Manchu customs

What are the customs of Manchu people?

Dress

History of manchu has a long history and developed culture. Its elegant and gorgeous costumes are unique in China's national costume culture, which has a great influence on the development of China's costume culture.

Due to the cold living environment and the need of hunting life, Manchu people used to wear "horseshoe sleeves" robes regardless of gender. After Nurhachi established the Eight Banners System, the clothes of the "flag bearer" became "cheongsam" (called "clothing interface" in Manchu).

The styles of cheongsam in the early Qing Dynasty were generally collarless, broad-chested, waist-tied, left-slit and four-slit. It not only fits well, but also helps to ride and shoot. When hunting, you can also put dry food in front. This kind of cheongsam has two outstanding characteristics, one is collarless. In order to unify the clothing, Nurhachi once set a clothing system, which stipulated that "shawls and collars should be used for all court clothes, and only robes should be used for flat clothes." That is, uniforms can't have collars, and only royal dresses worn when entering the DPRK can add large collars shaped like shawls; Second, there is also a half-moon sleeve head with a long top and a short bottom at the narrow cuff, which looks like a horseshoe, commonly known as "horseshoe sleeve". It is also called "Arrow Sleeve" (called "Wow-ha" in Manchu) because it is put down to cover the back of the hand when hunting or fighting in winter, which not only keeps warm like gloves, but also does not affect archery. After the Manchu entered the Central Plains, "letting go of wow-ha" became a prescribed action in the etiquette of the Qing Dynasty. When officials enter the court to meet the emperor or other princes and ministers, they must first open their horseshoe sleeves and then bow down with their hands on their knees.

Cheongsam is also used to wearing a short gown, round neck, umbilical length, sleeve length and elbow length. Because this short jacket was originally worn when riding and shooting, it is convenient for riding and can keep out the cold, so it is named "jacket". In the early Qing Dynasty, the mandarin jacket was the "military uniform" of the soldiers of the Eight Banners, and later it became popular among the people, with the nature of formal clothes and uniforms, and the styles and fabrics were more diverse. Manchu people also like to wear vests outside cheongsam. In order to keep warm, vests are generally divided into cotton, clip-on and leather. There are many styles, such as double lapels, pipa lapels and twist lapels.

As a fashion in Qing Dynasty, Manchu women's cheongsam developed. At the beginning, in Beijing and other places, the practice of "eighteen inlays" prevailed, that is, eighteen hems were inlaid to look good, and the style became a wide robe and big sleeves; After the Revolution of 1911, the style of cheongsam changed from fat to thin. In the early 1930s, influenced by western short skirts, the length was shortened, close to the knees, and the cuffs were narrowed. In the mid-1930s, it was lengthened, with high forks on both sides, highlighting the beauty of curves; In the 1940s, it was shortened, and short-sleeved or sleeveless cheongsam appeared, with a streamlined appearance. After that, separate the pieces, including the shoulder seam and the sleeveless cheongsam skirt. Wide range of materials, cotton, wool, silk, hemp and various chemical fiber clothing materials can be used. In addition to long sleeves and short sleeves, cheongsam is also divided into leather, cotton, singles and clips, which is convenient for wearing in different seasons. After continuous improvement, the general styles of cheongsam are as follows: straight collar, narrow sleeves, big chest on the right, tripping, waist-binding, length below the knee, split on both sides; Pay attention to workmanship and color matching. The neckline, cuffs and hem are mostly embroidered with various patterns of lace. This not only sets off the beauty of women's figure, but also looks elegant and generous. Cheongsam with oriental colors has now become a popular Chinese dress for women in China.

Cheongsam, flag head and flag shoes together constitute the typical traditional dress of Manchu women.

"Flag head" refers to a hairstyle, also known as a crown. Fan-shaped, with iron wire or bamboo rattan as the hat frame and green satin, green velvet or green yarn as the surface, wrapped in a fan-shaped crown about 30 cm long and about 10 cm wide. It can be fixed on a bun when worn. Often embroidered with patterns, inlaid with jewels or decorated with various flowers, decorated with long tassels. The "flag head" is mostly used by Manchu upper-class women, and most women will think of it when they get married. Wearing this wide and long hair crown limits the twisting of the neck, makes the body straight and looks particularly dignified and steady, suitable for grand occasions.

