Characteristics of Tujia Diaojiao Building

Diaojiaolou, also known as Diaolou, is a traditional residence of Miao people (Guizhou, etc.). ), Zhuang, Buyi, Dong, Shui, Tujia, and there are also many diaojiao buildings in Xiangxi, Hubei and Guizhou. The diaojiao building is built on the mountain, showing the shape of a tiger sitting, with "left Qinglong, right white tiger, former Suzaku and rear Xuanwu" as the best residence. Later, I paid attention to orientation, either sitting west facing east or sitting east facing west. Diaojiaolou is a dry fence building, but it is different from the general dry fence. Gan Lan should be completely stopped, so the diaojiao building is called a semi-Gan Lan building.

The most basic feature is that the main house is built on the ground, and the wing is supported by pillars on three sides except one side leaning on the ground, which is connected with the main house. Diaojiaolou has many advantages. Hanging on the ground is ventilated and dry, which can prevent poisonous snakes and wild animals, and sundries can be placed under the floor. Diaolou also has distinctive national characteristics. Elegant "silk eaves" and wide "walking columns" make the diaojiao building unique. Compared with "Gan Lan", this diaojiao building successfully got rid of the primitive and has a higher cultural level, so it is called the "living fossil" of Bachu culture. Diaojiaolou is the place where Tujia people live and live. It is built on the mountain and looks like a tiger. The best house is "Zuo Qinglong, Right White Tiger, Former Suzaku, Later Xuanwu". Later, it paid attention to orientation, either sitting west facing east or sitting east facing west. Diaojiaolou, built on the mountain, is divided into two floors with wooden columns on the flat ground. The upper floor is ventilated, dry and moisture-proof, which is the living room; The lower floor is a pigsty or used for stacking sundries. The average house type is 4 rows of 3-room houses or 6 rows of 5-room houses. The average house is 5-column 2 riding, 5-column 4 riding, and the big house is 7-column 4 riding and 4 courtyard. There are 4 rows of fans with 3 rooms, with a hall in the middle and Rao rooms on the left and right sides for living and cooking. Rao's room is divided into two halves by the pillar, with the fire kang in front and the bedroom behind. There is an arc corridor around the building on the diaojiao building, and the arc corridor is also equipped with railings. In the past, diaojiao building was usually covered with thatch or fir bark, but it was also covered with slate. Now the diaojiao buildings in western Hubei are mostly covered with mud tiles. The construction of diaojiao building is an important event in Tujia people's life. The first step is to prepare wood. Tujia people call it "cutting green hills", and generally choose Toona sinensis or purple trees. Toona sinensis and purple tree are auspicious because of homophonic "spring" and "zi", which means that spring is always big and future generations are prosperous; The second step is to process the material of large beams and columns, which is called "frame size", and draw bagua, Taiji and lotus seeds on the beams; The third process is called "fan arrangement", that is, the processed beams and columns are connected with tenons and arranged into wooden fans; The fourth step is "building a strong column". The host chose the ecliptic as an auspicious day and asked all the neighbors to help him. Before releasing the beam, he will make a sacrifice to the beam. Then everyone Qi Xin worked together to erect rows of wooden fans. At this time, firecrackers will explode and neighbors will send gifts to congratulate him. After the vertical house is reinforced, nail the rafters, cover the tiles and install the board wall. Wealthy families have to decorate eaves on roofs, carve dragons and draw phoenixes under corridors, and decorate balcony railings. Tujia people still plant flowers and various fruit trees in front of and behind their houses, but it is unlucky not to plant mulberry before and peach after, because it is homophonic with "mourning" and "fleeing". Diaojiaolou has many advantages. Hanging on the ground is ventilated and dry, which can prevent poisonous snakes and wild animals, and sundries can be placed under the floor. Diaolou also has distinctive national characteristics. Elegant "silk eaves" and wide "walking columns" make the diaojiao building unique. Compared with "Gan Lan", this diaojiao building successfully got rid of the primitive and has a higher cultural level, so it is called the "living fossil" of Bachu culture.

