Types of Taoist feelings

According to the data, Taikang Daoqing originated from Taoist music songs, which took root and sprouted in the land of eastern Henan after a hundred years. Taoist drama is sung with real voice, with clear and euphemistic tone, pleasant to hear and rich flavor of life. Its unique "wow, wow" is used for reference by Chaoyanggou, a famous song of Henan Opera. Many dramas of Taikang Daoqing have been lost. At present, there are more than 70 traditional dramas and more than 40 modern dramas.

Taikang Daoqing Taikang Daoqing has a long history, which originated from the ancient Han opera art in the Spring and Autumn Period and distributed in Taikang and its surrounding areas. Rich repertoire. According to census statistics, there are more than 30 kinds of qupai and tunes, including three categories and five varieties. There are three categories: singing, performance and music, and five categories: vocal school, performance program, music system, Qupai tune and percussion. The formation of these categories of Taikang Daoqing includes both inherited folk art and sister art, and finally forms the unique characteristics of Taikang Daoqing. There are more than 60 traditional dramas 160 and more than 60 modern dramas. Many of these plays have been lost in the long-term circulation.

Taoist drama is mainly based on singing, with more lyrics and less white words in the script. Handed down, there are hundreds of lyrics. There are both banqiang and Qupai in his vocals, and the main plates are adagio, running water, cutting board, going through the scene, single play, double play, crying to death, crying to live, overlapping, rolling white and so on. Qupai includes Lock Branches and Old Powder. When singing, both men and women use real voices and articulate clearly. When singing Barr or Running Water, there are overlapping sentences, with the words "where to shout hi" and "where to shout hi". Its simple tunes and easy-to-understand lyrics are deeply loved by the masses. In the famous modern Henan opera Chaoyanggou, Shuanbao sang "The bow of the front leg, the push of the back leg, don't panic with your feet, don't worry with your hands ……", which is the transplanted Daoqing singing method.

The accompaniment instruments of Taoist drama have gradually changed from the original fish drum and simple board to two pendants. However, its beard is different from the general beard. Its tube is big and short, with a waist size in the middle, which sounds like an erhu. Later, pipa, sanxian, sheng, suona and some national plucked instruments also joined the accompaniment. In the 1990s, electro-acoustic instruments such as electronic organ and electric bass were added.

Taoist performances, makeup and costumes are not much different from other operas. The main difference is that Taoism pays attention to singing and is good at comedy. Its actors are not familiar with martial arts, and there is no martial arts in the class. There is no strict distinction between occupations. There is no fixed occupation for beauty, ugliness and beauty, except for life and Dan, which must be played by professional actors. There is no difference between a big painted face, a black face, a copper hammer, a shelf and a painted face. The clown just added some funny coloratura interlayer and clever vibrato to the voice cavity. With the development of the times, today's Taoist role business is also quite sophisticated. According to the age and personality of the characters in the play, the life line is subdivided into old students, young students, martial arts students and red students. Danhang is divided into Tsing Yi, Hua Dan, Cai Dan, Lao Dan, Podan and Guimendan. Ugly behavior is divided into clown, old ugly, official ugly, female ugly, ugly and so on. Mianyang Daoqing, also known as Hubei Daoqing, is a kind of singing art developed on the basis of the singing and qupai of Mianyang Daqian Haozi, Mianyang ancient painting drama and Mianyang fishing drum. After years of artistic practice, it has accumulated and evolved in performance, repertoire and Qupai music. Mianyang has strong musicality, strong banqiang and strong local flavor. It is one of the most influential local folk art forms in Hubei. Mianyang Daoqing is sung in Mianyang's local language. Mainly one person sings standing, and there are more than two people singing, mainly singing, sometimes speaking clearly. A man stood singing, holding a fishing drum in his left hand, holding a three-foot bamboo slip in his hand, and his right hand slapping the leather film at the end of the fishing drum, staggered. When two people duet, the other person taps on the disk, and when singing to the tail cavity, it is mostly to help everyone.

The main melody of Mianyang Taoist sentiment is called "western rhyme", which is named after the "western melody" in Mianyang ancient painting and drama. On the basis of "western rhyme", western rhyme head, western rhyme tail, western rhyme tune, western rhyme refrain, dragon's head rising and fish biting tail are developed. The lyrics are mainly seven sentences and cross-sentences, and occasionally three, four and five sentences cause the effect of syllable interlacing.

