What is the genre of Du Gongbu? Who is the author? What are the texts in the Chinese book called?

Du Gongbu Collection is a collection of poems and essays by Du Fu, the greatest realistic poet in ancient China, with more than 400 poems/kloc-0 and more than 30 articles. It also occupies an important position in the history of world literature. Du Fu is as famous as Li Bai and is called "Du Li". His poems are faith-based, with rich, lofty and unique style, and are honored as "poets". His hymn marks the peak of realism in China's classical poetry.

Creation background

Du Fu (7 12 ~ 770), with beautiful words, also called himself Shaoling Night Old, so he was also named Du Shaoling. He used to be Yuan Wailang of the Ministry of Calibration Industry, so he was also called Du Gongbu. Du Fu's ancestral home is Xiangyang (now Hubei) and he was born in Yaowan, Gongxian County, Henan Province (now Henan). Du Fu was born in an official family, and his ancestor Du Yu was a famous scholar in Jin Dynasty. Grandfather Du was a bachelor in Xiuwenguan, one of the "Four Friends of Articles" at that time, and a famous poet in the early Tang Dynasty. His father, Du Xian, served as Sima of Yanzhou and magistrate of Fengtian County. Du Fu's adolescence coincided with the prosperity of Kaiyuan in the Tang Dynasty, with social stability and cultural prosperity. Due to his family background, Du Fu had a strong interest in poetry since he was a teenager. He often wrote poems and made friends with literati.

At the age of 20, Du Fu went to the society and began to wander around. He first came to wuyue and visited Jinling, Suzhou, Hangzhou and eastern Zhejiang. The scenic spots in the south of the Yangtze River left a deep impression on him and broadened his horizons. In the 23rd year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (735), Du Fu went to Luoyang to take the Jinshi examination at the age of 24. In his poem, he said: "Returning to the sail and blowing the sky, paying tribute to his hometown in middle age. I took the exam and left Jingzhaotang alone. " After failing the exam, I went to a famous mountain and wandered in Sichuan.

Tang Xuanzong Tianbao five years (746), Du Fu, 35 years old, came to Chang 'an with the political ideal of "respecting the monarch before the custom". The next year, I took the Jinshi exam again, but failed again. At this time, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty lived in the palace, indulged in debauchery, did not ask about political affairs, and power fell into the hands of the secretive Prime Minister Li, resulting in political darkness and social unrest. The failure of the imperial examination dealt a great blow to Du Fu, who had reached middle age, had no political outlet and encountered difficulties in his life. He wrote a poem to express his anger, such as "Confucians are worried about starvation, and the morning and evening papers are in Tianjin". In case of necessity, Du Fu once presented poems such as "To Academician Zhang Si" to dignitaries, and also presented "Three Gifts of Fu" and "Feng Xi Yue Fu" to Tang Xuanzong. In Feng Xiyue's Fu Table, he complained: "I am a minister, and I am over 40 years old, and my skills are very poor. When entering the Ming dynasty, food and clothing were difficult ... At this time, Du Fu ran between dignitaries, suffering from the coldness of the world and the bitterness of the world, and lived a "rich family, fat horse dust dusk." "broken cups are roasted in cold, and there is sorrow everywhere." At this time, Du Fu's illusion of pursuing wealth was shattered, and he had a deeper understanding of society and the upper ruling class. The poor life gave him the opportunity to get close to the poor, understand their miserable lives and find materials for his own creation. During this period, Du Fu wrote many famous poems, such as Che Shop, which reflected the disaster and pain caused by the militaristic war launched by the ruling clique, and Two Ways to expose and satirize the decadent and obscene life in the palace. The disparity between the rich and the poor, the poet exposed the injustice of the real society with his poems.

In the fourteenth year of Tianbao, Du Fu was appointed as a junior officer of Hexi County at the age of 44, but he did not go to work. In June of the same year 165438+ 10, he was appointed as the right back and led Cao Cao to join the army. He was a humble official who guarded weapons and managed access control. Du fu was forced to make a living and accepted it. During this period, he took time to visit his family in Fengxian (now pucheng county). When I entered the house, I met: "At first I heard the cry, and my youngest son was hungry." I'd rather give up mourning? Ryan also sobbed. As a father, no food will lead to death. "The blow suffered in this life is very painful for Du Fu. Anger is a poet. He couldn't hold back his inner grief and anger, and finally complained in the language of poetry, and wrote a long masterpiece "Singing 500 words from Beijing to Fengxian". This poem describes the poet's feelings and experiences on his way home and after his arrival, and reveals the disparity and opposition between the rich and the poor in society at that time. This poem condensed Du Fu's observation and experience in Chang 'an's political career in recent ten years. The whole poem was filled with indignation. The author uses vivid language to describe life and express feelings. He wrote that the rich are extravagant and wasteful. "When he heard that the golden plate was in the bathroom. Nave dancing fairy, misty as jade. Warm the mink and fur, pity the tube and clear the throat. Advise customers to camel's hoof soup, and frost orange presses orange. " Write a poor corpse to fill the ravine: "Zhumen stinks of wine and meat, and the road has frozen bones." It is difficult to distinguish between glory and death. "At this time, the poet can do nothing in the face of reality. He can only cry with great songs and vent his grief and indignation with poetry. This long poem is not only a microcosm of social life at that time, but also a sign that Du Fu embarked on the road of realistic creation.