"Flag shoes" have a unique style and are embroidered shoes with high wooden soles, also known as "high-top shoes", "flowerpot shoes" and "horseshoe shoes". Its wooden heel is generally about 5- 10 cm high, some can reach 14- 16 cm, and the highest can reach about 25 cm. Usually wrapped in white cloth, and then embedded in the middle of the soles of the feet. The heel bottom usually has two shapes, one is that the top is open and the bottom is convergent, showing the shape of an inverted trapezoidal flowerpot. The other is thin at the top and wide at the bottom, flat at the front and round at the back, with the appearance and landing marks like horseshoes. "Flower pot bottom" and "horseshoe bottom" shoes are named after this. In addition to embroidered patterns or decorative pieces such as cicada butterflies on the vamp, there are often embroidery or beading on the parts of wood that cannot follow the ground. Some toes are decorated with ears made of silk thread, which is as long as the ground. The high-heeled wooden sole of this kind of shoes is extremely strong, and the upper is often broken, but the sole is still intact, and it is still >>

What are the special customs of Manchu? Manchu customs The fertility customs of Manchu are basically the same as those of Han nationality, but due to the differences in geographical environment, lifestyle and religious beliefs, some unique customs of Manchu have been preserved. Manchu people believe in shamanism, so they have no children after 30, so they have to ask shaman for children. There are many taboos for women to get pregnant. You are not allowed to sit on pots and pans, windowsills, grinding tables, attending other people's weddings, or serving your ancestors. Before the baby is born, ask the shaman to pray to Foto's mother. The delivery room cannot be located in Westinghouse. When you give birth to a child, you should spread grass on the kang. When a child is born, it is called "becoming an outlaw". If the baby is a boy, hang an arc on the left side of the door (the branches are arched and a feather is inserted in the middle as an arrow), if it is a girl, hang a red cloth on the right side of the door. The day after a child is born, it is called "milking" to invite a woman with many children and good health to feed him for the first time. Then, on the third day, give the child a bath: give the child a bath with the water of Sophora branches and mugwort leaves and say some blessings. Then wipe the baby's body with ginger slices and mugwort leaves, and wipe the baby's gums with a new cloth dipped in tea, so that the baby cries for good luck. This is the so-called "ringing basin". Hit the baby three times with an onion, which means "one dozen clever, two clever, three bright". On the seventh day after the child is born, he should be carried to the rocking car. This day is called "boarding day". Rocker, also known as recreational vehicle. "Feeding and hanging children" is one of the "three eccentrics" in Kanto. It is convenient and safe to drive with children, which is a tradition left over from hunting life. After the child is one month old, it is necessary to make a "full moon", hang up the longevity lock, and get off the bus to name it; At the end of one hundred days, the bride's family gave one hundred steamed buns called "steaming (increasing) centenarians" and one hundred dollars called "centenarians' money". Manchu people have the custom of sleeping flat-headed, that is, letting the baby lie on his back and putting millet or sorghum in the pillow, each of which is a "sleeping head". After a long time, the back of the head becomes flat. When a child reaches the age of one, there is a gift of "grasping the week" to test his future ambition. In the past, Manchu people wanted to hang pig teeth on their children from the time they were born, so that they could be healthy and die early. Before children are five years old, they must have a "XiShen" (family sacrifice). On this day, kill chickens to make cakes and sacrifice to ancestors. Another custom of Manchu is "changing locks". When a child is born, the bow, arrow and red cloth hanging outside the door will be taken back after the full moon, tied to the child's rope and put in the child's schoolbag in the western wall. When offering sacrifices to the Buddha's mother, the shaman pulled the offspring under the willow tree in the yard, and the shaman sprinkled willow branches on the children to drive away evil spirits. Then, put the colored thread on the children's rope on the children, and three days later, take it back and put it in the children's schoolbag. Because the colored thread is commonly known as "lock thread", it is commonly known as "lock change". Manchu is a nation that pays attention to etiquette, commonly known as "Manchu etiquette". The ancient customs of Manchu ancestors had the virtues of respecting the elderly, respecting the elderly, being hospitable and keeping promises, and accepted Confucianism and adhered to the feudal ethics of "Three Cardinals and Five Permits", forming a set of complicated and strict etiquette. Respecting elders is the traditional virtue of Manchu. Old people in Lu Yu will bow their heads and ask "Saiyin" (Manchu means "good"). On weekdays, please ask Xiao An for three days and Da An for five days. Please call Daan "Daqian" and "Ellada Lamy" in Manchu. The action is: first brush the arrow sleeve, the sleeve head hangs down, the left knee bends forward, the right leg bends backward, the head and upper body lean forward slightly, the left hand clings to the body and the right hand hangs down. Asking Ann is a greeting, that is, stepping down to say hello. When a woman salutes, her legs stand parallel, her hands are bent and her knees are slightly bent, showing a semi-squat shape, commonly known as "semi-squat". In the past, in Manchu aristocratic families, the younger generation paid New Year greetings to their elders every day, which was called "setting the province" and was divided into "saving the morning" and "good night". Waist-hugging ceremony is a great gift of Manchu people, also called hug-seeing ceremony. When saluting, the saluter grabs the first step with his right leg, his hands open, his left knee on the ground, his hands around the recipient's waist, and his head gently leans against the recipient's chest. The recipient bends slightly and caresses the giver's head with his hands. When people meet, they will touch their shoulders to show their closeness, commonly known as touching their shoulders. Jugongli is a great gift of Manchu people, also called "kowtow". Usually in important and solemn occasions, there are actions such as wiping sleeves, bowing down and kowtowing. It is necessary to knock three times to burn incense to the ancestors and three times to visit the emperor. Lala ceremony is a common ceremony for Manchu women. Generally, when two women of the same age meet, they will hold hands and greet each other. This is called "Lala ceremony". Bridging ceremony is a gift given by Manchu women when they meet their in-laws, guests and elders. When saluting, the woman touches her forehead three times with the fingers of her right hand from brow to sideburns, and then nods her head visually. Manchu has the custom of attaching importance to sister-in-law, and Manchu unmarried girls have a high status in the family. Manchu people are generous and hospitable. The guests came, warmly received and tried their best. In the northeast, people still serve in pairs and don't avoid breakfast. In places where Manchu people live in compact communities, between neighborhoods >>

