What are the customs of gun clan?

? Qiang people and gunmen. Give the following answers respectively.

1. The Qiang nationality is a very ancient nationality in western China. At present, the official Qiang people in China mainly live in Sichuan and other places, with a population of about 300,000. Every nation has its own folk culture, so the Qiang people also have their own customs.

? The customs and habits of Qiang people

1. clothes

Today, most Qiang people still wear traditional national costumes.

Qiang people's costumes are simple, beautiful and distinctive. In ancient times, most Qiang people wore leather and wool clothes. Since the development of textile industry in Ming Dynasty, linen clothes have replaced leather and wool clothes. After liberation, the fabrics of clothing became more diversified. Men like wearing blue headscarves. In winter, some people also like to wear fox fur hats and robes made of flax, cotton, silk and wool. Some wedding dresses have lace. The coat is made of sleeveless sheepskin or wool cotton, which can prevent cold, rain and buffer, and is suitable for work.

Leggings made of wool, hemp and cotton are wrapped around men's feet, and some are decorated with patterns to keep warm, filter water and protect legs. They wear leather shoes, cloud shoes, embroidered shoes and rubber, cloth, grass and other shoes. Belts made of wool, hemp and cotton are used to hold money, bullets, gunpowder and cigarettes.

Women's clothes are brightly colored. Headdresses are divided into three categories due to different regions. A headdress, mostly covered with cyan, embroidered with patterns and covered with embroidered headscarves, is bright and colorful. Women in Black Lake wear white headscarves to commemorate the legendary hero Gru Congbo as a symbol of filial piety. Northwest China includes Chibusu, Lixian and other places, and women's heads are embroidered with tile-shaped blackheads. Qiang women wear embroidered robes, black wool belts or red cotton belts, embroidered waist and embroidered banners on the back waist. I like to wear silver medals, ties, earrings, earrings, bracelets, rings and other gold and silver jewelry, as well as oval necklaces called "color dance". On festivals, Qiang women wear gorgeous clothes and behave gracefully.

2. Architecture

Qiang people generally live in dozens of families' villages, most of which are built on hillsides and mountains, and look like castles, hence the name Qiangzhai. Modern Qiang houses are all square and flat-topped, and the walls are made of stone. Qiang people have superb architectural skills. When building a wall, they don't draw lines or hang lines, but trust their own hands. This wall is flat, angular and symmetrical. It looks like a bunker from a distance, so it is commonly known as the watchtower. The house has columns, beams and rafters, filled with bamboo or branches and covered with mud, which is strong and durable. There are usually two or three and a half floors. The top floor guest room stores things, the middle floor receives people's accommodation and daily life, and the lower floor raises livestock. The roof can thresh, dry grain and dry clothes. The traditional window is small, the light is poor, and the smoke is not easy to escape, but it is beneficial to cold protection and theft prevention. Now most of them have been changed into big windows. Traditionally, wooden ladders were used to go downstairs, but now most of them have been changed into wide wooden ladders. A fire pit was built with stones in the middle of the living room for heating and cooking 2. There are three refined stone piles or iron tripods on the fireplace to place iron pots. The fire in the pit of fire cannot be extinguished for a long time, so it is called "ever-burning lamp".

Step 3 transport

Before the founding of New China, the Qiang people had high mountains and deep valleys, and the traffic was dangerous. Hard-working and brave Qiang people cut pedestrian paths on the cliffs. Although this is a rugged path, there are several roads connecting the whole area. Due to the criss-crossing rivers, developed water systems and fast-flowing water, the Qiang people invented the "hanging pipe crossing cable" sliding cable, bamboo cable bridge, cantilever bridge, wooden bridge and stone bridge thousands of years ago, so that the Qiang people living in a dangerous environment can keep in touch with the outside world. Bamboo cable bridges are generally twenty or thirty feet long. They don't need nails or piers. They just use multiple bamboo cables to cross the river side by side, spread boards and pass people and animals. This is a miracle in the history of ancient bridge engineering technology. Liusuo is a great invention of ancient Qiang people, which has been preserved to this day, but bamboo rope has been replaced by steel rope. Build a sliding rope with columns on both sides. Bamboo ropes are tied to wooden columns, roots or boulders and span the river, with lengths ranging from 60 to 70 feet.