After the Anshi Rebellion, the rebels successively captured Luoyang, Tongguan and Chang 'an in the Anshi Rebellion. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty fled back to Sichuan, and the Crown Prince Hengli ascended the throne for Tang Suzong in Lingwu. At this time, Du Fu settled in Qiang Village and went to Lingwu alone. Unfortunately, he was captured by the rebels on the way and detained back to Chang 'an.

In April (757), the second year of Tang Suzong Zhide, Du Fu escaped from Chang 'an and went to Fengxiang, where he met Su Zong and was awarded the post of Zuo Shiyi. This is the man who works beside the emperor. He is an admonition officer from Bapin. Shortly after he took office, due to the emergency room ■. And the angry Su Zong. In order to alienate him, the emperor allowed him to go back to Zhangzhou to visit relatives. On his way home, Du Fu saw with his own eyes the horrors of villages and towns destroyed by the war. He wrote famous poems such as Northern Expedition and Three Poems of Qiang Village. In September of the same year, Chang 'an and Luoyang were recovered one after another, and Du Fu returned to Chang 'an with the court, still holding the post of left gleaning. Du Fu's life was short and stable, and he wrote several hymns. In the first year of Gan Yuan, Tang Suzong (758), Du Fu was finally demoted to Sigong to join the army, which was an official position in charge of local cultural and educational work.

Du Fu moved to Chengdu several times from the age of 48 and left Kuizhou at the age of 57. During the period of 10, Du Fu's creative energy was the most vigorous. Most of his existing 65,438+0,400 poems were written at this time, and many of them are masterpieces that have been handed down through the ages. Some of these poems reflect real life, some express feelings, some lament historical sites, and some miss old friends. For example, famous poems such as Jianmen, Shuxiang, Wild Old Man, Guests Come, Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Six Dramatic Poems, Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, Two Banks of the Yellow River Recovered by the Imperial Army, Five Emotional Poems, One Night in a Foreign Land, Eight Autumn Poems and Five Memories Poems. In the fifth year of Tang Daizong Dali (770), Du Fu died of poverty at the age of 59 while traveling on a passenger ship in Xiangjiang River. After Li Bai, another brilliant star in China's literary history has fallen, but the brilliance of his poems always shines on China and the world.

Du Fu is a great poet in the history of China literature. For more than 1000 years, many poets have inherited his tradition, studied his works, absorbed nutrition from them, and constantly enriched a new chapter in the history of China literature. Du Fu's Poems, Qiu Fu's Notes on Du Fu's Poems, Qian Fu's Notes on Poems, Yang Lun's A Mirror of Du Fu's Poems, etc.

Abbreviation of works

There is a red line of patriotism in Du Fu's poems. It is because of patriotism that he cares about political and social dynamics. In his poem, he sincerely praised the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty: "Recalling the heyday of Kaiyuan, there were still thousands of families in the small town. Rice is fat and white, and public and private warehouses are rich. There are no wolves and tigers on the road in Kyushu, which is a good day to travel. Lu Hao and Wan Qi work in shifts, and men plow and women weave together ... "("Memories of Time Past ") In the face of the supreme ruler, the emperor, who is militaristic, has a decadent life and is politically dark, commented mercilessly in his poem:" The frontier court is bleeding into the sea, and there is still the heart of Emperor Wu beating for the war. You don't know that there are 200 states in Shandong Province where thousands of trees have fallen "(Military Vehicle Shop); "Theme benefit worship, arrogance. Border people dare not discuss, and those who discuss will end up in a dead end "("After the Plug "); "The red hump was brought from the jade broiler, and the fragrant fish was ordered on a crystal tray. Although their unicorn horn food sticks are lazily lifted, exquisite phoenix meat cleavers are rarely used. The yellow door flies ■ the dust does not move, bringing treasures from the royal chef ("Two Supplements"). In these poems, the disasters caused by the frontier war launched by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty regardless of people's lives and deaths, the rebellion caused by his blind trust in An Lushan, and the extravagant and decadent life of the ruling clique of the Tang Dynasty are all exposed and reprimanded.