Diaojiaolou has many forms, and its types are as follows:

Single hanging, which is the most common form, is called "hanging at one end" or "key head". It is characterized in that only the wing on one side of the main room is hung, and the lower part is supported by wooden columns. Double crane, also known as "double crane" or "dustpan mouth", is the development of single crane, that is, there are hanging wings at both ends of the main room. Single cranes and double cranes are not formed in different regions, mainly depending on economic conditions and family needs. Single crane and double crane are often in the same place.

Four-in-one-water type is developed on the basis of double-hanging type, which is characterized by connecting the upper parts of the hanging feet on the two wings of the main house into a whole to form a quadrilateral. The downstairs of the two wing rooms is the gate. After entering the gate, this quadrangle must climb several stone steps to enter the main house.

Double-chamber crane is developed on the basis of single crane and double crane, and it is added with a layer on the basis of general hanging foot building. Single crane and double crane can be used. The form of flat crane and diaojiaolou is also developed on the basis of single crane, which has both single crane and double crane. Its main feature is that it is built in a flat dam. According to the terrain, it didn't need to hang its feet, but it just lifted its wings and supported them with wooden posts. The ground supporting the wooden column is flush with the ground of the main house, so that the wing is higher than the main house.

The most basic feature is that the main house is built on the ground, and the wing is supported by pillars on three sides except one side leaning on the ground, which is connected with the main house. Diaojiaolou has many advantages. Hanging on the ground is ventilated and dry, which can prevent poisonous snakes and wild animals, and sundries can be placed under the floor. Diaolou also has distinctive national characteristics. Elegant "silk eaves" and wide "walking columns" make the diaojiao building unique. Compared with "Gan Lan", this diaojiao building successfully got rid of the primitive and has a higher cultural level, so it is called the "living fossil" of Bachu culture.

People still plant flowers and various fruit trees in front of the house, but it is unlucky not to plant mulberry before and peach after, because it is homophonic with "mourning" and "fleeing"

Diaojiaolou, whose structure is built on the mountain, is divided into upper and lower floors with wooden pillars on the flat ground, which saves land and is cheaper. The upper floor is ventilated, dry and moisture-proof, which is the living room; The lower floor is a pigsty or used for stacking sundries. The average house type is 4 rows of 3-room houses or 6 rows of 5-room houses. The average house is 5-column 2 riding, 5-column 4 riding, and the big house is 7-column 4 riding and 4 courtyard. There are 4 rows of fans with 3 rooms, with a hall in the middle and Rao rooms on the left and right sides for living and cooking. Rao's room is divided into two halves by the pillar, with the fire kang in front and the bedroom behind. There is an arc corridor around the building on the diaojiao building, and the arc corridor is also equipped with railings.

Some diaojiao buildings are three stories, except for the tiles on the roof, which are all made of Chinese fir. The pillars of the house are all cut out of big Chinese fir, and the pillars are all connected by straight sleeves with Chinese fir of different sizes, although none of the nails are strong. There is also a hanging building around the house, and the eaves of the building are like wings. The walls of the house are closely inlaid with cedar boards, and the delicate inside and outside are coated with tung oil, which is clean and bright.

The bottom floor is not suitable for people. It is used for raising poultry and placing farm tools and heavy objects.

The second floor is a place to eat and live, with a bedroom inside, and outsiders are generally not allowed to enter. Outside the bedroom is a hall with a fireplace, and the family eats around the fireplace, which is spacious and convenient. Because there are windows, it is bright, well lit and well ventilated. Family members often do manual work and rest here, and it is also a place to receive guests. On the other side of the hall, there is a wide corridor connected with it. There is a railing half a person's height outside the corridor, and there is a row of benches inside. Families often rest here, and mothers will dress up their daughters here during festivals.

