What are the four-character idioms like him? What are the idioms and what do they mean?

1. Who defines idioms? No one has defined them. They are all used and established in language for a long time.

Therefore, the definition of idioms has long been a controversial topic in academic circles. The so-called idiom is a fixed phrase formed by long-term use and tempering in language.

It is a language unit larger than a word, and its grammatical function is equivalent to a word. Idioms are mostly composed of four words.

Features: ① The structure is relatively stereotyped. (2) the integrity of meaning.

③ Habituality of time and space. ④ Historicity of formation.

⑤ Nationality of content and form. Source: ① Historical stories.

2 fables. (3) Myths or other legends.

4 classic literary works. Idioms are fixed phrases or sentences expressing general concepts, which are mostly composed of four words.

For example, "castles in the air", "famous", "according to you", "colorful" and "happy" are all four-character idioms. Idioms with less than four words, such as "knocking at the door", "unwarranted" and "taking for granted", and idioms with more than four words, such as "peaches and plums are all over the world", "real gold is not afraid of fire", "a leopard cannot change his spots" and "only state officials are allowed to set fires, but people are not allowed to light them", account for an absolute minority.

Idioms are similar to proper nouns, scientific terms, proverbs, two-part allegorical sayings, quotations and common phrases composed of four words in some respects. For example, proper nouns and scientific terms are fixed phrases; Proverbs, two-part allegorical sayings and quotations are not only fixed phrases or sentences, but also have meanings similar to idioms. Ordinary phrases composed of four words are simple and have the same form as most idioms, such as "East, West, North and South" and "Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter", but these are not idioms.

A clear understanding of the differences between idioms and proper names and scientific terms will help us to determine what idioms are and what they are not. Now I will briefly explain this aspect.

Idioms are different from proper names: proper names and idioms are fixed phrases composed of several words, but proper names express specific concepts. For example, "Lizhuang Primary School" is only the unique name of a school (of course, there may be duplicate names), and "Guang 'an People's Commune" is only the unique name of a commune. Idioms express general concepts. For example, the idiom "falling apart" can be used to describe a failed flower, a failed army or a scattered crowd.

Another example is the idiom "with relish", which can be used to describe anyone who is particularly interested in something. Idioms are different from scientific terms: scientific terms represent scientific concepts, not general concepts.

For example, scientific terms such as "subjective initiative", "revolutionary optimism", "infinite inflorescence" and "parallelogram" are all fixed phrases composed of several words, but they are not idioms. Idioms are different from proverbs: proverbs are mostly sentences rather than phrases.

Proverbs are often used in people's spoken language, but seldom used in articles. Proverbs often have a strong colloquial color, unlike idioms with a classical Chinese color.

Proverbs are not as neat as idioms. For example, the proverb "Sit on the mountain and watch the tiger fight" and "All crows are black" is not so neat.

Of course, if these proverbs must be called idioms, they can be forced. Idioms are different from two-part allegorical sayings: two-part allegorical sayings are a fixed sentence, which must be composed of two parts: the first part is a metaphor for things, and the second part is a positive explanation.

In order to get vivid, vivid and concrete expression effect, we can also quote two-part allegorical sayings like idioms. For example, "a clay idol crossing the river is hard to protect itself."

"Dogs love to annoy mice." "The clay idol's face is getting ugly.

""Candied coptis is sweet first, then bitter. " These words are "two-part allegorical saying" rather than "idioms".

Idioms are different from quotations: there are individual sentences in ancient works, such as "intrigue" (see Du Mu's Epanggong Fu) and "get to the bottom of it" (see Su Shi's Red Wall Fu). Because it was often used by people, it later became an idiom. But, for example, "Qian Fan is beside the sunken ship, and Wan Muchun is in front of the sick tree.

"These are two poems by Liu Yuxi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty. These two poems are not often used, but they are occasionally quoted in articles.

Therefore, such sentences should be called "quotations", not as idioms. Idioms are different from ordinary four-word phrases, because most of them are composed of four words, so some people often regard ordinary four-word phrases, especially those with strong classical Chinese colors, as idioms.

It should be pointed out that whenever the words in a phrase are interchangeable, they should be regarded as an ordinary phrase. For example, the phrase "radical change" can also be changed to "radical change", "radical change" or "great change" on some occasions.

Another example is the phrase "close cooperation", which can be changed into "close cooperation" and "profligacy" and "profligacy" or "profligacy". After these phrases are changed, they do not affect the content and make people feel very appropriate.

Phrases that can change freely like this are all ordinary phrases. As for idioms, they are an organic whole, and the words that make up idioms cannot be replaced by other words with the same or similar meanings.

