Who is the Hun who is a headache for powerful empires such as Qin and Han Dynasties? -

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Xiongnu, the mention of this name will make people feel chilling. This nomadic people, who had been active in northern China for a long time during the Qin and Han Dynasties, was once the most powerful enemy of the Chinese nation.

Tarquin

Thunder-like horseshoes, cold light of swords and blood splashed into the sky like fireworks are the first images people think of when they mention Huns. It seems that they are born to represent strength, speed and killing.

They once brought endless troubles to the Central Plains Dynasty, and even made the powerful Daqin Empire and Dahan Empire have a headache, so they had to try their best to deal with the threat from Xiongnu.

Where did such a powerful Hun come from? Who are they?

Sima Qian, the Taishi Duke, gave his answer in Historical Records: Hungary was fierce; Slave, derogatory. The meat (xūn) porridge (yù) in Xia Dynasty, the ghost prescription in Shang Dynasty, the stubborn (ǔ n) in Zhou Dynasty, the dog Rong in Spring and Autumn Period and the Hu Di in Warring States Period are all the predecessors of Xiongnu.

Northern nomadic people

The dividing line between these nomadic people who invaded the Central Plains repeatedly and the farming people south of the Yellow River is the 400 mm isoprecipitation line, because only when the precipitation is more than 400 mm, it is suitable for farming, otherwise it can only grow grass.

Because nomadic civilization "depends on the sky to eat" is more restricted than farming civilization, they have to migrate with fertile water plants, which is greatly influenced by natural weather.

Once a serious natural disaster occurs, resulting in a shortage of materials, livestock will freeze to death and starve to death, and they will face the threat of survival. This makes them habitually turn internal contradictions into external contradictions-South robbery!

Thus, at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there was a fierce collision between the farming civilization in the Central Plains and the nomadic civilization in the north.

400 mm isoprecipitation line

During the Warring States Period, the three countries of Qin, Yan and Zhao, which were bordered by nomadic people in the northern border area, were all threatened by nomadic people's invasion, especially Zhao, who was the first to bear the brunt, and was attacked by Lou Fan at the same time.

It was not until King Wuling of Zhao was riding a horse and shooting arrows that Zhao had powerful cavalry and archers, which not only expelled and annoyed him, but also made Zhao one of the "Seven Heroes of the Warring States" and even became the most difficult country for Qin Shihuang to destroy the Six Kingdoms.

The defeated and Loufan merged into the rising Xiongnu, which continued to threaten Zhao.

At the end of the Warring States Period, Li Mu, a famous soldier of Zhao, led160,000 troops to attack Xiongnu in the north, and beat hundreds of thousands of tarquin to the ground. "Many people died." Since then, the Huns in the tourist trap have not dared to invade the south for more than ten years.

General Li Mu.

The earliest Xiongnu Khan recorded in history books is Tou Man Khan, which means "a great leader like the son of heaven".

As the king of the first generation of Huns, Tou Man Khan led the Huns to re-examine the Central Plains.

In 22 1 year BC, Qin Shihuang conquered six countries and unified the whole country. In order to prevent the disaster of Xiongnu from spreading to the mainland, in 2 15 BC, Qin Shihuang sent a general Meng Tian to attack Xiongnu with a rate of 300,000 troops in the north, beheading more than 100,000 people, beating Xiongnu from the southern foot of Yinshan Mountain to Mobei, and building a Qin Changcheng to completely isolate Xiongnu from the vast grassland north of the Great Wall.

General Montaigne

But because of the appearance of a man, tarquin regained the power to cross the Great Wall and go south. He is the son of Tou Man Khan, known as "the first Khan in history".

Morton is the eldest son of Tou Man Khan, because E Shi (y ā n zh:, the title of Khan's wife), Tou Man Khan's favorite, gave birth to a son for Tou Man, so Tou Man decided to abolish Prince Morton and change his youngest son to a prince.

He gave Morton to Yue (roù) (and) as a hostage, then changed hands and sent troops to attack Yue, trying to kill Morton by the enemy, thus clearing the name of the prince.

However, I didn't expect modu chanyu to be skilled in martial arts. When Yue tried to kill him, he knocked over his guards, stole Yue's steeds and fled back to Xiongnu.

Tou Man was surprised that modu chanyu could return to Xiongnu alone. Knowing that he is also a rare warrior, I stopped killing him and let him command tens of thousands of cavalry.

Tou Man Khan

But modu chanyu is not a good crop. You won't kill me, but I got what I deserved! He made a whistling arrow himself, named it "Gong Ming", and stipulated that where his Gong Ming shot, the soldier's arrow would shoot, and the disobedient would die!

At first, modu chanyu only shot cymbals at birds and animals while hunting. Anyone who didn't shoot arrows with him would be put to death.

Later, modu chanyu shot at his horse. Some of his soldiers thought that their leader shot wrong, so they didn't follow the archery and killed all the disobedient people in modu chanyu.

Finally, Morton shot the cymbals at his beloved wife, so more people didn't shoot arrows in fear, and Morton killed everyone who didn't shoot arrows.