The third floor is airy, dry and spacious. In addition to being used as a living room, there is also a small room for storing food and things. In the past, diaojiao building was usually covered with thatch or fir bark, but it was also covered with slate. Now the diaojiao buildings in western Hubei are mostly covered with mud tiles. The construction of diaojiao building is an important event in Tujia people's life. The first step is to prepare wood. Tujia people call it "cutting green hills", and generally choose Toona sinensis or purple trees. Toona sinensis and purple tree are auspicious because of homophonic "spring" and "zi", which means that spring is always big and future generations are prosperous; The second step is to process the material of large beams and columns, which is called "frame size", and draw bagua, Taiji and lotus seeds on the beams; The third process is called "fan arrangement", that is, the processed beams and columns are connected with tenons and arranged into wooden fans; The fourth step is to "erect an upright post". The host chose the ecliptic as an auspicious day and invited all the neighbors to help. Before setting off the beams, the beams should be sacrificed first, and then all Qi Xin will work together to erect rows of wooden fans. At this time, firecrackers will explode and neighbors will send gifts to congratulate them. There are nail rafters, tiles and board walls behind the vertical columns of the vertical house. Wealthy families have to decorate eaves on roofs, carve dragons and draw phoenixes under corridors, and decorate balcony railings.

trait

The most basic feature is that the main house is built on the ground, and the wing is supported by pillars on three sides except one side leaning on the ground, which is connected with the main house. Diaojiaolou has many advantages. Hanging on the ground is ventilated and dry, which can prevent poisonous snakes and wild animals, and sundries can be placed under the floor. Diaolou also has distinctive national characteristics. Elegant "silk eaves" and wide "walking columns" make the diaojiao building unique. Compared with "Gan Lan", this diaojiao building successfully got rid of the primitive and has a higher cultural level, so it is called the "living fossil" of Bachu culture.

structure

Diaojiaolou, built on the mountain, is divided into two floors with wooden pillars on the flat ground, which saves land and is cheap. The upper floor is ventilated, dry and moisture-proof, which is the living room; The lower floor is a pigsty or used for stacking sundries. The average house type is 4 rows of 3-room houses or 6 rows of 5-room houses. The average house is 5-column 2 riding, 5-column 4 riding, and the big house is 7-column 4 riding and 4 courtyard. There are 4 rows of fans with 3 rooms, with a hall in the middle and Rao rooms on the left and right sides for living and cooking. Rao's room is divided into two halves by the pillar, with the fire kang in front and the bedroom behind. There is an arc corridor around the building on the diaojiao building, and the arc corridor is also equipped with railings.

Some diaojiao buildings are three stories, except for the tiles on the roof, which are all made of Chinese fir. The pillars of the house are all cut out of big Chinese fir, and the pillars are all connected by straight sleeves with Chinese fir of different sizes, although none of the nails are strong. There is also a hanging building around the house, and the eaves of the building are like wings. The walls of the house are closely inlaid with cedar boards, and the delicate inside and outside are coated with tung oil, which is clean and bright.

The bottom floor is not suitable for people. It is used for raising poultry and placing farm tools and heavy objects.

The second floor is a place to eat and live, with a bedroom inside, and outsiders are generally not allowed to enter. Outside the bedroom is a hall with a fireplace, and the family eats around the fireplace, which is spacious and convenient. Because there are windows, it is bright, well lit and well ventilated. Family members often do manual work and rest here, and it is also a place to receive guests. On the other side of the hall, there is a wide corridor connected with it. There is a railing half a person's height outside the corridor, and there is a row of benches inside. Families often rest here, and mothers will dress up their daughters here during festivals.

The third floor is airy, dry and spacious. In addition to being used as a living room, there is also a small room for storing food and things.

form

Diaojiaolou has many forms, and its types are as follows:

Single hanging type

This is the most common form, and some people call it "one-end hanging" or "key head". It is characterized in that only the wing on one side of the main room is hung, and the lower part is supported by wooden columns.

Double hanging type

Also known as "double-headed crane" or "dustpan mouth", it is the development of single crane, that is, there are hanging wings at both ends of the main house. Single cranes and double cranes are not formed in different regions, mainly depending on economic conditions and family needs. Single crane and double crane are often in the same place.

Four-water type

This form of diaojiao building is developed on the basis of double hanging type, which is characterized by connecting the upper parts of diaojiao building on both sides of the main house into a whole to form a quadrangle. The downstairs of the two wing rooms is the gate. After entering the gate, this quadrangle must climb several stone steps to enter the main house.