For example, the idiom "the rest of my life in the jaws of death" cannot be changed to "the rest of my life in the jaws of a wolf" or "the rest of my life in the jaws of death". Another example is: "No matter how rhetoric a colonialist talks about peace, it can't hide their aggressive nature.

"In this sentence, not only can we not change" rhetoric about peace "into" rhetoric about peace "or" rhetoric about peace ",but we are also reluctant to change it into" rhetoric about peace ". The difference between idioms and proper names, scientific terms and allegorical sayings seems quite obvious.

Generally speaking, the differences between idioms and quotations, common phrases and proverbs are clear, but some are not easy to distinguish. We should admit that some fixed phrases or fairly fixed phrases are between idioms and proverbs, quotations or ordinary phrases, and there is no need to divide them.

For example, "worthless" can be considered as a common phrase, because it is not forced to call it worthless, worthless or worthless. However, after all, this phrase is relatively fixed, much like an idiom, and it is no problem to regard it as an idiom.

Another example is "Road".

2. The difference between four-character idioms and four-character words. The so-called idioms are fixed phrases formed by long-term use and tempering in the language, which fully embodies the profoundness of Chinese.

It is a language unit larger than a word, and its grammatical function is equivalent to a word. Idioms are fixed phrases or sentences expressing general concepts, which are mostly composed of four words.

Features: ① The structure is relatively stereotyped. (2) the integrity of meaning.

③ Habituality of time and space. ④ Historicity of formation.

⑤ Nationality of content and form. Source: ① Historical stories.

2 fables. (3) Myths or other legends.

4 classic literary works. Idioms are a part of stereotyped phrases or short sentences in language vocabulary.

Chinese idioms have fixed structural forms and fixed expressions, which express certain meanings and are used as a whole in sentences. For example, be concise and go forward bravely, on the contrary, seek truth from facts and be tireless in teaching others. Over the years, cutting fish to fit shoes has been a fluke. Too many idioms of chefs are largely inherited from ancient times and are often different from modern Chinese in terms of words.

There are sentences from ancient books, phrases compressed from ancient articles and idioms from people's mouths. Some meanings can be understood literally, while others can't, especially allusions.

Such as "full of sweat and cows", "crouching tiger, hidden dragon", "making a comeback" and "being surrounded by grass and trees" occupy a certain proportion in Chinese idioms. China has a long history and many idioms, which is also a feature of Chinese.

Idioms are ready-made words, similar to idioms and proverbs, but slightly different. The most important point is that idioms and proverbs are spoken, while idioms are mostly written and belong to literary nature.

Secondly, in the form of language, idioms are almost all established four-word structures, and literal words cannot be changed at will, while idioms and proverbs are always loose, more or less limited to four words. For example, "cut the gordian knot", "donkey's lips are not right for the horse's mouth" and "fear the wolf before and the tiger after" are all common idioms. Seeing is believing, true gold is not afraid of fire, where there is a will, there is a way, and it takes a long time to see people's hearts. These are some experiences that express a complete meaning and belong to the category of proverbs.

Idioms are different from idioms and proverbs. Most idioms have a certain origin.

For example, "Smith" comes from the Chu policy of the Warring States Policy, "fighting between snipes and mussels" comes from strict policy, "painting a snake to add feet" comes from Qi policy, "carving a boat to seek a sword" comes from Lu Chunqiu's investigation of Jin, and "contradiction" comes from everything that goes wrong. For example, Return to Zhao in a Perfect Way comes from Historical Records, biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru, cross the rubicon from Historical Records, biographies of Xiang Yu, vegetation and soldiers from Jin Shu Fu Jian, killing two birds with one stone from Northern History, and full of honey and belly sword from biographies of Tang Shufu.

As for the interception of ancient books, it is more common as a four-character idiom. For example, "methodical" is taken from Shangshu Pan Geng, Outline in an orderly way, Draw inferences from the Analects of Confucius, Don't take a corner, there will be no more, and Regret for the Past is taken from Zuozhuan's thirteen-year successful study. "Being servile" comes from Bao Puzi's Newsletter by Ge Hong in Jin Dynasty, "Taking the Yue family as the only one who is unsmiling, and taking the servile person as the worldly knowledge", and "Being confident" comes from Su Shi's "Drawing Scenery and Painting Valley and Colorful Bamboo" in Song Dynasty.

Wait, the list goes on. There are also many people who make sentences in ancient Chinese.