4. Marriage and family

The marriage system of Qiang nationality is monogamy. Before liberation, marriage was arranged by parents. Women's status is low, and their wives are adopted by their wives, married with a belly, married early and married by relatives. Other customs include that aunts and uncles give priority to marriage, the bride returns to her family within one year after marriage, and the younger brother takes care of and marries her sister-in-law. After liberation, especially now, some backward marriage customs have been changed.

? Historically, the Qiang people have maintained the system of father-son names for a long time, which is more common in Qin and Han historical records and Tang and Song Dynasties. From then on, it was named after the village. People living in the same village are generally composed of a family and branches handed down from generation to generation. Although several families now live in the same village, it can be seen that most of them are branches of the same clan except for special reasons. Therefore, even if they are given different Han surnames, they all agree that they are of the same clan and different surnames, and they are regarded as inner clans. The Qiang people first used the Han surname in the Tang Dynasty. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it has been widely changed to China people's surnames and Chinese names. At the same time, the Qiang place names with village names and names were retained. When leaving the Qiang area for formal schooling and registration, the Chinese surname and Chinese name are used, while the Qiang name is used in this area. A husband must change his surname with his wife, and attach his own surname to his wife's surname with an auspicious word in the middle to become his first name. Their children also take their mother's surname, but many children's second children are allowed to take their father's surname, which means that both surnames have a paternal clan. This kind of brothers sharing the same surname is also the direct reason for the increase of different surnames in the same village. After five dynasties, it became a branch of the same family with different surnames.

It is a very grand thing to name Qiang children after they are born. Generally named after "Stone Wall", and also named after parents or grandparents. The naming ceremony is usually held at the baby's full moon, and now it is called drinking full moon wine. At that time, parents will host a banquet for relatives and friends from all over the world, and the guests will hold generous gifts and give auspicious words and blessings at the ceremony. At the same time, they will also announce the formal acceptance of the named small members into the society, which is equivalent to registering their accounts with the household registration authority.

5. Funeral customs

Qiang people have their own funeral customs. There are cremation, burial, stone burial and water burial. Cremation is its traditional funeral custom. Every family or early tribe has its own fire cemetery, surrounded by stones. There are often monuments to record surnames and the date when the cemetery was established. Cremation is still popular. People over 60 years old die of normal diseases, which they think is the end of life. They want to sing funeral songs and have a cremation. Others choose cremation according to the wishes of the elderly. Those who die suddenly or from infectious diseases must be cremated. After the baby died, Xiao Mu's coffin was put in a cave for rock burial. Some dead babies are put in coffins and floated away in the river. This is called water burial.

Burial is an ancient burial method of Qiang nationality, which has been proved by the excavation of sarcophagus tombs in the upper reaches of Minjiang River since the Warring States Period. Since the Qing Dynasty, burial has become more common. Every family has its own cemetery, and wooden coffin burial in Han areas is very popular.

The funeral ceremony was particularly grand and called "big burial". Grand funerals are first held by those who have made great contributions to the country and family. In modern times, wealthy families have held "big burials". Large funerals usually last three to nine days. First of all, "Shibi" will be held for a few days, and there will be guests on the last day. At that time, a well-known "Shibi" will be dressed in cowhide armor, with a knife in his right hand and a gun on his left shoulder, with a bull's tongue hanging on his gun head, leading songs and dances, and lyrics praising the achievements of his ancestors; Followed by eight "stone lions", wearing masks, shaking leather drums in their right hands and placing bronze bells in their left hands; Followed by eight close family members, all wearing masks and knocking on sheepskin drums; More than a hundred people in the back held knives in their right hands and guns on their left shoulders. The guns were wrapped in colorful ribbons, forming a long snake array, singing and dancing. First, I went to burn the cemetery for three times, and scattered banners in the cemetery to pay homage to my ancestors. Then go to bazi to sing and dance in circles, and sometimes play against each other. Finally, all other people attending the big funeral will also walk around the fire grave three times to show their condolences. Generally, the scale ranges from a few hundred people to more than a thousand people, all of whom bring wine, grain, cattle, sheep, pigs and other meat as gifts to hold a big banquet for the funeral. This funeral custom costs a lot, and few people do it after liberation. Funerals nowadays are generally simplified.