Two-chamber suspension type

This form is developed on the basis of single crane and double crane, that is, adding a layer to the general hanging foot building. Single crane and double crane can be used. The form of flat crane and diaojiaolou is also developed on the basis of single crane, which has both single crane and double crane. Its main feature is that it is built in a flat dam. According to the terrain, it didn't need to hang its feet, but it just lifted its wings and supported them with wooden posts. The ground supporting the wooden column is flush with the ground of the main house, so that the wing is higher than the main house.

One legend is that ...

Legend has it that Tujia ancestors moved to western Hubei because their hometown was flooded. At that time, there were towering old trees and thorns in western Hubei, and wolves, tigers and leopards were everywhere. The dog claw shed built by Tujia ancestors is often attacked by wild animals. For safety, people lit a tree fire and bamboo was buried in it. Fires and firecrackers scare away the attacking wild animals, but they are often threatened by poisonous snakes and centipedes. Later, an old Tujia man thought of a way: he asked the boys to make a shelf out of ready-made big trees, tie up wood, spread wild bamboo strips, build a roof on it, and build large and small air houses, where they can eat and sleep, and they are no longer afraid of being attacked by poisonous snakes and beasts. This way of building an "air house" spread to more people, who later built an "air house" in this way, and this "air house" evolved into the current diaojiao building.

Cultural connotation

Diaojiaolou has rich cultural connotation, besides the deification phenomenon that Tujia folk houses pay attention to Long Mai and create a land of man and god according to the situation, it also has a very prominent space cosmology. Tujia diaojiao building is not only in the arms of the universe and nature unilaterally, but also in the arms of the universe and nature. This concept of space to accommodate the universe is very obvious in Tujia Shangliang's ritual music songs: "In the previous step, look at Baoliang, with a round of Tai Chi in the center, and a line of unity is auspicious. In the last two steps, the word "Gankun" is on both sides, and the sun, the moon and Yong Cheng can both enjoy it ... "The words" Gankun "and" Sun and Moon "here represent the universe. In a sense, Tujia Diaojiao Building is subjectively closer to the universe, thus making the house, people and the universe integrated and inseparable.

Miaodiaojiaolou

Diaojiaolou is a traditional Miao architecture and a unique ancient architectural form in southern China. It is considered by modern architects to be the best form of ecological architecture, with people living upstairs and overhead downstairs. Diaojiaolou is a unique building in Miao township, which is surrounded by mountains and waters.

The formation of diaojiao building has both historical and natural reasons. According to the architect, Miao Diaojiao Building is a unique creation of dry railing building under mountain conditions, which belongs to the dry railing building with bucket-span girder and wooden frame. Historically, the architectural culture of Miao nationality can be traced back to ancient times. Jiuli Tribe Group, to which Miao ancestor Chiyou belongs, originated in the area around Taihu Lake, and they participated in the creation of Hemudu culture and Liangzhu culture around Taihu Lake. The archaeological discoveries of Hemudu culture and Liangzhu culture confirmed that the dwellings of Miao ancestors were dry-column buildings.

These diaojiao buildings full of Miao artistic images provide eternal passion for the hard life of the Miao people.

The foundation for building a diaojiao building must be to dig the slope into two layers; The depth of each floor is more than 6 feet, and the area of each floor is about 100 square meter. The difference between the upper and lower floors is more than 4 feet, and the gable and outer mountain between floors are made of stone. When building a house, the front row of floor-standing house columns are placed on the lower foundation, and the outermost floor-standing house columns are flush with the floor slab protruding from the upper foundation, forming suspended hanging feet, and the space between the upper and lower foundations becomes the bottom floor of the hanging foot building, which is the so-called "uneven" hanging foot architectural feature. The diaojiao building adopts bucket structure, with 5 to 7 columns in each row, and the columns are connected by melons or squares to form a three-dimensional net structure. Maple must be used in the central column, because maple is a totem tree of Miao people's life and a sacred tree symbolizing the soul of their ancestors.