Manchu customs and introduction (no more than 100 words) Manchu people honor their elders and pay attention to etiquette. When they meet elders on the road, they should bow sideways and bow with their hands until they pass by; Not only the younger generation should greet the elders, but also the younger generation should greet the elders. When relatives and friends meet, in addition to shaking hands to say hello, some people will also say hello. During the Spring Festival, we should worship once every two years, once on the evening of the 30th, once on the New Year's Day, which is called welcoming the new year.

Manchu traditional houses are generally divided into three rooms: west, middle and east, with the gate facing south. The west room is called the upper room in the west, the middle room is called the hall, and the east room is called the lower room in the east. There are three health in the west, namely, south, west and north. Xikanggui, Beikangda, Nankang Small. Visitors live in Xikang, elders live in Beikang, and younger generations live in Nankang.

Taboo: indoor Xikang is not allowed to sit and lie down and pile up sundries at will; Avoid beating, killing and eating dog meat; Don't wear a dog skin hat, don't spread a dog skin mattress, and avoid guests wearing dog skin hats or dog skin sleeves.

Manchu customs and habits 150 words respect the old and love the young, pay attention to etiquette is the characteristics of Manchu people. As we all know, in the Qing Dynasty, standard-bearers had many manners. There are too many customs and habits of Manchu, too numerous to mention.

Diet: I like to eat sticky meat. Pickled sorghum rice, yellow rice sticky bean bag and perilla leaf cake are all favorite foods of Manchu people.