6. Etiquette and custom

Qiang people are a people who attach importance to etiquette. In all kinds of social communication, they treat people with courtesy everywhere, pay attention to respecting the elderly and orderly, treat guests warmly, respect teachers, attach importance to loyalty, simplicity and sincerity, and avoid indecent habits. No matter at home or in society, we should first respect the old and love the young. Everything in the family must be agreed by the elderly and elders first. When the elderly and elders enter the room, everyone in the room should get up to meet them. At the banquet, elders and elders sit in their seats. After he sits down, others can also attend. Toast, sing, bring tea and meals to the old people and teachers. In the house, old people and elders sit above the fireplace. In various celebrations held at home or in the village, the elderly and elders speak first. When drinking miscellaneous wine, elders and elders should make opening speeches first, and drink in the order of elders. Even dignitaries should let elders take the lead. Old people and teachers in Lu Yu have to make way for the roadside. When they meet the old man and the teacher on horseback, they should dismount and salute to meet them. Song and dance began to be led by elders and elders. Don't contradict your elders. Children and younger generations are not allowed to call their parents and elders by their first names. Use honorifics for elders. Take good care of children and try to protect them from pain.

Qiang people are hospitable and polite, and guests from their hometown are warmly welcomed by the whole family. When guests from afar come to the door, they immediately prepare wine, rice and tea and present a toast. When guests enter the room, they should give up their seats, treat them with wine, sugar, fruit and tea, and sing a toast to show their blessing. Guests are not allowed to interrupt the conversation at will. When sleeping at night, arrange for guests to sleep first. No one is allowed to sleep in front of guests except the elderly. Greet elders, old people and guests when you get up in the morning. Don't sit cross-legged when guests, elders and old people are present. Sitting around the fireplace, men and women, hosts and guests are different. No one is allowed to put their feet on the fireplace. Without permission, guests are not allowed to enter any room in the host's house to show their respect for the host. When the guests leave, the host family should keep them. When they leave, they should offer road wine at home and outside the door and send it to the village to see them off enthusiastically. Guests, regardless of rank, should dismount when they step into other people's villages, and are not allowed to make noise and play loudly to show their respect for the villages.

On holidays, happy events, based on happiness, do not say unlucky words. Don't curse or laugh at others, be patient, generous and tolerant of others. Take the initiative to greet people and bless them. Change jobs and help each other during the busy farming season. Weddings and funerals are organized by the whole village, regardless of each other. Building a house and building a house, the whole village helped for free. In the face of all kinds of disasters, everyone helps each other and asks for nothing in return. There was a death in the village, and no large-scale entertainment activities were held in the village that year. The family members of the deceased did not participate in entertainment activities for three years, which led to mourning.

Qiang people have a tradition of practicing martial arts. In the past, every household had at least one armed man, usually equipped with a knife, a gun (mostly an open-ended musket), a ring of matchsticks, a leather ammunition bag (containing one kilogram of gunpowder and pellets), a bag of steamed bread and dried meat. Check once every half month. Every year around the fifth day of the first month, men take meat and suck up wine, lead hounds to the shooting range, and take bear-shaped and roe-shaped buns as targets to shoot in turn. Winning the goal symbolizes a year of good luck, winning the first place in various distance classes and being awarded the honor of samurai. After the filming, everyone drinks and has dinner. Every mountain festival or wedding, shooting activities are often held, and those who are good at shooting win prizes.