Traditionally, the shrine of the ancestral holy spirit should be located at the foot of the column on the second floor. Miao people believe that in the diaojiao building, the whole family can prosper and everyone can be healthy and safe with the shadow of the holy spirit of their ancestors day and night. The walls of this building are wrapped in shaved fir boards. The window lattice of each room is made of wood strips into different shapes. Every room has a door, but there are two main doors. The rich also carved dragon and phoenix relief on the gate. Above the gate, two wooden doors are installed at both ends, and the other end of the door is trumpet-shaped, commonly known as "knocking hammer"

The diaojiao building is mostly hung in the corridor outside the second-floor foundation frame as the entrance and exit passage of the gate. In the gallery outside the main hall, there is a unique S-shaped arc bar chair, which is called "Ga Bosseiry" in Miao language and "Beauty Crash" in folk. This is because girls often choose flowers and embroidery here to show their charm to the outside world. In fact, "Gaxi" is also a multi-functional balcony for a family to have a rest and enjoy the cool, tell the history of Miao myth inheritance and migration, and sing "Miao ancient songs" and "Gabaifu songs".

Diaojiao building is generally composed of three four-story columns or three two-story buildings, which are generally divided into three floors. The ground floor is used as a fence for livestock and poultry, and also for shelving farm tools and sundries. There are people living on the middle floor, and there is a hall in the middle. The pillars on both sides of the hall should be added and the floor should be thickened. Because this is the main activity space of the family, and it is also the place where the banquet guests sing and dance. Some families have placed shrines of the holy spirit of their ancestors on the wall facing the gate. The sacred family ancestor worship activities were held in the hall. In general, the left and right side rooms are used as bedrooms and guest rooms. The third floor is mostly used to store food and seeds, and it is a warehouse for the whole family; If there is a large population, it is also necessary to install a separate bedroom. The kitchen is located in the side building. The space division and combination of the building takes the room where the ancestral temple of the Holy Spirit is located as the core, and then extends outward to radiate. Family members living in such a spatial combination are virtually condensed by the spatial attraction of the hall where Zuling is located, thus enhancing the affinity of family unity. The traditional Miao religion worshipped by ancestors has been fully and perfectly reflected in the residential buildings of Diaojiaolou.

Dong people's diaojiaolou

Diaojiaolou is a kind of residential building with Dong characteristics. Most of the Dong people's houses living in the mountains are two or three-story verandah-style small buildings. There are stone tablets downstairs, firewood and sundries piled up, and livestock are raised. People live upstairs. The first half of the upstairs is full of light, which is a place for rest or physical labor; The second half is the room, in which there is a "fire pond", which is the location of "ancestors" and is also used for heating and cooking. There is a bedroom on the third floor. Generally, there is one building for each family, and some villages, such as Miaojiang, Bajiang and Linxi in Sanjiang County, Guangxi, are inhabited by many ethnic groups. Houses of the same family are connected together, and the eaves are connected, so we can exchange needed goods and celebrate the festival together. They gathered here to hold a banquet to receive the guests. Dong people in Pingba, such as Lianjiang area in Tianzhu, Xinhuang and Rongjiang counties, are mostly two-story buildings with people living downstairs and food and sundries stored upstairs. There is a "shrine" in the hall, with bedrooms and kitchens on both sides, and pigsty and cowshed behind the side room.

The Dong folk houses in Tongdao, Hunan Province still retain the characteristics of Baiyue nationality's "Ganlan" architecture. Most of them are three or more dry partition wood buildings, and the bottom floor is a miscellaneous house for raising animals such as pigs and cows. People live upstairs, and the wooden building has corridors extending outward and railings. There is a fixed bench beside the railing for people to rest, commonly known as "diaojiao building". This five-or six-story-high wooden structure is rigorous, and it is not allowed to use a nail. The whole system is embedded with tenons and mortises, which shows the superb architectural technology of the Dong people.

Indoor layout, there is a fire pit on the second floor, which is a place for cooking and entertaining guests. They also retained the ancient Vietnamese custom of "sitting and squatting" and several cases of eating with short feet. Sitting on a simple wooden stool, it is difficult to find a tall desk and chair. When cooking, put firewood from the west. Because it is said that the west is the origin of the Dong nationality, and the kindling was brought from the west by ancestors. Dong is a nation that loves beauty. He likes to dress up the environment beautifully, such as the stigma of a house, and likes to carve it into the shape of bamboo. Wooden buildings such as corridors and carved railings. The well in the stockade is made of carved bluestone slabs, and there are some red, white and black flowers and fish in the well. There are old trees in front of and behind the village. Even if the roads in the stockade are paved with bluestones or pebbles, people always make them into various patterns, which are very beautiful, so they are called "Flower Street". Therefore, entering Dongxiang makes people feel like entering a gallery.

stilted building of tujia nationality

Diaojiaolou architecture is the embodiment of Tujia wisdom.