On the house: Rich people often live in a house with a yard outside and a shadow wall at the door. Generally, families live in tile houses or adobe houses, and pay attention to three-sided kang. The chimney stands by the gable, and the window paper is stuck outside.

Writing and manners: when you meet your elders, you have to hit thousands. Young students should pay their respects every day. Historically, Manchu women never bound their feet.

Dressing: Men wear long-distance running jackets and women wear cheongsam to comb their hair. A man wearing a jade-wearing sachet likes to fiddle with his wallet.

What are the daily customs of Manchu? It is their custom for Manchu people to honor their elders and pay attention to etiquette. When you meet your elders on the road, you should bow sideways, bow with your hands and wait for your elders to pass by. Not only the younger generation should greet the elders, but also the younger generation should greet the elders. When relatives and friends meet, in addition to shaking hands to say hello, some people will also say hello. During the Spring Festival, we should worship once every two years, once on the evening of the 30th, once on the New Year's Day, which is called welcoming the new year. Manchu traditional houses are generally divided into three rooms: west, middle and east, with the gate facing south. The west room is called the upper room in the west, the middle room is called the hall, and the east room is called the lower room in the east. There are three health in the west, namely, south, west and north. Xikanggui, Beikangda, Nankang Small. Visitors live in Xikang, elders live in Beikang, and younger generations live in Nankang. Taboo: indoor Xikang is not allowed to sit and lie down and pile up sundries at will; Avoid beating, killing and eating dog meat; Don't wear a dog skin hat, don't spread a dog skin mattress, and avoid guests wearing dog skin hats or dog skin sleeves. Marriage custom Manchu wedding not only has strong national characteristics, but also incorporates many customs and etiquette of the Han nationality. Generally speaking, it has to go through the following procedures: engagement: there are two forms of engagement between Manchu young men and women. First, the parents of young men and women are acquaintances or friends. The two knew each other very well and were interested in getting married, so they asked the matchmaker to promise their children a lifetime. Some men propose to women, while others propose to men. The other is that men and women don't know each other and find a matchmaker to get engaged for their children. The matchmaker will hand them over to the portals of both parties and issue their banners, resumes, surnames and three generations. Besides, we should test each other's birthdays. Release: that is, give gifts. There are two kinds of amplification and amplification. Letting Xiaoding go means that the future daughter-in-law will visit relatives of the man's family, such as aunt, brother and sister-in-law, and get property. Enlarged it is called "big gift", commonly known as "big dish", that is, choose an auspicious day of the zodiac, and the man will send the bride price to the woman's house. The day before the wedding, people who bid farewell to their families should drink "windward wine". The bride left home to live in a good apartment borrowed by the man, commonly known as "shooting down." The next morning, the woman saw her off with a float and was escorted by her brother. When the float arrived at the groom's house, there was a brazier on the ground in front of the bridal chamber, commonly known as too much to avoid evil. In order to drive away or kill the ghost that comes with the sedan chair, the groom should shoot three arrows at the sedan chair door; There are also real shots, but they are usually taken under the sedan chair to avoid hurting the bride. Then, the bride was helped out of the sedan chair to heaven and earth, and kowtowed to the north three times with the groom, commonly known as "worshipping Beidou". After worshipping Beidou, a world-famous ceremony of "Leaving the Light" was held. That is, the bride and groom wearing red hijab face south and kneel in front of the god table in the yard. On the table, there is a pig's elbow, three small glasses of wine and a sharp knife. Shaman knelt in front of the table with one leg, chanting in Manchu, cutting the meat into pieces with a sharp knife and throwing it into the air, and throwing it on the ground with a small glass of wine. The main purpose is to pray for God to bless the newlyweds and let their children and grandchildren grow old together. After these ceremonies, the bride is brought into the bridal chamber by a general practitioner (that is, a person whose parents and children are present). When the bride crosses the threshold, there is a saddle on the threshold and the bride must cross it. The beds in the new house must be made by all practitioners. After the new house is paved, music should be played in the room. This is called a "ringing room". When the bride entered the bridal chamber, a little girl took pictures of the bride with two bronze mirrors, and then hung them on the bride's chest and back. Then, another little girl handed me two tin cans containing rice, money and so on. Brides either hold them in their arms or put them under their armpits, commonly known as "holding bottles" or "holding media pots". When the bride sits firmly on the bed, the groom takes off the red cloth covering the bride's head with the weight, which is called "lifting the veil". Next, the husband and wife drink a toast and eat happy noodles, longevity noodles or children's cakes. Eating habits Manchu folk eat three meals during busy farming hours and two meals during slack farming hours. The staple foods are mostly millet and sorghum rice, japonica rice and dried rice. I like to add red beans or baked beans to rice, such as sorghum rice and dried bean rice. In some areas, corn is the staple food, and corn flour is fermented into "sour soup". Manchu people in most parts of Northeast China also have the habit of eating plain rice, that is, after cooking sorghum rice or corn prickly heat, wash it with clear water, soak it in clear water, take it out when eating, and put it in a bowl, which is cool and delicious. This way of eating is mostly in summer. Manchu cakes have a long history and became the staple food of the court in the Qing Dynasty. Among them, the most representative is the imperial meal "Chestnut Noodles Wowotou", also known as Xiaowotou. Saqima, a Manchu dim sum, has also become a famous pastry in China. The famous ones are the cakes of Qing Dongling, also known as the cakes of Qing Dongling, the cakes of Beijing snacks, the cakes of Chengde snacks in Hebei, and the cakes of lard snacks in Jingzhou, Hubei. It is cold in winter in the north, and there are no fresh vegetables. In autumn and winter, Manchu people often take pickled cabbage (pickle) as their staple food ...

