Modern education of Japanese education

1868, the anti-Japanese faction with the samurai at the lower level as the main force overthrew the feudal ruling regime of the Tokugawa shogunate, issued a declaration of "restoring the imperial system" and abolishing the presidential system, and established the Meiji government. The Meiji government's bourgeois reform movement, known as "Meiji Restoration" in history, was an important turning point in Japanese history. In this way, Japan has entered a historical period of relatively developed capitalist modernization.

Meiji Restoration was a bourgeois revolution with the characteristics of national movement. The general goal of the government is to "enrich the army", "promote industry" and "civilization". This goal is also the guiding ideology of education reform. "Civilization" means learning the culture, technology and knowledge of western capitalism in an all-round way to ensure Japan's independence and prosperity and avoid the aggression of western capitalist countries. When Fukuzawa Yukichi, a Japanese modernization thinker, preached "civilization", he called on the Japanese people to sacrifice their lives to defend their country and make Japanese civilization catch up with advanced countries. Fukuzawa Yukichi devoted his life to education and writing, which played a great role in the development of Japanese capitalism and bourgeois democratic movement. 187 1 year, the Meiji government abolished vassal states and set up counties, thus ensuring the direct rule of the central government over the whole country. At the same time, the official system of the central government is stipulated, and the Ministry of Education is set up to be responsible for the management of cultural and educational undertakings throughout the country. After the establishment of the Ministry of Education, the educational system was reformed. 1872, the "academic system" order was promulgated and the education reform experiment began. The educational system consists of five parts: school district, school, teachers, students, exams and tuition fees. The academic system determines that the country is divided into eight university districts, each with 1 universities and 32 middle schools, and each middle school district with 2 10 primary schools. It is planned to establish 53,760 primary schools throughout the country. The education administration is completely centralized, that is, under the unified management of the Ministry of Education and the provinces, the supervision bureau is established. There are inspectors in every university district and inspectors in every middle school district. Inspectors have the right to consult with local officials and supervise schools in this area; School district inspectors are responsible for the management and supervision of primary school affairs. The academic system is a huge national education plan. Due to the financial difficulties at that time, people were dissatisfied with the excessive education tax and tuition fees, schools were destroyed everywhere, and the educational system reform plan was not fully realized. However, the academic system has played an active role in popularizing primary education, establishing a normal educational system and promoting educational development. 1877, the Meiji government merged Tokyo Kaicheng School and Tokyo Medical College and changed it to Tokyo University, establishing the first modern university in Japan. From 1873 to 1878, the number of primary schools and students has more than tripled, and the enrollment rate of school-age children has increased from 28. 1% to 4 1.2%. In terms of educational content, the Ministry of Education has published many primary school textbooks by translating the textbooks of public schools in Europe and America, focusing on learning the basic knowledge of western science. However, various difficulties have been encountered in the implementation of the education plan and the use of translation textbooks. In the first half of 1980s, the government began to revise primary school textbooks and curricula, and in 1879, it abolished the school system order and promulgated the education order. Education order is the second attempt to establish a national education system, which is characterized by the central government relaxing bureaucratic control over local education, delegating the right of education management to local governments, and local people electing academic committees to manage schools; The time limit for children to receive general education in primary schools is shortened to 16 months, which can be mastered flexibly. The Education Order was revised in the second year after its promulgation. The central government has once again strengthened its control over public education. Subparagraph 4.4 of primary school is changed into three stages: primary school (3 years), middle school (3 years) and senior school (2 years). Take basic subjects as the minimum requirement of national education. The constant change of education policy is closely related to the social changes and political turmoil during the Meiji Restoration. Later, Japanese education was rated as the best education in the world in 2 1 century. From 65438 to 1980s, Japanese capitalism developed rapidly with the strong support of imperial state power, and changed from feudal economy to semi-feudal, military and privileged capitalist economy. 1885, the official system in Zheng Tai was abolished and the cabinet system was established. Ito Bowen was appointed as the first Prime Minister and Mori Youli was appointed as the Minister of Education. 1889 The Constitution of the Great Japanese Empire was promulgated, which established a constitutional monarchy and pursued an expansion policy. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japan plundered a lot of reparations and leased land from China, and under the pretext of "eating hard", it stepped up its exploitation of the Japanese people, thus stimulating the further rapid development of capitalist industry.