Du Fu's patriotic thought never showed his loyalty to the emperor himself or a dynasty, but was people-oriented. He respects the people, loves them, and thinks for them everywhere. The poet wrote many poems reflecting people's ideological aspirations and hardships in life, such as: from Beijing to Fengxian, singing in 500 words; Three officials, three farewells; A trip to the silkworm valley; Walking with negative pay; Beauty, etc. They are all deep sympathy for people's painful life and unfortunate fate. Among the poems written by Du Fu, which are full of people's blood and tears, there are many shining poems that have constantly touched readers' hearts for thousands of years, such as "The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the road has frozen bones"; "In troubled times, the whole thing is urgent, and the chaff in CoCo Lee is narrow. What's the point of being full? What a waste of sorghum. The rich kitchen stinks, and the bones in the battlefield are white "("Drive the vertical shaft to pick the xanthium "); "Mourn the death of the widow, mourn the village of Yuan Qiu" ("Bai Di"); "No dignity, no sorrow and no wealth is enough" and so on are the crystallization of the poet's painstaking efforts.

Du Fu also wrote many answers to friends, which made people miss the past poems. Most of these works also have profound ideological content, reflecting his loyal quality of attaching importance to friendship and nostalgia. For example, he only had a contact with Li Bai in his thirties, but he never forgot it all his life and wrote several poems in memory of Li Bai. Du Fu treated other friends in the same way. The most famous "Meet Li Guinian by the River" can be said to be the masterpiece of this kind of poetry:

You can often see Wang Qi's house.

Cui Tangjiu has heard it several times before.

It is the beautiful scenery of Jiangnan.

When the flowers fell, I met you again.

Du Fu is a master of poetry, and his artistic achievements in poetry creation are various. First of all, he inherited the realistic tradition in China's classical literature, and paid attention to reflecting the realistic social life, excavating the essence of social life, learning from the fate of representative figures and social events, and vividly reappearing after processing and refining. In the era of Du Fu's life, An Shi Rebellion was the main political event, so there were many works about this event in his poetry creation. People can learn the real situation and the poet's excitement from reading. For example, Du Fu was ecstatic when he heard that the loyalists in the Tang Dynasty put down the Anshi Rebellion, and immediately wrote a poem "The Yellow River was recaptured by the imperial army", which was overjoyed:

The news of this distant western station! The north has been recovered! At first, I couldn't stop crying on my coat.

Where are my wife and son? There is not a trace of sadness on their faces. However, I packed my books and poems crazily.

On a green spring day, I began to go home, singing my songs loudly and drinking my wine.

Come back from this mountain, pass another mountain, go up from the south and then go north-to my own town! .

This poem vividly depicts the surprise and excitement of people suffering from war and war when they hear the good news. Its psychological performance is vivid and vivid, and its shape is vividly portrayed. The whole poem is full of emotion, bold and hearty, fluent in language and has a strong artistic appeal.

Du Fu's poems have a wide range of themes, and almost everything in his works and all kinds of thoughts and feelings can be reflected in his poems. He left more than 1400 poems, including recording social politics, recalling the past, reflecting family and friendship, describing natural scenery, describing frontier military life, writing rural life, appreciating literature and art, etc. Judging from the broad theme of poetry, Du Fu's creative achievements are second to none in the Tang Dynasty.

Du Fu's poems are flexible and diverse. He is good at reflecting the general through individuals, capturing typical things and expressing feelings, and using classical style, modern style and Yuefu music freely. There were five ancient poems and seven ancient poems in the Tang Dynasty. The five ancient poems were fully mature as early as the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the seven ancient poems only rose in the early Tang Dynasty. Du Fu was able to use these two kinds of poems flexibly and wrote many bold and passionate poems, such as Beauty.

Who is cuter than her? However, she lives alone in an empty valley.

She told me that she came from a good family and now she is humble to the dust.

When the problem appeared in the customs area, her brother and close relatives were killed;

Their senior positions can't even protect their own lives. What's the use? .

The world is dismissive of adversity, and hope will go out like the light of a candle.

Her husband, with a wandering heart, is looking for a new face like jade.

When the morning glory is rolled up at night, Yuanyang lies side by side;

He can only see the smile of his new love, but he can't hear the cry of his old love.

The stream is pure at the source of the mountain, but its water turns dark far away from the mountain.

Wait for her maid to come back after selling pearls, and then she needs straw to build the roof.

She picked some flowers, not for her hair, but for letting pine needles fall from her fingers.

She forgot the thin silk sleeves and the cold, and leaned against a tall bamboo.