What are the customs of Manchu people? There are many taboos in Manchu life, and taboos are regarded as impolite. Manchu people are not interested in wearing a dog fur hat to eat dog meat, and they are most afraid of others wearing a dog fur hat to enter the house. Legend has it that when Hanwang was in trouble, the dog was saved by kindness, and the Manchu people regarded it as a benefactor and protected it. No one is allowed to sit casually on Xikang. There is a dragon fence in the yard, and animals are not allowed to be tied.

There are also taboos and rules in the hierarchy and hierarchy. A new wife cannot eat at the same table as her father-in-law, mother-in-law and husband. When the elders eat, the daughter-in-law will serve. Otherwise it will be regarded as disrespectful and unfilial. Grandpa and uncle are not allowed to joke with nephew and daughter-in-law. My nephew and daughter-in-law are not allowed to show their arms and legs in front of my uncle. In the past, Manchu women's cheongsam was long enough to cover the instep and the sleeves were long enough to the back of their hands, which was very different from the short-sleeved cheongsam now.

Manchu people have the fashion of respecting the elderly. When young people meet their elders, they should stand with their hands down and answer their questions kindly. If someone complains about their parents, their children must stand up and answer. The old man asked Xiao An for three days and Da An for five days. Please pay tribute. Men say hello, hit a thousand children and kowtow. Greeting is to ask you to step back and say hello. Playing Qian 'er means inviting Da 'an, which is also called kneeling on one leg. The Manchu language is Ella talami, that is, brush off the sleeve head first, bend your left leg forward, squat down your right leg, hold your knee with your left hand, droop your right hand, and lean forward slightly with your head and body. The kowtow ceremony is kowtowing, that is, kneeling three times and kneeling six times. In the new year, you must bow your head four times, kneel three times, and you will hold your head high, if you obey. When an elder wishes him with a kind word, it is a kind of beating, otherwise he can't bear it (volume 4 of Liu lue).

Kneel three times and knock nine times to the gods, ancestors and emperors. Women's manners are different from men's, and there is a ritual of squatting, commonly known as semi-squatting, that is, standing with two feet parallel, hands clasped, hunched, and knees slightly bent like semi-squatting. When women meet on weekdays, they stroke their foreheads with their right hands and nod in worship, commonly known as touching their temples, that is, touching their eyebrows, forehead and temples three times, and then nodding their heads visually.