Sen Youli once accepted the nationalist ideas of the bloody German Chancellor O. von Bismarck, and after serving as Minister of Education, he strongly advocated the maintenance of constitutional monarchy. He advocated education for the prosperity of the country and education for all citizens to receive military training for the maintenance of the national political system. In the management of school education, we should act according to the theory of national economy. According to this nationalist educational thought, the government formulated school order in 1886, including primary school order, middle school order, university hall order and normal school order. The main point of the Primary School Order is to stipulate that primary schools should still restore the 4.4-stage system stipulated in the original academic system, that is, set up four-year ordinary primary schools (junior high schools) and four-year high schools to enable children to receive general education; Primary schools implement four-year compulsory education. The main point of the Middle School Order is to stipulate that middle schools are divided into ordinary middle schools (later renamed secondary schools) and senior middle schools (later upgraded to institutions of higher learning); The former is a five-year system and the latter is a three-year system. The main point of the imperial university order is that the imperial university consists of a university and a sub-university, which has five colleges of management, science, medicine, engineering and literature. Its task is to meet the needs of the country, impart theoretical and practical knowledge in academic and technical fields, and cultivate national management talents and scientific and technological talents. Imperial University actually became an institution for training bureaucrats. The main point of the Normal School Order is to stipulate that normal schools are divided into ordinary normal schools and higher normal schools. The former trains primary school teachers; The latter trains middle school teachers and ordinary normal school teachers. The task of normal schools is to cultivate teachers' morality and knowledge. In terms of moral character, special emphasis is placed on cultivating the temperament of kindness, love and tolerance. Normal students train military gymnastics, and the school is a military camp. This military training system was later extended to universities, middle schools and primary schools. In order to maintain the national system of Mikado nationalism, the nationalist thought of "loyalty to the monarch and patriotism" was instilled in the Japanese people. 1890, the imperial edict on education was issued in the name of imperial edict. The imperial edict took the loyalty, filial piety and benevolence of Confucianism as the central content of education, and mixed with the ethics of modern capitalist society. Its purpose is to cultivate students' loyalty to the monarch and patriotism, loyalty to the public and royalism. Education Letters laid the direction of Japanese education and laid the foundation of national morality. Essentially, it was the basic law of Japanese education before World War II, which had a great influence on society and schools. During this period, a modern school system based on primary education was established according to the school system established by the School Order. Since then, great progress has been made in primary education, secondary education and higher education. 1900 issued a primary school amendment order and decided to implement a four-year compulsory education system, which further promoted the popularization of primary education. For example, at the beginning of 1902, the primary school enrollment rate reached 90%, and primary education was basically universal. 1907 The compulsory education period was extended to six years, and the enrollment rate reached 99% in 1920. At the beginning of the 20th century, Japan developed from a capitalist country into an imperialist country with military feudalism, and continued to invade and expand abroad, and was completely defeated in the Second World War.

In order to meet the needs of imperialist expansion and aggression and economic development, Japan vigorously strengthened militaristic education, actively developed vocational education and made great efforts to reform and develop higher education during this period. 19 17 set up a temporary education conference as an advisory body of the prime minister of the cabinet to re-examine Japanese education and reorganize the nationalist education system formed during the Meiji period. The association put forward suggestions on all aspects of the education system, especially the reform of higher education. 19 18 promulgated the order of colleges and universities. The order of colleges and universities emphasizes that colleges and universities, as institutions of higher general education, aim at completing higher general education and enriching and strengthening national moral education. In addition to state schools, local and private schools are also allowed. Colleges and universities are divided into arts and sciences, and students who have dropped out of school for four years are enrolled, with a study period of three years. The university decree emphasizes that the purpose of a university is to impart academic, theoretical and applied knowledge needed by the country, and at the same time pay attention to cultivating personality and instilling national concepts. In principle, a university consists of several colleges, and when necessary, a specialized college with a single subject can be set up independently. In addition to national universities, local governments are allowed to set up public universities and non-governmental organizations to set up private universities, so as to develop higher education more quickly. From 19 18 to 1929, the number of colleges and universities increased from 8 to 32, and the number of students increased from 6,792 to 20,256. The number of universities has increased from 5 to 46, and the number of students has increased from 9040 to 67555.