Musical instruments include fishing drums, bamboo slips (about 70 cm -80 cm long, with two ends bent outwards and equipped with bronze bells), and other accompaniment instruments such as erhu, Hu Si and Da Sanxian. When singing, the performer hits the bamboo slips with the fishing drum tube in his left hand, and hits the fishing drum tube with his index finger, middle finger and ring finger in his right hand. Play bamboo slips while singing, control the speed and beat, and the fishing drum tube is only played during prelude and interlude. Simple props, flexible singing and performance. Jinhua Daoqing-also known as singing news and persuading the world. Together with Hangzhou Xiaolongshu, Wenzhou Guci, Ningbo Zoushu and Shaoxing Lianhualuo, it is called the five local operas in Zhejiang Province. From the Ming Dynasty to the 1950s and 1960s after liberation, it has been a popular recreational activity among Jinhua people. It is the art of singing with one person and many roles. Sing a paragraph, add a few words to say the table, coupled with simple movements, that is, the so-called artist performs a play, performs art and martial arts by himself. The accompaniment instrument is extremely simple, with only one emotional jar and two bamboo boards. Jinhua Daoqing is the most popular folk art form in Jinhua. Taoism has been circulating in Jinhua for at least 300 years.

Jinhua Taoism is the product of the poor living conditions of blind artists in the old society and the product of the times. In the era of traffic jam and information occlusion, Quyi artists who went from village to village acted as the media of information and became the main source for farmers, workers, businessmen and villagers to receive art education and enjoy art in the old society. During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Taoist sentiment in Jinhua was the clarion call for the awakening of new literati. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), under the care of the Party and the government, Jinhua Daoqing continued to call for China's economic construction. Jinhua Daoqing is from Xialiba. In the noisy sound of fishing drums and the crude wooden board "Peng Ji, Peng Ji and Peng Ji", Jinhua condemns evil and exhorts people to be good. Jinhua Taoism always ends with a happy ending, giving people living at the bottom of society a belief and expectation of life. After several or even dozens of generations of inheritance and creation, Jinhua's Taoist art treasure house has been extremely rich. There is a strong Taoist sentiment, and few forms of Quyi are as rich as Jinhua's Taoist sentiment, with hundreds of tracks. Their stories all come from the life experiences of Jin Chinese and are based on social news in Jinhua.

It is this kind of folk quyi that will disperse and soon disappear from our eyes under the impact of modern art and modern life.

Daoqing originated from the court music in the Tang Dynasty, and in the Southern Song Dynasty, it began to make the simple board of emotional tube as the accompaniment of singing. After the Yuan Dynasty, the singing forms were different. Zheng Banqiao once wrote "Ten Poems of Daoqing" in Sanqu style for people to sing. Taoism was introduced into Jinhua in the late Ming Dynasty, took root, evolved and shaped in Wudi, and then spread to eight counties of Jinhua, Quzhou and Lishui, and some towns in eastern Jiangxi and northwestern Fujian.

In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, artists in Jinhua compiled a legendary murder case that happened in the third year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty (1630) and sang it. From Daoguang to Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, Jinhua's Taoist feelings flourished, such as Regret Home, Fisherman's Father, Seven Heads, Double Pearl Flowers and Imperial Umbrella sung by Yu Dong, a famous artist in Jinhua, which continued from Daoguang, Tongzhi and Xianfeng to Guangxu.

At the end of Guangxu, Yu Dong's apprentice Xing worked as an agent in Jinhua County, and was familiar with the cases of yamen rising to court and criminal cases. After he learned to sing Daoqing, he compiled the local legendary case-solving into Ji Gu Nun, Gold Bracelet, Tiger Brand, Liu Ke and Merchant. Before and after this, many artists in Jinhua sang Taoist songs with the theme of yamen cases, social news and important folk events, such as Yin and Yang Hall in Moxiang Lane, Double Love and Righteousness Sutra in Wuli Archway in the south of Jinhua City, Seven Lions in Fu Shang Street, Double Lions in Lotus Well, Nun in Youzhai Street and Yamakaji in Tangxi, etc. There were more than 40 songs in Jinhua City and surrounding villages alone, including nearly 100 tracks in eight counties of Jinhua.

