Folk Culture of Enshi Tujia Daughter City

"Bowl-smashing wine" originated from Tujia nationality, which was a kind of heroic wine before the ancient Tujia children went out to war. The folklore of throwing bowls of wine is that in a certain era, there was a feud between two Tujia clan chiefs or brothers. For the survival and development of the nation, the two decided to bury the hatchet and drank a bowl of wine to show their friendship and harmony in the future. After drinking, they broke the bowl and buried their hatred, which also showed their generosity and heroism. But from today's throwing wine, it has been completely transformed into an expression of friendship, and the distance between people is closer and the heart is closer.

Tujia Daughter City Eight People Hall Folk Garden is one of the concentrated manifestations of the wine-throwing culture in Enshi Prefecture at present. Tujia waving dance has a long history. According to Huguang Tongzhi reprinted in Laifeng County Annals, Volume 32, in the Five Dynasties, there were pushe trees in Shuiman Village of Shizhou, and pushe people were gorgeous. Yesterday, Qin's ancestors cut down a different tree in the east gate, followed it to the car, and came back to life, with hundreds of flowers blooming at four o'clock. Qin Sang's children and grandchildren danced, and the flowers fell. Replace it. His surname is Xiang Song, and the flowers never fall, especially different. " This passage vividly describes the scene of Shui Man's family waving their hands around Pusher tree more than 1000 years ago. This is the earliest record of Tujia waving dance in Laifeng in history books.

One said that waving dance originated from religious sacrificial activities. Tujia people respect their ancestors and love their leaders. In order not to forget the achievements of their ancestors, they created a wave dance to commemorate them. The custom of waving hands and offering sacrifices in Laifeng and other places is still preserved here. Except for Ba Shen in some places, most of the sacrificial objects are the toast kings, such as Peng Gong, Tian Renhao and Xiang Laoguan, all famous people with surnames in Tujia history from the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty. "To live as an Englishman, to die as a god" [Inscription of the Hand-shaking Hall at the Temple Fort in Zhongzhai, Hedong Township, laifeng county in the fifth year of Jiaqing (18)] The Schumann Teaching Plan has been published for ten years: "Pabai ancestors, beating drums to sacrifice." Therefore, it is considered that waving dance is a kind of dance for Tujia people to sacrifice their ancestors.

The second theory evolved from White Tiger Dance and Bayu Dance. "Yang Hua Guo Zhi Ba Zhi" contains: "Ba Shi Yong Rui, singing and dancing are moving. Former disciples admired Ge, so the deceased called it attack, with singing before and dancing after. " According to experts' research, this martial arts master's song and dance is Bayu Dance, and White Tiger Dance is the predecessor of Bayu Dance. The characteristic of "waving hands on the same side" in hand-waving dance is to imitate "walking the dragon and walking the tiger", and its basic action is to show off the white tiger. It is also said that the "spear" and "crossbow" in Bayu dance music contained in Du You's General Code are exactly the same as the military dances such as "A", "Walking" and "Bowing and Archery" in the waving dance, so it is inferred that the waving dance and Bayu dance have the same origin and different branches, and originated from the Zhou Dynasty.

Third, it comes from war. There are many legends among the people. Generally speaking, it is Peng Gong who leads the troops to fight. In order to boost the morale of the army, he ordered his men to seduce the enemy by singing and dancing, or to drive away homesickness by waving and singing. After the victory of the battle, this swing dance spread to the people.

Fourthly, Tujia people naturally like singing and dancing, and waving dance is purely an artistic activity for Tujia people to entertain themselves.

Fifth, in order to conquer nature and resist foreign invasion, the ancient Tujia ancestors used a kind of "waving hands" to strengthen their bones and muscles, which gradually evolved into the later waving dance.

Six said that in the Song Dynasty tombs in Tieluping, Hefeng County, Enshi Prefecture, twelve dancing maids were carved on the mouth of a clay pot. Some of them squatted, some swayed from side to side, and some danced in robes and big sleeves. The dance is very similar to the existing single pendulum, double pendulum, rotating pendulum and ipsilateral pendulum. It shows that in the Song Dynasty, Tujia waving dance was very mature, and it was a group dance. Following to the Qing Dynasty, Tujia waving dance was recorded and described in detail in the local chronicles of laifeng county in western Hubei, Longshan County, Yongshun County in western Hunan and poets' poems. Enshi Daughter Association, also known as Tujia Daughter Association, is known as Oriental Valentine's Day or Tujia Valentine's Day. Generally, the days from July 7th to 12 of the lunar calendar are traditional auspicious days for the "Daughter's Meeting". Daughter's Club is one of the representative regional traditional festivals of Tujia nationality in Enshi Prefecture, and it is a unique and novel festival culture. It was first popular in Enshi lime kiln and Dashan peak, and now it has developed into a national festival in the whole state.