During World War II, Japan implemented a wartime education system. In order to strengthen the militaristic education system, 1937 established the Education Review Committee as an advisory body directly under the Prime Minister to review the education system and content. After more than three years of brewing, documents on youth schools, national schools, secondary education and higher education have been issued one after another, comprehensively reforming the education system and establishing a fascist militaristic education system. For example, the National Studies Order issued by 194 1 changed primary schools into national studies. The purpose of stipulating national schools is to implement primary general education in the way of imperial countries. Ethnic schools are divided into primary courses and advanced courses. The elementary course is 6 years and the advanced course is 2 years. The course includes four subjects: nationality, mathematics, physical training and artistic skills. Vocational courses have also been added to the advanced courses. Chinese studies courses include self-cultivation, Mandarin, national history and geography. Physical training classes include gymnastics and martial arts. Art skills classes include speaking music, writing, painting, handicrafts and so on. 1943 secondary school order stipulates that secondary education should be integrated and the original secondary schools, higher girls' schools and vocational schools should be renamed as secondary schools. There are three types of secondary schools: men's secondary schools, women's universities and vocational schools. The secondary school system has been shortened from five years to four or three years. The purpose of secondary schools is to carry out higher general education or vocational education according to the way of imperial countries, so as to train the subjects of imperial countries. The focus of university reform is to change the purpose and task of the university, based on the concept of the country, emphasize the spirit of academic service for the country, and open up new fields that have not been explored by academic circles. Different from the past, women's universities are allowed to be established. Compared with the last years of Dazheng, the number of universities has increased. Besides Osaka Imperial University and Nagoya University, six national universities including tokyo institute of technology and Tokyo University of Arts and Sciences have been added. 1943 the number of private universities increased to 26, imperial universities to 7 and other state universities to 12. Specialized schools have also increased. 194 1 year, there are 29 national specialized schools, 9 local public specialized schools and 109 private specialized schools.

With the expansion of the war of aggression, Japanese imperialism strengthened fascist rule and made education fully serve the war of aggression. 1938, the Japanese government promulgated the National General Mobilization Law, forcing students to perform military service, requisitioning labor, strengthening ideological control, and prohibiting reading progressive books and periodicals. 194 1 After the outbreak of the Pacific War, the domestic labor force was exhausted, so students were mobilized to participate in military industrial production, cultural courses were reduced, military training courses were increased, and the quality of school education was obviously reduced. 1945 in may, the Japanese cabinet issued the wartime education order, which decided that all schools in the country should stop teaching except primary schools, and students above secondary school should work in factories or enlist in the army. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology at that time, the total number of students mobilized from primary schools to universities reached 2,888,576, and many of them died in the post of "diligent officials". At the end of the war, due to Japanese militarism and economic exhaustion at home and abroad, Japanese school education was completely paralyzed and completely collapsed. 1On August 5th, 945, Japan accepted the Potsdam Declaration and surrendered unconditionally to the allied forces. Since then, until the signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty in September, 195 1, Japan has been under the occupation of allied forces (actually, the US military). According to the will of the occupation authorities and under the pressure of domestic democratic forces, the Japanese government carried out the so-called democratic reforms in the politics and economy of Japanese society, and also carried out a comprehensive reform in the pre-war education system.

The post-war education reform started with eliminating the influence of extreme militarism during the war, and then established a bourgeois democratic education system based on American education. 1946 In March, the American education delegation arrived in Japan and presented a report on the comprehensive education reform in Japan. The Japanese government established the Education System Renewal Committee in August 1946. Based on the report of the American Education Mission and the spirit of the Japanese Constitution published on June19461KLOC-0/,the Committee drafted the Basic Law on Education and the School Education Law, which were submitted to the National Assembly, passed through legislative procedures, and published on March 1947 3 1. According to these two education laws and other education laws promulgated later, the second comprehensive education reform in the history of Japanese education was implemented. It took more than three years to establish a new education system. Great changes have taken place in the education system and the education management system, and schools at all levels have also made remarkable progress.