Tujia diaojiao building is mostly wooden structure. Earlier, the toast king banned the natives from sending tiles, and only allowed Chinese fir bark and thatch, which was called "only buying horses, not sending tiles". It was not until the thirteenth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty that Gaiwa was promoted. Generally, there are four fans, three rooms and one row, three pillars and six riding or five pillars and six riding, with ancestral temples in the middle, which is the core of family sacrifice. Buildings are divided into semi-trailer, semi-trailer, two-handed cart trailer, key trailer, bending ruler trailer, water trailer and crossing gorge and hole trailer. The rich carve beams and paint buildings, and the eaves are high and the stone steps are coiled, which has the artistic conception of poetry and painting in the air.

Diaojiaolou is the place where Tujia people live and live. It's built on the mountain, and it's a sitting tiger, three into the courtyard. Pay attention to the direction, or sit west to east, or sit east to west There are three long rooms, five long rooms and seven long rooms in the main room. Most large and medium-sized households are five or seven rooms long, and small households are generally three rooms long. The structure is 3 columns, 2 melons, 5 columns, 4 melons, 7 columns and 6 melons. The L room in the middle is called the "main room", which is used for ancestor worship, welcoming guests and arranging weddings and funerals. The left and right rooms on both sides of the hall are "people's living rooms", which are divided into two small rooms, with a fire room with two or three eyes in front. There is a fire shop in front of the stove, a fire pit 3 feet square, surrounded by 3 to 5 inches of bluestone. In the middle of the fire pit is "three feet" for cooking and frying. The height of 1 person above the fire pit is a wooden kang frame suspended from the upstairs, which is used to roast bacon and dried tofu. The small intercropping bedroom in the back has a moisture-proof floor. My parents live in Dalitou (left) and my daughter-in-law lives in Xiaolitou (right). The brothers are separated, the elder brother lives in Dalitou, the younger brother lives in Xiaolitou, and the parents live in the "rob room" behind the shrine in the main room.

No matter the size of the house, there are sky buildings, which are divided into plate buildings and strip buildings. Above the bedroom is a banlou, a floor paved with wooden boards, cabinets for putting all kinds of objects and food, and bedrooms can also be arranged; Above the fire is a building, which is paved with bamboo strips with gaps. It is specially used to put corn cobs and melons, and the smoke from the fire can be discharged smoothly through the gaps. In front of the main building, there is a diaojiao building in the wing, and a pigsty and toilet are built behind the building. Building a diaojiao building pays attention to bright feet (that is, the pillars should be straight and long), and the roof pays attention to cornices and angles. Diaojiao building is often three stories, with firewood, grinding and stacking downstairs; In the middle building, grain and farm tools are piled up, and upstairs is the girl building, where Tujia girls embroider, cut paper, make shoes, read and write. There is a wooden fence corridor outside the middle building, upstairs and around the building, which is used to see and dry clothes. In the harvest season, corn cobs are often worn in long strings, or soybeans and peanuts pulled out of the ground are tied up and hung in the corridor to cool. In order to prevent thieves, the house is surrounded by stones and dirt. In front of the main house is the courtyard dam, and there is a splayed gate on the left side of the courtyard dam. Most houses are planted with bamboo, fruit trees and landscape trees. But it is unlucky not to plant mulberry before planting peach, because it is homophonic with "mourning" and "fleeing"

The carving art of window grillage in Tujia Diaojiao Building is an important symbol to measure the level of architectural technology. There are many carving techniques such as relief and hollow carving, and the carving skills are exquisite and rich in connotation. Some symbolize status, some pray for good luck, some show farming, some reflect life, some educate future generations, and some record customs. Birds, animals, flowers, birds, insects and fish, singing and dancing competitions, myths and legends are vivid.