This poem was written in the second year of Tang Suzong Gan Yuan. At that time, Du Fu's demotion to official status coincided with the drought in Guanzhong, and many people left their homes, so the poet had to abandon his official position and live in Qin Zhou. This poem describes the unfortunate experience of a wife abandoned in the war, and also conveys the poet's own political frustration. This five-line ancient rhyme, beautiful and elegant, has the style and charm of Han and Wei poetry.

Du Fu has made great achievements in the creation of modern poetry. He can skillfully use and develop the five laws, seven laws, exclusive laws, five laws and seven laws. His modern poems are numerous and of high quality, some of which are profound in thought and exquisite in form, and have always been regarded as typical works in Tang poetry. Du Fu's five or seven-character quatrains are mostly handed down from generation to generation, with diverse styles and colorful colors. For example, "Jiangbi birds are too white, and the mountains are blue and white." I saw it again this spring. When is the year of return? "The first two sentences in the poem are about beautiful scenery, green birds and white mountains, but this beautiful scenery can only arouse a worried poet's sense of wandering in a foreign land. Another example is "two orioles singing green willows, and a row of egrets flying into the sky." "The window contains autumn snow in Xiling, at the gate of Wu Dong Wan Li boating" (quatrains). This poem is like a colorful oil painting, which is made up of language. The four colors of yellow, green, white and blue reflect each other, elegant and harmonious. Birds, blue sky, mountains and rivers, ships, the picture corresponds to movement and distance, which makes the image dynamic and three-dimensional, giving people beautiful enjoyment.

Main comment

Du Fu's life is full of worries. He received a good education from an early age, was influenced by Confucianism, loved the motherland and people, and cared about politics. Since his youth, he has entered the society with the heart of "preserving the world to respect the monarch, and then changing customs." However, Du Fu's life was bumpy and frustrated many times. He lived in exile for a long time, which gave him the opportunity to get in touch with all walks of life, understand the political situation, gain insight into social dynamics and experience the sufferings of the people. He stands tall, sees far, and has noble feelings of living in harmony with the people. Therefore, his poems are faith-based, magnificent and quaint, and are known as "poets". Because of his strong people-oriented thought, he stood on the side of the people, dared to face the darkness of society, lamented the shortcomings of the times, and summarized all kinds of complex contradictions in society and the political dynamics of the country in his poems, so he was also honored as "the history of poetry". In the Tang Dynasty, Yuan Zhen spoke highly of Du Fu. He once said, "It is unique to the literati to be thin and coquettish, to cover up Shen Song, to seize, swallow and conceal loneliness, and to be elegant and beautiful. Since the poet, no one is as beautiful as a child. " After the verification of time, Yuan Zhen's evaluation and praise of Du Fu is not excessive.

Du Fu is a master of poetic language, and he has made great efforts to temper his language. "Words don't kill you" is a true portrayal of his efforts. When we open Du Fu's poems, people will see many beautiful sentences, which are dazzling and dazzling. The greatest feature of Du Fu's poetic language is its preciseness and conciseness, which has strong generalization power. For example, "Zhumen wine stinks, and the road has frozen bones." In just ten words, the gap between the rich and the poor in feudal society is sharp, and love and hate are clear. Another example is "after three months of war, a letter from home is worth a ton of gold". In just two sentences, the homesickness of people wandering in a foreign land during the war years is revealed. Another feature of Du Fu's poems is their bright colors and vivid images, such as "Spring grass stains the steps, birds sing happily under the leaves", with bright colors and witty remarks; Another example is "fish in the drizzle, swallow in the breeze", just like a delicate and realistic pastoral landscape painting. Another feature of Du Fu's poetic language is simple, natural, vivid and popular, such as "the bow should be strong and the arrow should be long". Shoot the horse first, catch the thief first, catch the king first "These four poems are completely folk proverbs, and they are introduced into the poems by the author, which are easy to understand and natural. The artistic beauty of Du Fu's poems is also a major feature, such as "fallen leaves are like waterfalls, but I think the long river always rolls forward"; Wandering butterflies dance from time to time, and charming songbirds just crow freely, which is sonorous and rhythmic and catchy to read.

Key knowledge points

Du Fu Ji not only inherited the excellent tradition of China's poetry, but also profoundly and widely reflected the social outlook of this special era in the Tang Dynasty, and also showed the poet's lofty spirit of loving the motherland and sympathizing with the people despite ups and downs. In art, Du Fu's poetry is not only a collection of predecessors' achievements, but also a brilliant banner of Tang poetry and a model for future generations to learn and admire. Du Fu is the most influential poet in the history of China literature and a great cultural figure in the world.

Recite on time

The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the road has frozen bones.

Sad state, can not help but burst into tears, amazing birds, leaving sorrow and hate.

Sneak into the night with the wind, moisten things silently.