Who was the founding emperor of the Qing Dynasty?

Jin Heqing, the word difference, has been given different meanings.

The beginning of a new era

In April of the 10th year of Jin Tiancong (A.D. 1636), Huang Taiji officially proclaimed himself emperor, and was honored as "Emperor of Kindness and Benevolence", renamed as Chongde, with the title of "Daqing". From then on, a new dynasty-Qing Dynasty appeared in the history of China, which marked the beginning of a new era.

The title of the Qing dynasty has a historical evolution process. The Qing Dynasty originally originated from Jianzhou Jurchen. In the forty-four years of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 16 16), Nuerhachi, the leader of Jurchen in Jianzhou, was called Khan in Hetuala and was named as the Khan of Destiny. Before that, Nurhachi had no title, let alone a title. In the forty-seventh year of Wanli (A.D. 16 19), during the battle of Salhu, Nurhachi began to call it "the khanate of the late Jin Dynasty" and used the decree of "the emperor of the late Jin Dynasty". In his later letters to Mao, he even called himself "Emperor Jin Guo".

Nurhachi claimed to be a descendant of Jin and respected Jin as the first dynasty, because the Jin Dynasty was the most brilliant page in the history of Jurchen. Taking "gold" as the national title has the political significance of connecting the past with the future, carrying forward the past and opening up the future, and uniting the ministries of Jurchen. Of course, Nuerhachi and the daughter of the Jin Dynasty are really a family. In this sense, Nurhachi should be the true descendant of Hong Yan Jin Guo, and conversely, the women of Jin Guo are their true direct ancestors.

A change of dynasty/regime

At the beginning of Huang Taiji's accession to the throne, he still adopted the title of "Jin". Then, ten years later, why did Huang Taiji change the title of "Dajin Kingdom" that has been used for more than 20 years into the word "Qing" with similar pronunciation?

First of all, since Huang Taiji wants to establish a new dynasty and a new country, he must change the country name and year number according to the usual practice. Chinese emperors all regarded the change of the Yuan Dynasty as a major event in political life, which was of great significance to the renewal and reorganization of the dynasty. Generally speaking, it is common to change the year number. For example, the Han and Tang emperors paid great attention to changing the year number and listing the year. However, it is rare to change the name of a country in various dynasties in history. Only when the dynasty changed, the name of the new dynasty appeared, and it will remain unchanged until the end.

Changing the country name is not only refreshing, but also shows that the new dynasty is different from other dynasties and has its own characteristics. Since Huang Taiji wants to establish a new dynasty and a new country, if he continues to use the dynasties that have existed in history, the title of the country will be inappropriate.

Just to distinguish it from the Jin Dynasty, there is no such precedent to call itself "Late Jin" as the official title of the dynasty. Only later historians call it this, and the so-called "Hou Han" and "Hou Zhou" are all historical titles.

Although Huang Taiji changed the word "Jin" to "Qing", the word "Qing" gave a new meaning to this new country and new dynasty, marking the development of this Jurchen country (Jin State) with Manchu nobles as the main body into the Qing Dynasty with Manchu as the main body, including Han, Mongolian and other nationalities in Northeast China.

The tolerance of the Qing State is much greater than that of the Jurchen State (Jin State), which is no different from that of the Han, Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties in the history of China. Changing the country name indicates that the cause initiated by Nurhachi and inherited by Huang Taiji has entered a new historical era.

A veritable first emperor of the Qing Dynasty

In the tenth year of Tiancong (AD 1636), April 1 1 day, Huang Taiji chose this day as an auspicious day to ascend to the throne. In the morning, with the support of Baylor and his ministers, Huang Taiji set out from Deshengmen and went to the Temple of Heaven to worship heaven and earth. The Temple of Heaven is located outside Deshengmen, with steps on all sides. There is an incense table on the altar, covered with yellow silks and satins, and there is a "throne of God" inside. The guide officer offered incense, and Huang Taiji knelt in front of the incense table, took the incense from the guide officer and connected it three times. The dedication is over. A congratulatory message was read by the civil servant.

After reading, Huang Taiji and all the officials took their seats in turn. He took the lead in eating and drinking sacrifices and then distributed them to the officials.

The next ceremony is to hold a "honorific ceremony" in Zheng Tai Hall. There is a golden chair in the center of the hall. Baylor and the minister are on both sides. At this time, the music was loud. "People will kneel down and kowtow for nine times." After the ceremony, Dourgen and Horqin Baylor Badali stood out from the left, and Yi Yezhe, son of Chahar Khan, stood out from the right. Together with Marshal Du Kong Youde, each of them knelt down and gave a treasure of the emperor to Huang Taiji, which represented that Manchu, Mongolian, Han and other ethnic minorities gave the treasure of the emperor's authority to Huang Taiji to express their recognition of his supremacy. After offering the royal treasure, "Manchu, Mongolian and Han officials stood in the east of the altar with three-body essays in their hands to announce the above title to the people." After reading it, kowtow again. Huang taiji walked out of Zheng Taidian and returned to the palace in the sound of drums. On April 12, Huang Taiji led a hundred officials to the ancestral temple to worship their ancestors. Worship the ancestors as King Ze; Gaozu is the king of Qing Dynasty; Great-grandfather was Chang Wang; The ancestor was the axe king. Zunnurhachi is called "Emperor Xiaowu who inherited the divine power of Heaven, Guang Yun, Shengde, Evonne and Li Ji". The temple is called Taizu, and the cemetery is called Fuling. The next day, name the palace. Zhonggong is Qingning Palace; East Palace is Tiansui Palace; Xifu is Linzhi Palace; The second East Palace is Yanqing Palace; The second West Palace is Yongfu Palace. Taitung Building is Xiangfeng Building; Taixi Building is the Longfei Pavilion. The main hall is a hall of political worship; The main hall is the dugong hall.

On April 23, Huang Taiji sealed his brothers and sons and nephews. Dai Shan and Baylor were named the Prince of Heshuo Grand Ceremony, Baylor Girard Lang was named the Prince of Heshuo, Mo Ergen Dai Qingbei Le Dourgen was named the Prince of Heshuo Rui, Elchuhul Baylor Duo Duo was named the Prince of Heshuo Yu, Azig was named the King of Duoluo Wuying, was named Duoluo Anping Baylor, Abatai was named Duoluo Raoyu Baylor, and each was given silver. Mongolian Baylor was also sealed according to the rank of prince and county king.

On April 27, Huang Taiji named Kong Youde as the king of worship; Geng Zhongming is Chu Huaiwang Shun; Shang Kexi is the king of Shunzhi. There is a difference between throwing a banquet in the main hall and giving money. His subordinates also praised their achievements respectively. Huang Taiji changed his title to Qing Dynasty, which opened a new era in history of qing dynasty. Strictly speaking, the history of the Qing Dynasty should start here. He was the first emperor of the Qing Dynasty.