These Taoist songs have been continuously processed and perfected by folk artists from generation to generation, full of twists and turns, distinctive characters and colorful languages. For example, in "Double Pearl Flowers", Wang Fengying, the heroine, was beautifully described, and Wang Fengying walked through Jinhua Street, which attracted people in shops on both sides to watch:

When the barber saw Cai, he was not sure with a razor in his hand. He shaved the eyebrows of a man (man) on both sides.

When the blacksmith saw the king, he couldn't determine the hammer in his hand and couldn't figure out what kind of iron to hit. The kitchen knife was beaten into a coffin nail.

Master Hooper saw Wang, and the two "two flowers" of the urinal were cut flat, so he had to change the urinal into a rice cooker.

As soon as the tailor saw the king, the scissors couldn't make up their minds, so they cut off their trousers and turned them into aprons, with the neckline of their clothes open to the middle of their backs. "

It is unique and more artistic.

Judging from more than 30 kinds of songs in the province and even hundreds of kinds of folk music in China, it is rare for a region like Jinhua Daoqing to have so many songs written and sung with local stories. These oral literature works are the precious cultural heritage of Jinhua during the Eighth Five-Year Plan. The number of folk artists is decreasing, and they are in urgent need of help. Chang 'an, also known as Chang 'an Daoqing and Laba Opera, is a kind of folk "Zuoban Opera" popular in rural areas of Guanzhong area. Popular in Chang 'an, Lintong, Lantian, Huxian, Xianyang, Xingping and other places, especially Baqiao and Sanqiao in Xi 'an. According to legend, Taoist sentiment is the "feeling in the Tao" sung by monks during almsgiving and charity. The long-standing folk saying of "one word and three feelings at a time" in Guanzhong can be seen that it evolved from the chanting of Taoist scriptures in Guanzhong.

There are about 200 copies of Taoist dramas in Guanzhong, which have been copied and preserved. The stories are complete, and most of them have the characteristics of strong popularity and distinctive characters. Among his traditional plays, Taoist stories include Mu Lian's Saving Mother, Biography of Great Filial Piety, Selling Taoist robes, and Crying Five Tables. Historical stories, myths and folktales are the five historical origins, namely, immortal couples, advocating morality, resisting the DPRK and maintaining peace and discipline.

The lyrics are called "Nine Tones and Eighteen Tones", and now only eight tones and eleven tones are circulating. The eight cavities are "Qingjiang tone", "hanging gourd with golden thread", "broken silk", "rising step by step", "Tielianxiang", "high cavity", "pushing sentences" and "soap robe". Eleven pieces of music are Dahongpao, Lovesickness, Toad Crossing the Threshold, Mourning the Face, Flower Arrangement, Drag, Laughter Board, Bumper, Anger Board, and Head Lowering. There are flexible board, 26 board, flying board, chord board and rolling white. In addition to rolling white, each dish is divided into sunny slopes (joyful sounds) and cloudy slopes (bitter sounds). Qupai includes soap robe, playing children, hillside sheep and so on. A prominent feature of singing is helping others. One group sings four sentences, which are divided into long sentences and short sentences. Musical instruments 16 kinds, and there are banhu, erhu and flute in the literary field; There are boards, drums, fishing drums, simple boards, three-talented boards, big gongs, teeth and seeds. Fishing drum, simple board and three-talented board are unique musical instruments. After the founding of New China, some accompaniment instruments of Shaanxi Opera were absorbed. Changwu Daoqing is a kind of religious and folk sacrifice activity that spreads in Changwu County, Shaanxi Province. Mainly singing, some paragraphs are rap, and some parts are dancing. Changwu County is located in the key pass of Qinlong, and religious sacrificial activities have always been frequent. Li Shimin, the king of Qin in the Tang Dynasty, once erected a monument here to mourn the fallen soldiers. During the reign of Qianlong and Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty, the Wen family, who won the title of Taoist official twice, imitated the method of Taoist (teacher) and created an organization in the family to do Dojo, which was passed down to four generations and gradually spread. In the evolution of more than 200 years, a large number of folk arts have been incorporated into it, and gradually formed a set of strict etiquette norms.