When women meet, the ceremony of holding hands is commonly known as lesbian ceremony, which is different from the visiting ceremony of Han women. Reunion after a long separation, and then holding hands to greet, is a gift from the closest person. When the younger generation met the elder, they held his waist with both hands, and the elder caressed his back with his hands. Old couples have a face-to-face ceremony when they meet. When the old couple reunited after a long separation, the wife came forward and held the old man's chest with her head. The old man stroked his wife's back or neck a few times.

Manchu people, when they meet strangers on the road, should bow their heads and ask Saiyin (Manchu, good meaning); If you ride a horse, get off the horse and flash on the side of the road to let the elders go first. The elder also said politely, thank you brother. Please get on the horse first, let the young people get on the horse and go ahead.

Daughter-in-law has more respect for in-laws. She should be dignified and respectful, pack cigarettes for her in-laws three times a day, stand and wait on her three meals a day, and send face washing water and foot washing water in the morning and evening. The new wife can't eat on the kang in the first year. Don't wear short clothes in front of your in-laws, and don't scold your children loudly. When the daughter-in-law goes out, she has to pack cigarettes for her in-laws before leaving, so that Amar and Ernian can look after the house. When the guests come, the daughter-in-law will put on an apron and listen to her mother-in-law on the kang. Every time she shouts her daughter-in-law's promise, she will go to work. Even if the daughter-in-law is very old, she should be respectful in front of the younger generation and elders.

Manchu people have the custom of attaching importance to their sister-in-law. Unmarried Manchu girls have a high status, with in-laws sitting on the table, sister-in-law sitting on one side, and daughter-in-law standing by and serving carefully.

Manchu people are generous, hospitable and trustworthy. In Manchu-inhabited areas, some people try to find the owner when they find something on the road, and if they can't find it, they lose it. There is a habit of being ashamed of stealing money from others. Neighbors live in harmony and help each other when they are in trouble. A family is short of rice to burn firewood, and it is common for rural neighbors to get together. Borrow Dan from each other, you don't need to sign a contract, you just need to meet orally and keep your faith.

In the past, there were few hotels in the country, and passers-by had to find a house to live in. The host family warmly entertained him, and he naturally stayed after eating and drinking. Because Manchu people have one room and three kangs, they often have one room and one household, and men and women don't shy away from each other. However, it is polite for guests to lie down with their hostess and clothes on their backs when they are asleep.

On the road the next day, guests don't need to stay, just say "... >>"

There are many Manchu taboos in Manchu customs. Blasphemy against gods and ancestors is not allowed. For example, in Xigui of Manchu, ancestors' boxes are placed on Xikang, and people and sundries are not allowed to live there, and there can be no disrespect. It is forbidden to beat dogs, kill dogs, eat dog meat and wear dog fur hats, and foreigners are not allowed to wear dog fur hats into their homes. Legend has it that Nurhachi once told his people that there are a lot of wild animals in the mountains, and they can eat as much as possible. But they are not allowed to eat dog meat or wear dog skin in the future, and the dog will be buried when it dies, because the dog understands human nature and can save the savior. It is a righteous dog. Since then, it has become the custom of Manchu to love and respect dogs. In addition, Manchu people not only don't eat the meat of crows, but also feed crows and offer sacrifices to crows.

Manchu custom * * * Er * * Er houses are mostly quadrangles, and it is generally forbidden to open the door to the west. The house is square, the front porch is deep, and the yard is clean with flowers, grapes and fruit trees. Indoor heatable adobe sleeping platform is built, tapestries are hung on the walls, niches are opened, and various flower patterns are decorated. In terms of diet, they take flour and rice as the staple food, and like to drink milk tea with flour baking. There are many kinds of meals, including pilaf. Porridge, Lamian Noodles, noodle soup, tissue paper bag, baked buns, oil tower, barbecue, etc. I like to eat melons, watermelons, grapes, apples, pears, apricots, pomegranates and other fruits, mainly beef and mutton, chicken, duck and fish. Fasting pork, donkey meat, carnivores and fierce birds and animals; Fasting the blood of all animals.