Diaojiaolou has many advantages. Hanging on the ground is ventilated and dry, which can prevent poisonous snakes and wild animals, and sundries can be placed under the floor. Diaolou has distinctive national characteristics, and the elegant "silk eaves" and wide "rows of columns" make Diaojiaolou unique. Compared with "Gan Lan", this diaojiao building successfully got rid of the primitive and has a higher cultural level, so it is called the "living fossil" of Bachu culture. The Yinjiang River is now well-preserved, and there are representative Tujia diaojiao buildings in langxi and Heshui.

When we arrive in Zhangjiajie, everyone wants to see Tujia Diaojiao Building. Tujia people love to live in groups and live in diaojiao buildings. Most of the houses built are wooden structures, small blue tiles, lattice windows, overhangs and wooden railings, walking in the corner, antique. Generally, there is a small courtyard at home, with a fence in front of it, bamboo grates behind it, green slates paving the way, and lights in Song and Ming Dynasties. The family lived a quiet pastoral life at sunrise and sunset. Kangzhai is dominated by three pillars and four chess, while well-off families have five pillars and eight chess, seven pillars and twelve chess and a courtyard with four in one courtyard. There are wings or turrets on both sides, a main room with a single turret and a main room with a double turret. The middle of the main room is called the main hall, and there is a shrine on the wall directly above it, which is a place to worship ancestors and entertain guests. The left and right rooms on both sides of the main hall are called the human world, and the world is divided into two rooms by pillars. There is a bedroom in the back, and the one in front is called the fire hall. There is a kang in the fireplace, and there is a tripod in it, which is used for cooking, cooking and hot water. This is a place for families to eat, warm and rest. When the guests came, they also sat by the fire kang. There is a wooden frame hanging on the kang, which is used to pickle meat or bake goods.

Due to the suppression policy of stationing troops by the imperial courts in past dynasties, Tujia people were driven into the deep mountains and forests, and their living conditions were very bad. "Old Tang Book" said: "There are many rustic boils, poisonous weeds and Sand Snakes in the mountains. People live together and climb stairs to dry fences." Coupled with the lack of land, Tujia people had to build diaojiao buildings on steep cliffs.

Earlier, the toast king forbade the natives to cover tiles, only allowed to cover fir bark and thatch, saying that "only horses are allowed, but no tiles are allowed". It was not until the thirteenth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty that tile construction began. Generally, there are four fans, three rooms and one row, three pillars and six riding or five pillars and six riding, with ancestral temples in the middle, which is the core of family sacrifice. Buildings are divided into semi-trailer, semi-trailer, two-handed cart trailer, key trailer, bending ruler trailer, water trailer and crossing river trailer. The rich carve beams and paint buildings, and the eaves are high and the stone steps are coiled, which has the artistic conception of poetry and painting in the air. The famous Tujia poet Wang Chengdong wrote:

Wonderful mountains and beautiful waters are all over the world, and the wine village is beautiful.

Sleeping on the diaojiao building for one night, dreaming for ten years is also romantic

Now, if you want to see Tujia Diaojiao Building and folk performances in Zhangjiajie, the best places are Tujia Museum-Tujia Style Garden and Xiuhuashan Pavilion.

Yaozu diaojiaolou

In the depths of Nanling Mountain, such a unique landscape can be seen everywhere: between the blue sky and clear water, among the mountains, unique wooden buildings inhabit the mountains, creating a flat human living space in the steep Shan Ye. This is the diaojiao building of Yao people's houses.

Yao nationality is a mountainous nationality, and its dwellings are often built by mountains and rivers. Its masterpiece is the diaojiao building where man and nature live in harmony. Most Yao people live in mountainous areas, and there is almost no flat land to build houses, so they choose a place with a relatively gentle slope, half of which is flat, and the other half is supported by Chinese fir stigmas with different lengths according to the mountain situation, and the wooden boards and the flat homestead are combined into a flat whole, and then they build houses on this whole. The climate in mountainous areas is humid, rainy and hot, in order to ventilate and avoid the tide and prevent wild animals.