Now all the soldiers understand that no matter where the chief blows his horn, they must shoot arrows with him, and other things need not be considered by them. Since then, as long as modu chanyu rings the cymbals, thousands of arrows will be fired, and no one will hesitate.

Seeing this situation, modu chanyu knew that this batch can only be used by people who obey him.

Yao Khan

On one occasion, Tou Man Khan led people out hunting, and Mo Du, who followed him, knew it was time for revenge. He pulled out a gong and shot at Tou Man Khan. Then, countless arrows came with the sound of gongs, and Tou Man Khan died of his heart.

After Tou Man's death, he killed all his stepmother and younger brother by cruel, cold and clever means, and purged all ministers who did not submit to him, claiming to be Khan, and the heyday of the Xiongnu Empire was about to open.

After modu chanyu became self-reliant, the prosperous Donghu wanted to give him a scare before the enemy, so he sent messengers to tell modu chanyu that King Donghu wanted his swift horse.

The left and right ministers told modu chanyu that the Maxima was the Xiongnu's BMW and could not be given to him. However, modu chanyu saw the opportunity to destroy the Donghu people. He wanted to play a big game of chess, so he told all the ministers not to give King Donghu a swift horse, because a horse damaged relations with neighboring countries.

Soon, King Donghu sent an envoy to say that he wanted a beautiful Khan E Shi, which made the ministers furious and persuaded Modu Hayden not to agree. But modu chanyu told ministers that a woman shouldn't give her beloved E Shi to King Donghu just because she destroyed her relations with neighboring countries.

Yao Khan

King Donghu agreed to modu chanyu when he saw such excessive demands, thinking that modu chanyu was weak and deceivable, and he became more and more proud. He just marched west and invaded the border. He sent messengers to tell modu chanyu that there was a vast clearing of thousands of miles between East Lake and Xiongnu. Donghu asked modu chanyu not to compete with him.

This time, a minister thought this uninhabited wasteland was useless and gave it to him. Unexpectedly, modu chanyu flew into a rage. He said: land is the foundation of a country. How can I give up? After killing the minister who advocated the distribution of land, he assembled a large army and rushed to the East Lake, ordering: Those who retreat, cut them immediately!

Donghu, who was unprepared for underestimating his enemy, had no idea that the Huns' raid was defeated and even the king of Donghu was killed. Xiongnu plundered all the people, property and livestock of the rich East Lake, which greatly expanded the Xiongnu empire.

When morale was in full swing, we struck while the iron was hot, went west month by month, swallowed up the troubles in the south, and levied Hungeng in the north, which made the vast Mongolian plateau countries in the north submit, and established the vast Xiongnu Empire with the Liaohe River Basin in the east, Qingshan Mountain in the west, Qin Changcheng in the south and Lake Baikal in the north.

Xiongnu empire territory

By this time, the biggest enemy of the Central Plains Dynasty, the Xiongnu Empire, was officially born, which directly threatened the security of the Central Plains. However, Qin Ershi had not had a chance to fight the Magic Capital, and the Qin Dynasty was destroyed. The problems that Qin Shihuang failed to completely solve were left to the Han emperor.

In 200 BC, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang sent troops to Xiongnu, defeated Deng Bai and started the pro-Xiongnu policy.

Since then, after five periods of forbearance and rest by Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu Liu Ying, Emperor Gaozu Lv Zhi, Emperor Gaozu Liu Heng, and Emperor Gaozu Liu Qi, the Han Empire finally ushered in the moment to counter the Huns.

In 129 BC, Emperor Liu Che of the Han Dynasty launched an attack on the Xiongnu, and the Xiongnu suffered heavy losses in the wars in Monan, Hexi and Mobei, which fundamentally solved the threat of the Xiongnu, and the Xiongnu Empire turned from prosperity to decline and began to perish.

Emperor Liu Che of Han Dynasty

In 60 BC, the Huns split into two branches, the North and the South. Under the repeated blows of the Han Dynasty, five Khan fought for status and all paid tribute to the Han Dynasty.

In 56 BC, Uhaanyehe, the southern Xiongnu, surrendered to the Han, and joined the Han in attacking the northern Xiongnu.

In 36 BC, Chen Tang, vice captain of the Western Regions, attacked Xiongnu and killed Zhiyu, and the Western Han Dynasty won a complete victory.

In 48 A.D., the remaining Xiongnu in the Eastern Han Dynasty split into the North and South Xiongnu again, and the South Xiongnu belonged to the Eastern Han Dynasty.

In 87 AD, the Northern Xiongnu, the great enemy of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was defeated by Xianbei, and some people surrendered to Han.

In 88 AD, Dou Xian, Geng Bing and other generals attacked the northern Xiongnu and defeated the Xiongnu in Jinwei Mountain. More than 200,000 Xiongnu surrendered to Han, and the rest of the northern Xiongnu embarked on a journey to the west.

General Dou Xian.

At this point, the Xiongnu completely disappeared from the vision of the Central Plains Dynasty, and the disaster of the Xiongnu for more than 300 years was completely settled!

Light dust believes that the fierce Xiongnu Empire was once very powerful, but their luck was not good. It is not realistic to completely defeat farming civilization with nomadic civilization at that time, and the powerful Chinese nation is their completely incomparable opponent.