Known as "Oriental Valentine's Day", Tujia "Daughter's Party" retains the legacy of ancient Ba people's original marriage customs, and is a way of love in remote Tujia villages. Contrary to feudal arranged marriage, it is a holiday activity spontaneously formed by Enshi Tujia youth in the process of pursuing free marriage with the main purpose of collective mate selection. Its main feature is to choose a spouse independently through songs. At that time, mainly young girls, but also married women will attend, looking for suitable people or dating old lovers in the form of duets, and complaining freely.

When attending their daughter's party, young women wear holiday clothes and their most beautiful clothes. They are used to wearing long ones inside and short ones outside. One is shorter than the other, and people can see it layer by layer, called "bright passbook" or commonly known as "three drops of water", wearing their best gold and silver jewelry.

On the day of their daughter's party, the girls put mountain products, a local product brought back in a basket, on both sides of the street, while they sat down firmly on the basket, waiting for the right person to buy things. With a basket on his shoulder, the young man accosted the girl like a casual wanderer. The two sides talked harmoniously and had the same opportunity, so they went to the jungle outside the street to catch up with the "Daughter's Club" and exchanged heart songs in the form of female questions and male answers, thus making a lifelong commitment. The top ten bowls of Tujia nationality have been circulated in Tujia nationality for hundreds of years. Originated from local folk festivals and the usual way of catering, its biggest feature is that it is half-meat, half-vegetarian, one dish with two flavors, oily but not greasy, no plates can be seen on the dining table, and all meals and dishes are big bowls with blue edges. Tujia people are hospitable and love face at the same time. But because they were poor in the past, they couldn't arrange enough dishes, but they also wanted to cook more dishes on the dining table and have a good face. Therefore, ten bowls of vegetables are usually arranged for each table, with vegetarian dishes at the bottom. Over time, local fixed dishes were formed at weddings and funerals. In the past, there were no plates on the Tujia dining table. The dishes on the table are all big bowls with blue edges, and the dishes on the table are all ten bowls. Over time, Tujia people named the banquet "Top Ten Bowls of Tujia People". In addition to the top ten bowls of vegetables, there are two pickles on the table, which are reserved for guests, and they are also served with corn shochu brewed in Tujia. The procedures and methods of serving food are also very particular. Every time the Tujia people serve a dish, the clapper drags a long cry until the dish is finished, and sometimes even fires a cannon and blows a cheerful tune. When Tujia people hold a wedding banquet, as long as they go to the wedding banquet, they will drink the congratulations tea sent by their hosts. Generally, those with better family conditions use tea eggs as congratulations tea, and those with worse family conditions use fried rice as congratulations tea.

In Tujia Daughter City Folk Museum, folk artists from eight counties and cities in Enshi make ten bowls for tourists to enjoy every day. Tujia daughters must be able to cry when they get married, that is, they cry beautifully. The crying aunt has a special "crying wedding song", which is a traditional skill. Tujia girls began to learn to cry and marry at the age of thirteen. In the past, girls who didn't cry were not allowed to get married. Nowadays, crying marriage is still a custom only in secluded cottages. Tujia daughters must be able to cry when they get married. This is called crying marriage, which is beautiful and touching, and is called a smart and good wife.

The climax of crying marriage is on the bride's wedding day. The day before the wedding, relatives, friends and neighbors came to congratulate and cried goodbye. The bride's family will invite the bride's nine best unmarried female companions to cry with the bride, which is called the "Ten Sisters Club". These nine girls play an important role in accompanying tears, so no matter how far they live, rain or shine, their parents will send someone to pick them up in a sedan chair. After the ten sisters got together, the bride's family put two square tables together and put them in the middle of the room. The older one sat on them, with girls about the age of the bride sitting on both sides, and the bride sat among the girls. The content of crying is mainly sisterhood, and there are also words of encouragement and comfort.