A monk who is a Dojo is a farmer who is neither a monk nor a Taoist. He does not become a monk or fast. When there is a funeral in the neighborhood, please ask them to do the Dojo and get a certain reward. Folk praise field activities as "beating" or "fasting". It is divided into "clearing the old" and "recommending death". "Qingyi" is mainly for offering sacrifices to gods, and generally worships, celebrates birthdays, and prays for rain and blessings in the temple fair square. "Recommending death" includes recommending burial, ancestor worship and birthday celebration. , mainly to turn over old friends and worship God. The host of the birthday party must be a respected old man.

Generally speaking, this class consists of seven or eight people. Students should wash their hands, wear Taoist robes and black, blue and yellow robes. Among them, the yellow robe has the symbols of yin and yang gossip, operates different musical instruments according to different roles, and recites different rhymes according to different schedules. Changwu Dojo is divided into four days and three nights, three days and two nights and one and a half days. Dojo lyrics are flexible and self-contained, with four characters, five characters, six characters, seven characters, eight characters and even seventeen characters. There are many function words in the lyrics. Changwu Dojo music is simple and sad. Accompaniment instruments include pipes, flutes, drums, cymbals, fishing drums, simple boards and some small percussion instruments. When it appears in the form of "playing music", most of the tunes played are folk instrumental music familiar to the local people, such as [carrying water], [Liu Qingniang], [embroidering the Eight Immortals], [Bodhisattva coming to the stage], [praising the west wind], [opening the door] and [offering sacrifices to the spirit]. Shenchi County, located in the eastern edge of the northwest of Shanxi Province, is the only place leading to Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia, with a long history and culture. Shenchi Daoqing is a local opera with a long history, which is popular in the northwest of the mountain. It belongs to a branch of China folk song Daoqing, and it is a bunch of bright flowers in Daoqing art garden.

Shenchi Taoism has a long history and some tunes, which were popular in Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties. Such as "Yao Hai Er" and "Xijiang Yue", basically keep the original format. In singing, some musical features of local operas are added, such as "flowing water" and "knot board", which mainly draw lessons from the music of Bangzi in Shanxi North Road. Some songs absorb nutrition from folk songs and then form their own unique style.

Shenchi Daoqing is a kind of Han drama which is mainly popular in the northwest of Shanxi Province and Yanbei area, and also spread to Bayannaoer League, Tumochuan, Fugu and Shenmu in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Shenchi Daoqing was named after Shenchi County. This treasure of Han folk art is known as "seven bends and eight turns" because of its colorful qupai and connotation, unique artistic style and distinctive local characteristics. In 20 16, at the literary evening of "filial piety, diligence, honesty and family style" and "celebrating the good family style on March 8th" held in Chalu Town, Ninghai County, the track "Love at the Crossroads" selected by Huatang Village of this town attracted the audience as soon as it appeared. The actors vividly interpreted the story of filial piety in the form of folk art with strong local flavor, and the simple and natural rap made the villagers under the stage relive the long-lost rhyme of local accent.

Love at the Crossroads is a unique local folk art in Chalu Town. According to the memories of the old people in the town, there used to be many people singing Daoqing in the area of Sancha Road. Except for performances, most of them are entertaining themselves. On holidays, everyone gets together to sing the sermon impromptu. Accompanied by erhu, Qin Yue and other national musical instruments, the singer sang with a local accent while playing the fishing drum rhythmically. Besides local folk stories, legends and other traditional songs, we can also improvise some real-life phenomena and stories. In the middle and late 1960s, the Taoist sentiment at the fork in the road gradually faded out of people's lives. At present, few people can sing, and some young people don't even know what Taoism is and are on the verge of being lost.

In recent years, the cultural department of Ninghai County has re-excavated and reorganized the precious folk art of "fork in the road". Through investigation and interview, Ge, the inheritor who can skillfully perform "Crossroads", was found in Chalu Town, and a group of folk art lovers were gathered. A Taoist performance team was set up in Huatang Village, and Ge, the inheritor, was invited to direct the arrangement of Taoist tracks such as "Cixiao is a family heirloom". Last autumn, this performance team not only participated in the "Autumn in Ninghai" mass culture and art festival, the second family culture festival in Ningbo and other large-scale cultural activities, but also actively participated in the grassroots stage of various cultural activities in Ninghai urban and rural areas. Their wonderful performance was well received by the audience.

It is reported that Chalu Town plans to open a "fork in the road love inheritance class" in Chalu Town Central Primary School in the near future, hoping to excavate and cultivate more inheritors, so that the local folk art of "fork in the road love" can be propagated and passed down from generation to generation.