* * * The traditional costume of the Er nationality is that men, women and children wear four-sided small flower hats. Men generally like to wear double-breasted "robes" with embroidered blouses inside. Women like dresses, black double-breasted vests, earrings, hand tin, rings, necklaces and other decorations, while girls wear braids. Nowadays, urban residents are generally dressed in fashion.

* * * We are polite to people. When you meet elders or friends, you are used to pressing your right hand in the center of your chest, then leaning forward to say hello. The tourists at home were warmly treated. * * * Er nationality is a nation that can sing and dance well. Their dancing is light and graceful, famous for its fast and changeable rotation, which reflects the optimistic and cheerful character of the people of * * *. * * * Er people are mainly engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry and have a tradition of doing business. At the same time, the traditional handicraft industry is very developed and the artistic level is very high. The carpets, embroideries, silks, copper pots, knives and national musical instruments they made have a unique national style.

Most Kazakhs are engaged in animal husbandry. In pastoral areas, we live in detachable circular felt houses in spring, summer and autumn, and flat-topped earth houses in winter. Kazakhs have a rich diet. They like to eat milk skin, ghee, cheese and milk bumps made of milk, sheep and goat milk. They like to drink horse milk, camel milk, yogurt and milk tea. Pastoral herdsmen eat more meat, fresh meat in summer, dried mutton smoked in advance in winter, and like to eat horse intestines. After the meat is cooked, it is sliced and mixed with noodles, onions, green onions and peppers, which becomes the favorite "Na Ren" of Kazakhs. In addition, Kazakhs also eat "Jineti", "Nan" and "Bao 'ershak", and pilaf mixed with horse oil, millet and sugar.

In pastoral areas, Kazakh men generally wear sheepskin, fox skin, wolf skin coat and camel hair coat in winter; Pants are mostly made of cowhide, which is called "Summer Ba". Women like to wear red and other colors. When it's cold, they wear breasts and cotton-padded clothes. They are also wearing sheepskin, fox skin and wolf skin. Girls wear all kinds of embroidered clothes and use owl feathers as tassels on flower hats. Kazakh herdsmen in Altay wear white felt hats in summer, women wear white cloth, velvet headscarves in cold weather, and Kazakhs in Yili wear round fur hats. Kazakh herders wear long leather boots and stockings and leather boots sewn with felt in winter. Kazakhs are very hospitable. When entertaining guests, take out the best food in the house and kill the sheep. When eating, the host first presents a plate of sheep's head meat in front of the guests. After picking up the sheep's head on the plate, the guest cuts off a piece of meat on the right cheek of the sheep's head and eats it himself, then cuts off the sheep's ear for the young people of the host family and returns the sheep's head to the owner.

Kazakh men and women are good at riding horses. Young men like wrestling and herding sheep. Every festival and festive day, herders hold various horse riding performances and competitions. Chasing girls is a favorite form of entertainment for young people.

* * * * * Mainly engaged in agriculture, some engaged in commerce. It is closely related to the economy and culture of the Han nationality. It likes growing flowers. There are many flowers in the yard, potted flowers in the house, and pay attention to cleanliness. In terms of diet, meat is limited to cattle, sheep, camels, chickens, ducks, geese and fish. Fasting pigs, donkeys, mules, dogs and other meats. Diet has its own characteristics. Family diet is generally based on noodles, noodles, steamed buns, scones and bean rolls, as well as clear soup, mutton steamed buns, steamed meat, beef noodles in clear soup, bean jelly and other special foods. * * * likes to drink tea, mainly brick tea, black tea, green tea and Tuocha. When entertaining guests, sugar and red dates are usually added to tea.

Dressed up, the clothes scattered in the town of * * * are basically the same as those of the Han nationality. In * * * inhabited areas, men over middle age usually wear small hats, white shirts and blue-brown vests. Young women like to wear pure, simple, green and black big-breasted shirts and jackets. Married women usually wear white and blue cloth hats or headscarves Unmarried girls generally don't wear headscarves and braid their hair. Young and middle-aged women have the habit of wearing earrings, rings and other gold and silver jewelry.

Mongolian Mongolians are mainly engaged in animal husbandry production, and some are >>