For example, worrying comes from The Book of Songs, being strong on the outside and being dry on the inside comes from Zuo Zhuan's Fifteen Years of Xi Gong, waiting for merit comes from Sun Tzu's The Art of War, getting to the bottom of it comes from Su Shi's Fu on the Back Red Wall, and meeting by chance comes from Wang Bo's Preface to Tengwangge in Tang Dynasty. Some four-character idioms that people often use can also be classified as idioms.

Such as "speaking like a book", "procrastinating", "disobedience", "no three no four" and "speaking directly" are all idioms. There are also some idioms that appear by accepting foreign cultures.

For example, hype, explosion, incredible and the only way. Idioms are generally four-character, not too few.

For example, castles in the air, famous, shining on you, colorful and joyous, are all four-character idioms. Idioms with less than four words, such as "knocking", "unnecessary" and "taking for granted"

More than four words, such as "peaches and plums are all over the world", "A leopard cannot change his spots", "Only state officials are allowed to set fires, but people are not allowed to light lamps", "pot calling the kettle black", "Haste makes waste" and "The meaning of drunkenness is not in the wine", account for an absolute minority in idioms. The reason why idioms generally use four-character case is related to the syntactic structure of Chinese itself and the fact that monosyllabic words are the main words in ancient Chinese.

The grammatical structure of four characters mainly has the following forms: subject-predicate type: worthy of the name, full of domineering, worried and well-informed; Verb-object style: being a teacher, inexplicable and afraid of the road; Joint subject-predicate type: upside down, touching the bottom, dancing; Joint verb-object style: know yourself and yourself, save your strength, beware of procrastination and give orders; Joint noun type: carelessness, opposition and illusion; Joint verb type: rapid development; Dynamic complement type: at large, asking questions blindly; Concurrent words: beggar-thy-neighbor is daunting. Idioms have various structures, and the above is just a simple example.

Idioms have vivid, concise and vivid functions in language expression. It has many metaphors, contrasts and ways to emphasize words.

Such as "yang disobeys yin", "external strength is weak", "little knowledge", "gossip", "fear" and so on. Therefore, writers pay great attention to the use of idioms.

Idioms are similar to proper nouns, scientific terms, proverbs, two-part allegorical sayings, quotations and common phrases composed of four words in some respects. For example, proper nouns and scientific terms are fixed phrases; Proverbs, two-part allegorical sayings and quotations are not just fixed phrases or sentences.

3. What is the same (four-character idiom) What is the same idiom: different.

Different, Chinese vocabulary refers to many things that are not exactly the same. Do: all and all. Everyone has a different attitude towards life.

Usage: Every student's academic performance is different. Some are excellent, some are average, some are difficult to learn, and vary from person to person.

Idioms with similarities and differences: share weal and woe, share weal and woe, speak with one voice and help each other in the same boat.

1, misery loves company is an idiom in China. Pity: pity, sympathy. Metaphor is mutual sympathy because of the same experience or pain.

Source: Ye's Biography of the Harmony between Wu and Yue in the Spring and Autumn Period: "I don't know the song on the river?" Help each other in the same boat. "

You haven't heard the songs on the Yellow River, have you? Be in the same boat.

2. Help each other with evil: tó ng è xi ā ng ?, and evil: * * people who do evil together; Economy: Help. The bad guys collude with each other and do evil together.

Source: "The History of the Three Kingdoms Wei Zhengdi Cao Wu Chuan": "Ma Chao, Cheng Yi, who share the same evil, rely on the river and get what they want."

Ma Chao and Cheng Yi helped each other to defend the Yellow River and Tongguan to achieve their own goals.

3, simultaneous call is an idiom, pinyin tóng shēng xiāng hū, which means that people with similar interests echo each other and naturally combine together.

Source: "Guiguzi Reaction": "If you want to open your heart, compare it with an image, and Mu Zhi will say it. Calling each other in unison is the same. "

Translation: We should guide his words by opening up the emotional ones and imitating the comparative ones. The same voice calls each other, and the facts are consistent.

4. What's the difference between idioms and four-character words? Idioms were originally the language materials used by ancient people and modern people orally or in their works.

Idioms can be widely used by people, mainly because they have the following advantages: (1) Concise idioms can generally express people's rich ideas in very concise and general words, and they do have the advantage of simplicity (completeness). Proper use of these idioms will make sentences appear particularly concise.

For example, (a) square chisel means that the head of square tenon (sǔn) cannot be wedged into a round hole, which means that two things are incompatible or impossible. (2) bullying the weak and being afraid of the hard (rūn) means that you look dignified and dignified on the outside, but you are timid on the inside.

(3) It is difficult for everyone to agree, that is to say, if more people eat, the taste of food will be difficult for everyone to be satisfied. For example, doing one thing is not easy to make all parties disagree.