Qiang people have the custom of delivering letters by woodcut, which is a way for Qiang villages to quickly contact and assemble armed Ding Zhuang when they encounter enemies. A woodcut is a square block of wood about 2 feet long, engraved with marks. A chicken feather tied to it means it is urgent, and adding a piece of charcoal means it is urgent. Tie a pepper to show that you will be punished if you don't come. Each village should be transported overnight according to the prescribed route, and the time of sending and receiving woodcuts in the village should be recorded for tracing. After receiving the woodcut, the leaders of each village should immediately gather the armed personnel of the village and set off for the designated place without delay.

Qiang people have a good habit of protecting forests. Because the Qiang people are located in the forest area, they have long realized the importance of the forest, and called the forest adjacent to each village sacred forest, which is considered to be related to Feng Shui and the survival of the local Qiang people, so logging is strictly prohibited. Every winter, every Qiang village will hold a ceremony of hanging dogs (in some places, it will be changed to grass people or chickens) to close the mountain and take an oath. On auspicious days, all the men in the village gather in the forest near the village and hang a dog (or chicken or grass man) on a tree. First of all, the venerable elders swore that all forests must be protected and sacred forests must be cut down strictly for the happiness of Qiangzhai from generation to generation. Anyone who breaks the rules and cuts down trees indiscriminately will be punished by the gods, just like this hanged dog (chicken, grass man). Then, the men of each household took turns to hang the dog (chicken grass man), spit and hit hard, saying that they supported closing the mountain, and they would be punished if they violated it. In some places, people beat a dog or a chicken or a right-hand man with guns to curse. In other places, every time a child is born, a rope is tied to the tree as a sign to protect the tree as a child.

Qiang people have many written village rules and folk conventions and unwritten customary laws. Customary laws and regulations that take the maintenance of private ownership as the core and class rule as the essence have been abolished after the founding of New China, but those with progressive significance, such as safeguarding human rights, equality and mutual benefit, solidarity and friendship, and opposing violent oppression, still continue to this day and play the role of moral norms.

Qiang people still have many taboos. Generally speaking, guests are forbidden to have children for three to seven days. For boys, hang a pair of cangue sheets at the door, for girls, hang a backpack, which means that guests are not allowed to enter. There is a patient at home, and there is a red note hanging on the door, indicating that guests are not allowed. Large livestock should also avoid visitors when they give birth to children.

Maternal women are not allowed to go to rivers and wells before the full moon, nor are they allowed to enter other doors, let alone to places with gods such as pagodas, shrines and temples. Widowed for less than two years, no remarriage, no stepping over a fire pit or stepping on an iron tripod, and no spitting on the fire pit. You can't go up the mountain at the vernal equinox. Don't break ground, climb mountains, do heavy work, etc. On weekdays. Some of these taboos are superstitious, and some are not conducive to production and health. Now we have basically got rid of backward customs and formed civilized and modern living habits.

Two. a?paid?test-taker

abstract

? Gun clan is a new type of modern gun. Based on a gun, it unifies the main components of rifle, submachine gun and light machine gun to form a clan, that is, gun clan. For guns of the same gun family, the main parts can be universal and the bullets can be interchanged.

2. Development history

Gun family appeared in 1963, and the earliest gun family appeared in Stoner, which was a building block gun designed by American light weapons designer Stoner, that is, M 16 gun family.

Later, other countries also developed this kind of building block firearms, and a number of famous gun families appeared, including Israel's 5.56mm galil gun family, Germany's 5.56mm HK gun family, Britain's 4.85mm squad gun family, Russia's 7.62mm AK gun family and Austria's Steyr AUG gun family.

3. Advantages

? The advantages of artillery group are: first, it is convenient for mass production, which can reduce production costs and is conducive to maintenance and logistics supply. Second, it is easy to master and use, which can simplify training. Third, the performance of the gun can be changed at any time according to different tasks in the battle, and one gun can be used for multiple purposes. If the gun part is damaged, it can be replaced with its gun part.