's house, the bride, supported by Shiva Lishi, steps on the red carpet or sack laid on the ground in turn, which is called" Dai ". Then they get married at the wedding, host a banquet in the evening, and make trouble in the new house after the banquet. Three days after the wedding, the bride and groom go back to their parents' home to visit their in-laws, which is called "going back to their parents' home" and return the same day.

1950 after the promulgation of the marriage law, it advocates marriage autonomy, freedom of love and civilized marriage. The red tape of the old customs has gradually diminished.

Marriage customs In the old society, the marriage customs of counties in Quzhou were roughly the same.

Generally speaking, a child bride's family is not well-off, overpopulated and difficult to support. They are afraid that when their daughters grow up, they can't afford a dowry, some are raised and some are bought. When they grow up and get married, they will also have a wedding. If the man dies before marriage, the child bride will marry as a daughter, and some will never marry.

Adoption, commonly known as "recruiting relatives". The average woman's "daughter-in-law" is because there are no brothers at home. Most of the men adopted by her husband are poor and have many brothers, so they can't get married. The son-in-law adopted by the husband is often discriminated against and can't enter the spectrum. There is a saying that "a daughter-in-law is a good person if she doesn't escape for three years." When recruiting relatives in Changshan area, write the word "recruiting relatives" and put it on the lawn or stone outside the gate to show that it is supervised by the villagers. If you offend the villagers after recruiting relatives, you will often be driven out of the village. Therefore, in the past, son-in-law was regarded as a kind of awe, but now this custom has changed, and son-in-law is protected by law.

Changing relatives, because the two families are poor or have a harmonious relationship, are close to each other and marry each other's daughters as daughters-in-law, which is commonly known as "exchanging treasures for treasures".

Remarriage, commonly known as "second marriage". Widows usually have to be filial for three years before they can remarry, but they are regarded as disgraceful and have no freedom to choose their husbands, so they have to be at the mercy of their clansmen. Widows are mostly poor people who are widowed or unable to marry. The man chooses an auspicious night to get married, and the widow takes a "black rattan sedan chair" or a "blue rattan sedan chair". This custom has been abolished since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC).

Daxi, also known as "Chongxi". After the engagement, the man was seriously ill, and the two sides agreed to get married in advance, and the younger sister replaced the older brother. If a man dies, a woman becomes a widow. In the old society, there was a custom of sharing the same surname without marriage, which has now been abolished.

funeral

Most people are buried after death. In the old society, funeral ceremonies were complicated and full of superstition. When the old man is dying, his children must stand by him until he dies, commonly known as "death". In printed matter, burning straw sandals, umbrellas, bags, incense paper and tin foil is called "sending the travelling expenses". Put the body on the door panel, move it to the right in front of nave or the hall, put seven tiles on your head, cover it with papyrus, put a copper coin wrapped in red paper in your mouth, and light a blue oil lamp at your feet. At the same time, I sent someone to bring an umbrella to my relatives and friends. When visiting relatives and friends, put the umbrella top up and stand on the threshold. When relatives and friends receive terrible news, they will prepare mourning gifts. The son-in-law sends birthday peaches, zongzi, pig heads, whole chickens and whole geese; Ordinary relatives and friends send scented paper, birthday quilts, elegiac couplets, satin quilts, etc. At the time of death, it is commonly known as "falling objects". Wash and change clothes for the deceased before the coffin, then the eldest son holds the head, the daughter or son-in-law holds it in the coffin, puts charcoal and lime bags on it, covers the "shroud" sent by relatives and friends one by one, and the daughter and daughter-in-law submit their names, and finally closes the coffin cover, which is called "sealing material".

Funeral is the most grand and wealthy family. Before the funeral, they asked the Taoist priest to do a three-day and three-night Dojo to cross over the dead. This is called "doing merit". On the day of the funeral, people with status are invited to read the eulogy, burn the gods, and let the children wear hemp Dai Xiao and sandals to meet relatives and friends in the mourning hall. At the funeral, the son-in-law held a grave umbrella and carried a paper bag. Relatives and friends wear white hats, white pockets and hold incense. Gong, drum, suona and paper money hit the cemetery all the way. After the coffin is buried, outline it with bricks. In the evening, prepare "white wine" for the funeral of relatives and friends, and give each person a towel or five or six feet of white cloth, which is called "Xiao Xie". After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), most of the feudal superstitions in funeral were abolished, and funeral was simple. They usually send flowers, wear black gauze and small white flowers, and hold a memorial service to express their condolences. After 1979, cremation gradually spread in cities and towns, and burial is still the main way in rural areas.