This idiom, if used in general, may not be as rich and thorough as idioms, even if a large number of words are used. (2) Easy to learn and remember Because idioms are basically regular in structure and organization, they are easy to learn and remember, and even provide convenient conditions for creating new idioms.

For example, grammatically, the idioms of earth-shattering expropriation, drunkenness, dreaming, hugging the disabled, crying for hunger and crying for cold all have their similarities. "Earth-shattering" is a verb-object structure, which consists of four words: turn, turn, heaven and earth.

When you mention "upside down", you may think of "upside down". Another example is "extorting by force", which consists of four words: extorting by force, violence and expropriation.

The confrontation between "horizontal levy" and "blackmail" is very neat. Therefore, it is easy to learn and remember, especially idioms have four words, which are easy to learn and remember.

(3) Idioms have many images and contain significant rhetorical factors. After reading or listening, they will leave a deep and concrete impression in their minds. There are various rhetorical devices used in idioms. The following are some common examples: (1) Metaphor.

Use one situation to illustrate another. For example, the idiom "mainstay of the Yellow River" in modern Chinese means "mainstay mountain".

"The mainstay is a mountain in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. The water of the Yellow River rushes to it day and night, but it still stands there for thousands of years. Therefore, people use the word "mainstay" as an idiom to describe those who are strong-willed, stand the test in stormy waves, are firm and can play a pillar role.

No matter what the shadow of an object is, every minute is inseparable from that form. Therefore, people use this idiom to describe the close relationship between two people or things.

Ghosts, ghosts and monsters are hateful monsters. Therefore, people use this idiom to describe a very bad person.

Looking for the moon in the water, the reflection of the moon in the water is just a shadow. Of course, you will never catch the moon in the water.

Therefore, people use this idiom to mean doing things in vain and without results. These idioms do not directly use its literal original meaning, but use its figurative meaning, all of which belong to rhetorical metaphors.

(2) Fable method. Make up a story to satirize or educate others.

For example, there is a story in Smith's "Warring States Policy Chu Ce": A tiger looks for a wild animal to eat and meets a fox. The fox said, "How dare you eat me! God sent me to be the king of beasts, and now you have eaten me, which is against fate! If you think I'm lying, then I'll walk in front of you and you'll follow me to see if those wild animals are afraid to run away immediately when they see me? " The tiger agreed and left with the fox. When the beast saw the tiger, it got scared and ran away.

The tiger doesn't know that the beast is afraid of him, but he thinks he is really afraid of the fox. Later, people used the idiom "Smith" to satirize those who rely on other people's strength to scare people. There is a story in the "Warring States Policy": a man in the State of Chu held a sacrificial ceremony.

After the ceremony, he sent a pot of wine to several guests at home. The guest discussed, "several people drink too little wine, and one person drinks more than enough."

We draw a snake on the ground, and whoever draws it first will drink it. "A man first drew a snake, holding wine to drink, but he drew a snake with a hip flask in his left hand and a snake in his right hand and said," I can still add feet to the snake.

"Before the foot was finished, another person drew a snake. The man grabbed the hip flask and said, "Snakes have no feet. How can you add feet to it? " So he drank wine.

Later, people used the idiom "gild the lily" to satirize those who like to complicate things. In addition, idioms such as "the snipe and the clam contend, the fisherman gains" and "the fool moves the mountain" all use fables.

Dual method. Two phrases with some similarities are compared with each other and organized together to form a grammatical coordinate structure.

For example, the idiom "traffic" is composed of two phrases: "traffic" and "Malone", which are dual. Here are "cars" and "horses": what about cars? Cars are flying like running water.

Where are the horses? This horse runs as active as a dragon. It is no longer appropriate to use this idiom to describe the lively scene of people coming and going in the street.

The idiom "mentor" consists of two phrases: "mentor" and "mentor". Dual identity of "mentor and friend"

It is said that teachers with good moral knowledge are beneficial to my friends and contribute to their own progress. In addition, "debauchery", "submit to humiliation", "extortion" and "seeing and hearing" are also formed by the dual method.

The meanings of the two phrases before and after this kind of idiom are similar, not opposite. Compare two opposite things.

For example, a vast area means a vast area. Generally speaking, if the land is large, more people will live on it. In some places, although the land area is large, the population is not dense, which belongs to "vast territory and sparsely populated".

The two things of "vast territory and abundant resources" and "vast territory and sparse population" are not harmonious, but antagonistic. This idiom is organized by the contrast between these two situations.

This idiom means to obey on the surface and do something else secretly. "Yang" is the surface and "Yin" is the inside.

"Wind" is obedience.