Yao's diaojiao building "skillfully borrows clever body". According to the practicality and environmental characteristics, the Yao people strengthened their architectural character, freely chose the terrain with convenient firewood and water and beautiful scenery, and built a wooden building named "thousands of feet Landing" based on dozens of Chinese fir trees. The whole wooden structure takes Chinese fir as the column, beam, wall, doors and windows, floor and Chinese fir skin as the roof. It has no oil, paint or decoration. Everything is natural and unpretentious, or the golden rooster is independent of the ridge, or built in front of the slope, or the mountain is covered with water, or all kinds of hidden, the pattern is free, the artistic conception is romantic, and more importantly, it.

These diaojiao buildings are presented in front of you in a scattered, hazy and hidden way, like an elegant and wonderful music, like a simple and honest, like a quiet and shy Yao girl, blending into the embrace of nature and infecting people with harmonious, unified and seamless connotation beauty.

I remember/kloc-aestheticians and artists in the 0/9th century all called architecture "solidified music" in unison. If various cultural landscapes with a long history in China are rich and magnificent symphonies, then I think this diaojiao building in Yao Jia is an eternal swan song rooted in Nanling Mountains. It sings pastoral songs, moonlight songs and lullabies in a deep and dignified way. Behind the faint melody, there is a strong and beautiful story, so it will be sung for thousands of years and last forever.

No wonder, so many scholars, experts and scholars at all times and all over the world came to visit the Diaojiao Building, leaving behind countless poems, paintings, beautiful literature and music. Wang Mengyi, a native painter of Yao nationality, had an indissoluble bond with Diaojiaolou all his life. The diaojiao building in his works is as quiet as a virgin and as beautiful as a fairyland. It reads as if there is life flowing in it. His famous works "Border Village" and "Frost Morning", Diaojiaolou exudes unique artistic charm on his drawing paper, which has been affirmed by experts at home and abroad. I think the painter may also be one of the bosom friends of Diaojiaolou. The cultural and artistic charm of the diaojiao building itself aroused the painter's infinite creative excitement and potential, so he wrote vividly.

Of course, with the development of production and social progress, the new generation of Yao people now have new pursuits. They yearn for the city, walk out of the mountains and join the ranks of modern civilized city residents. The diaojiao building where they have lived for generations has been neglected.

Walking into Yaoshan, I often feel this scene. Among the modern brick buildings that have sprung up like mushrooms after rain, there are always several dilapidated diaojiao buildings, silently watching in the oblique wind and autumn rain, some of which are unbearable and swaying. So my heart can not help but burst of bitterness; It should be noted that the wooden house is a mark of history and a story of the past! It is conceivable that it must have been a warm home in those days. Family members live alone. Generation after generation, spring sowing and autumn harvest have been bitter. How many brilliant or bleak, ordinary or strange first footprints in life are printed here. Even if the owner of the house is old, he often recalls the hard and warm life. Cloudy eyes often stare at the crying life, and wrinkles gradually radiate a smile. That's his own hope. They are as old as diaojiao buildings that have been weathered by the ups and downs of life. However, who can deny their entrepreneurial history yellowed by years? Who can forget the lullaby full of tears and joy? It is the blood and soul of the Yao people.

On the vast land of China, our ancestors left many works of architectural art. According to experts, excellent buildings like the Diaojiao Building in Yao Jia are the world's oldest, most adaptable and unique architectural system, and people should understand it.

It is true that the aesthetic value of diaojiao building should be a historical depth and a continuation and extension of ancient and modern times. Without its existence, there would be no aesthetic development of Yao architecture today, which left the footprint of human civilization evolution and eternal national spirit.

Miaodiaojiaolou

Miao Diaojiaolou is located in the southeast of Fenghuang Ancient City, back to Longge area, in front of the ancient official road and behind the Tuojiang River. Diaojiaolou is one of the buildings with strong Miao architectural characteristics in Fenghuang ancient city, belonging to the Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. The diaojiao buildings in the diaojiao building group are divided into upper and lower floors. They all belong to bucket-type wood structure with five columns and six cranes or five columns and eight cranes. The upper floor is wide, the technology is complex and the workmanship is fine. Buildings are everywhere on the lower floor, which is very irregular. The roof rises from the mountain, with carved railings and doors and windows. This kind of building is ventilated, moistureproof, heatstroke prevention and cooling. It embodies the unique architectural technology of Miao nationality and has high practical value and ornamental value.